How useful are microbial filters in respiratory apparatus?

Journal of Hospital Infection

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 263-272

  Das, I ^a   Fraise, A P ^a  

^a CITY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Artificial; Cross infection; Equipment contamination; Respiration

Indexed keywords

ANESTHETIC EQUIPMENT; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; AUSTRALIA; BREATHING APPARATUS; CONTAMINATION; CROSS INFECTION; DISINFECTION; FILTER; HEALTH CARE COST; HEPATITIS C; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HYGIENE; LONG TERM CARE; PNEUMONIA; REVIEW; SURGICAL PATIENT; VENTILATOR; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0031467808     PISSN: 01956701     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0195-6701(97)90142-0     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Cefai C, Richards J, Gould FK, McPeake P. An outbreak of Acinetobacter respiratory tract infection resulting from incomplete disinfection of ventilating equipment. J Hosp Infect 1990; 15: 177-182.
2. Im SWK, Fung JPH, So SY, Yu DYC. Unusual dissemination of Pseudomonas by ventilators. Anaesthesia 1982; 37: 1074-1077.
3. Phillips I, Spencer G. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cross-infection due to contaminated respiratory apparatus. Lancet 1966; 2: 1325-1327.
4. Olds JW, Kisch AL, Eberle BJ, Wilson JN. Pseudomonas aeruginosa respiratory tract infection acquired from a contaminated anaesthesia machine. Ami Rev Respir Dis 1972; 105: 625-632.
5. Tinne JE, Gordon AM, Bain WH, Mackey WA. Cross-infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a hazard of intensive surgery. Br Med J 1967; 2: 313-315.
6. Ragg M. Transmission of Hepatitis C via anaesthetic tubings. Lancet 1994; 343: 1419.
7. Horan TC, White JW, Jarvis WR et al. Nosocomial infection surveillance 1984. MMWR 1986; 35: 17ss-29ss.
8. Emori TG, Gaynes RP. An overview of nosocomial infections including the role of the microbiology laboratory. Clin Microbiol Rev 1993; 6: 428-444.
9. Reinarz JA, Pierce AK, Mays BB, Sandford JP. The potential role of inhalation therapy equipment in nosocomial pulmonary infection. J Clin Invest 1965; 44: 831-839.
10. Pierce AK, Sandford JP, Thomas GD, Leonard JS. Long-term evaluation of decontamination of inhalation-therapy equipment and the occurrence of necrotising pneumonia. N Engl J Med 19870; 282: 528-531.
11. Vesley D, Anderson J, Halbert MM, Wyman L. Bacterial output from three respiratory therapy humidifying devices. Resp Care 1979; 24: 228.
12. Redding PJR, McWalter PW. Pseudomonas fluorescens cross-infection due to contaminated humidifier water. Br Med J 1980; 10: 275.
13. Craven DE, Goularte TA, Make BJ. Contaminated condensate in mechanical ventilator circuits. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 625-628.
14. Babington PCB, Baker AB, Johnston HH. Retrograde spread of organisms from ventilator to patient via the expiratory limb. Lancet 1971; 1: 61-62.
15. Jenkins JRE, Edggar WM. Sterilization and anaesthetic equipment. Anaesthesia 1964; 19: 177-190.
16. Pandit SK, Mehta S, Agarwal SC. Risk of cross-infection from inhalation anaesthetic equipment. Br J Anaesthiol 1967; 39: 838-844.
17. Leijten DTM, Rejges VS, Mouton RP. Bacterial contamination and the effect of filters in anaesthetic circuits in a simulated patient model. J Hosp Infect 1992; 21: 51-60.
18. Livingstone H, Heidrick F, Holicky I, Dack GM. Cross-infections from anesthetic face masks. Surgery 1941; 9: 433-435.
19. Stemmermann MG, Stern A. Tubercule bacilli in the metabolic apparatus. Annu Rev Tuberculosis 1946; 53: 264-266.
20. Ziegler C, Jacoby J. Anaesthetic equipment as a source of infection. Anesth Analg 1956; 35: 451-459.
21. du Moulin GC, Saubermann AJ. The anaesthesia machine and circle system are not likely to be sources of bacterial contamination. Anesthesiology 1977; 47: 353-358.
22. Ibrahim JJ, Percival AK. Contamination of anaesthetic tubing - a real hazard? Anaesth Intens Care 1992; 20: 317-321.
23. Young RKB, Campbell D, Reid JM, Telfer ABM. Respiratory intensive care; a 10 year survey. Br Med J 1974; 1: 307-310.
24. Johanson WG, Pierce AK, Sandford JP, Thomas GD. Nosocomial respiratory infections with Gram-negative bacilli. The significance of colonization of the respiratory tract. Ann Intern Med 1972; 77: 701-706.
25. Stevens RM, Teres D, Skillman JJ, Feingold DS. Pneumonia in an intensive care unit. Arch Intern Med 1974; 134: 106-111.
26. Albrecht WH, Dryden GE. Five year experience with the development of an individually clean anaesthesia system. Anesth Analg 1974; 53: 24-28.
27. Cadwallader HL, Bradley CR, Ayliffe GAJ. Bacterial contamination and frequency of changing ventilator circuitry, J Hasp Infect 1990; 15: 65-72.
28. Chalon J, Markam JP, Ali MM, Ramanathan S, Turndorf H. The Pall Ultipor breathing circuit filter - an efficient heat and moisture exchanger. Anesth Analg 1984; 63: 66-70.
29. Inglis TJJ, Sproat LJ, Hawkey PM, Knappett P. Infection control in intensive care units: UK national survey. Br J Anaesthiol 1992; 68: 216-220.
30. Hedley RM, Allt-Graham JA. A comparison of the filtration properties of heat and moisture exchangers. Anaesthesia 1992; 47: 414-420.
31. Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Teeuw KB, Ballemans K, Lavooij C, Cornelisse phB, Verhoef J. Bacterial and viral removal efficiency, heat and moisture exchange properties of four filtration devices. J Hosp Infect 1995; 29: 45-56.
32. Gallagher J, Strangeway JEM, Allt-Graham J. Contamination control in long term ventilation. Anaesthesia 1987; 42: 476-481.
33. Feeley TW, Hamilton WK, Xavier B, Moyers J, Eger EI. Sterile anesthesia breathing circuits do not prevent post operative pulmonary infection. Anesthesiology 1981; 54: 369-372.
34. Garibaldi RA, Britt MR, Webster C, Pace WL. Sterile anesthesia breathing circuits do not prevent post operative pulmonary infection. Anesthesiology 1981; 54: 364-368.
35. Ping FC, Oulton L, Smith JA, Skidmore AG, Jenkins LC. Bacterial filters - are they necessary on anaesthetic machines. Can Anaesth Soc J 1979; 26: 415-419.
36. Snowdon SL. Hygiene standards for breathing systems? Br J Anaesth 1994; 72: 143-144.