The sun's variable radiation and its relevance for earth

Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 33-67

  Lean, Judith ^a  

^a NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Climate change; Ionosphere; Ozone; Solar variability; Space weather; Upper atmosphere

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031467493     PISSN: 00664146     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.33     Document Type: Article

References (169)

1. Acton LW. 1996. In Proc. 9th Coolstar Workshop, 3-6 October 1995. Florence, Italy
2. Allen MR, Smith LA. 1994. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21:883-86
3. Angell JK, Korshover J. 1973. Mon. Weather Rev. 101:426-43
4. Ayres TR. 1997. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1641-51
5. Balan N, Bailey GJ, Jenkins B, Rao PB, Moffett RJ. 1994. J. Geophys. Res. 99:2243-53
6. Baliunas S, Jastrow R. 1990. Nature 348:520-23
7. Banks PM, Kockarts G. 1973. Aeronomy. New York & London: Academic. Part A, 430 pp. Part B, 355 pp.
8. Beer J, Siegenthaler U, Bonani G, Finkel RC, Oeschger H, et al. 1988. Nature 331:675-79
9. Boden TA, Kaiser DP, Sepanski RJ, Stoss FW, eds. 1994. Trends'93: A Compendium of Data on Global Climate Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. Publ. No. ORNL/CDIAC-65, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, Tenn.
10. Bradley RS, Jones PD. 1993. Holocene 3(4): 367-76
11. Brasseur G. 1993. J. Geophys. Res. 98:23079-90
12. Brasseur G, Solomon S. 1984. Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere. Dordrecht: Reidel. 441 pp.
13. Brekke P, Rottman GJ, Fontenla J, Judge PG. 1996. Astrophys. J. 468:418-32
14. Bremer J. 1992. J. Atmos. Terrestr. Phys. 54: 1505-11
15. Burroughs WJ. 1992. Weather Cycles Real or Imaginary? Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 207 pp.
16. Cebula RP, DeLand MT, Schlesinger BM. 1992. J. Geophys. Res. 97:11613-20
17. Chandra S, Lean JL, White OR, Prinz DK, Rottman GJ, Brueckner GE. 1995. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22:2481-84
18. Chandra S, McPeters RD. 1994. J. Geophys. Res. 99:20665-71
19. Committee on Earth Sciences. 1989. Our Changing Planet: The FY 1990 Research Plan. US Global Change Res. Prog. Washington, DC: Fed. Coord. Council Sci. Eng. Technol.
20. Committee on Environment and Natural Resources. 1996. Our Changing Planet: The FY 1996 U.S. Global Change Research Plan. Washington, DC: Natl. Sci. Technol. Council
21. Committee on Transportation Research and Development. 1995. Interagency Report on Orbital Debris. Washington, DC: Off. Sci. Technol. Policy
22. Cook JW, Brueckner GE, VanHoosier ME. 1980. J. Geophys. Res. 85:2257-68
23. Covault C. 1989. Aviation Week Space Technol. Oct. 16:23-24
24. Cox AN, Livingston WC, Matthews MS, eds. 1991. Solar Interior and Atmosphere. Tucson: Univ. Arizona Press. 1403 pp.
25. Crowley TJ, Kim K-Y. 1996. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23:359-62
26. David L. 1996. Space News Aug. 26-Sept. 1:4, 19
27. Davies K, Conkright R. 1990. In The Effect of the Ionosphere on Radiowave Signals and System Performance, ed. JM Goodman, pp. 1-11. Ionospheric Effects Symp., Govt. Print. Off. 1990 0-278-020
28. de Gruijl FR. 1995. Consequences 1:13-21
29. Donnelly RF. 1976. J. Geophys. Res. 81:4745-53
30. Dupree AK, Huber MCE, Noyes RW, Parkinson WH, Reeves EM, Withbroe GL. 1973. Astrophys. J. 182:321-33
31. Eddy JA. 1976. Science 192:1189-202
32. Eddy JA, Gilman PA, Trotter DE. 1976. Solar Phys. 46:3-14
33. Ellison MA. 1969. The Sun and Its Influence. New York: Elsevier. 240 pp.
34. Evans JV. 1982. Science 216:467-74
35. Fiala AD, Dunham DW, Sofia S. 1994. Solar Phys. 152:97-104
36. Fleming EL, Chandra S, Jackman CH, Considine DB, Douglass AR. 1995. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 57:333-65
37. Foukal P. 1990. Solar Astrophysics. New York: Wiley. 475 pp.
38. Foukal P, Lean J. 1990. Science 247:556-58
39. Friis-Christensen E, Lassen K. 1991. Science 254:698-700
40. Fröhlich C. 1994. In The Sun as a Variable Star, IAU Colloquium 143, ed. JM Pap, C Fröhlich, HS Hudson, SK Solanki, pp. 28-36. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 355 pp.
41. Gilliland R. 1981. Astrophys. J. 248:1144-55
42. Goodman JM. 1992. HF Communications Science and Technology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 631 pp.
43. Goodman JM, Aarons J. 1990. Proc. IEEE 78:512-27
44. Gorney DJ. 1990. Rev. Geophys. 28:315-36
45. Gurman JB, Delaboudinière JP, Artzner G, Garbiel A, Maucherat A, et al. 1996. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 28:880 (Abstr.)
46. Haigh JD. 1994. Nature 370:544-46
47. Haigh JD. 1996. Science 272:961-84
48. Haisch B, Schmitt JHMM. 1996. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 108:113-29
49. Hannah L, Lohse D, Hutchinson C, Carr JL, Lankerani A. 1994. Ambio 23:246-50
50. Hansen J, Lacis A, Ruedy R, Sato M, Wilson H. 1993. Natl. Geogr. Res. Explor. 9:142-58
51. Hara H. 1996. Structures and heating mechanisms of the solar corona. PhD thesis. Natl. Astronom. Obs., Japan. 164 pp.
52. Hartmann DL. 1994. Global Physical Climatology. San Diego: Academic. 411 pp.
53. Hartmann DL, Barkstrom BR, Crommelynck D, Foukal P, Hansen JE, et al. 1993. Earth Obs. 5:23-27
54. Harvey KL, Harvey JW, Martin SF. 1975. Solar Phys. 40:87-102
55. Hays JD, Imbrie J, Shakleton NJ. 1976. Science 194:1121-32
56. Hedin A. 1991. J. Geophys. Res. 96:1159-72
57. Herman JR, Bhartia PK, Ziemke J, Ahmad Z, Larko D. 1996. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23:2117-20
58. Hinteregger HE. 1970. Ann. Géophys. 26:547-54
59. Hinteregger HE, Fukui K, Gilson BG. 1981. Geophys. Res. Lett. 8:1147-50
60. Hoegy WR, Pesnell WD, Woods TN, Rottman GJ. 1993. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20:1335-38
61. Hood LL. 1997. J. Geophys. Res. 102:1355-70
62. Hood LL, Jirikowic JL, McCormack JP. 1993. J. Atmos. Sci. 50:3941-58
63. Hood LL, McCormack JP. 1992. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19:2309-12
64. Hoyt DV. 1979. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 17: 427-58
65. Hoyt DV, Kyle HL, Hickey JR, Maschhoff RH. 1992. J. Geophys. Res. 97:51-63
66. Hoyt DV, Schatten KH. 1993. J. Geophys. Res. 98:18895-906
67. Hoyt DV, Schatten KH, Nesmes-Ribes E. 1994. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21:2067-70
68. Hudson HS. 1987. Rev. Geophys. 25:651-62
69. Hudson HS. 1988. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 26:473-507
70. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 1992. Climate Change 1992. Suppl. Rep IPCC Sci. Assess., ed. JT Houghton, BA Callander, SK Varney. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press
71. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 1995. Climate Change 1994, Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC 1992 Emission Scenarios, ed. JT Houghton, LG Meira Filho, J Bruce, H Lee, BA Callander, E Haites, N Harris, K Maskell. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press
72. Jacchia LG. 1963. Rev. Mod. Phys. 35:973-91
73. Jacchia LG. 1977. Thermospheric temperature, density, and composition models. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Special Report 375, Cambridge, Mass.
74. James IN, James PM. 1989. Nature 342:53-55
75. Jirikowic JL, Damon PE. 1994. In The Medieval Warm Period, ed. MK Hughes, HF Diaz, pp. 309-16. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. 342 pp.
76. Jursa AS, ed. 1985. Handbook of Geophysics and the Space Environment. Air Force Geophys. Lab., Air Force Syst. Command.
77. Kelly PM, Wigley TML. 1992. Nature 360: 328-30
78. King-Hele D. 1987. Satellite Orbits in an Atmosphere: Theories and Applications. Glasgow, London: Blackie
79. Kuhn JR, Libbrecht KG. 1991. Astrophys. J. 381:L35-37
80. Kyle HL, Hoyt DV, Hickey JR, Maschhoff RH, Vallette BJ. 1993. NASA Ref. Publ. 1316
81. Labitzke K, van Loon H. 1992. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19:401-3
82. Labitzke K, van Loon H. 1993. Ann. Geophys. 11:1084-94
83. Lacis AA, Wuebbles DJ, Logan JA. 1990. J. Geophys. Res. 95:9971-81
84. Lamb HH. 1977. Clim. Monit. 6:57-67
85. Lanzerotti LJ. 1994. In Solar Terrestrial Energy Program, ed. DN Baker, VO Papitashvili, MJ Teague, pp. 547-55. COSPAR Colloquia Series, 5. Oxford, UK: Pergamon
86. Lau K-M, Weng H. 1995. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 76:2391-402
87. Lean J. 1990. J. Geophys. Res. 95:11933-44
88. Lean J. 1991. Rev. Geophys. 29:505-35
89. Lean J, Beer J, Bradley R. 1995. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22:3195-98
90. Lean J, Rind D. 1997. J. Climate. In press
91. Lean J, Skumanich A, White OR. 1992. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19:1591-94
92. Lean JL, Cook J, Marquette W, Johannesson A, Willson RC. 1997b. Astrophys. J. In press
93. Lean JL, Rottman GJ, Kyle HL, Woods TN, Hickey JR, Puga LC. 1997a. J. Geophys. Res. In press
94. Lee III RB, Gibson MA, Wilson RS, Thomas S. 1995. J. Geophys. Res. 100:1667-75
95. Lockwood GW, Skiff BA, Baliunas SL, Radick RR. 1992. Nature 360:653-55
96. Madronich S, de Gruijl FR. 1993. Nature 366: 23
97. Mann ME, Park J. 1994. J. Geophys. Res. 99: 25819-33
98. Mariska JT. 1992. The Solar Transition Region, ed. RF Carswell, DNC Lin, JE Pringle, Cambridge Astrophys. Ser. 23. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press
99. McElroy MB, Salawitch RJ. 1989. Science 243:763-70
100. McHargue LR, Damon PE. 1991. Rev. Geophys. 29:141-58
101. Meadows AJ. 1975. Nature 256:95-97
102. Meier RR. 1991. Space Sci. Rev. 58:1-185
103. Metha VM, Delworth T. 1995. J. Clim. 8:172-90
104. NASA. 1994. The Natural Space Environment: Effects on Spacecraft. NASA Ref. Publ. 1350, Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama
105. Nastrom GD, Belmont AD. 1978. Geophys. Res. Lett. 5:665-68
106. National Research Council. 1989. Ozone Depletion, Greenhouse Gases, and Climate Change. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. 122 pp.
107. National Research Council. 1994. Solar Influences on Global Change. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. 163 pp.
108. National Research Council. 1995. A Science Strategy for Space Physics, Space Studies Board. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. 81 pp.
109. National Space Weather Program. 1995. The Strategic Plan FCM-P30-1995. Washington, DC/Silver Springs, MD: Off. Fed. Coord. Meteorol. Serv. Supp. Res. 18 pp.
110. Nesme-Ribes E, Baliunas SL, Sokoloff D. 1996. Sci. Am. 275 (August):46-52
111. Nesme-Ribes E, Ferreira EN, Sadourny R, Le Truet H, Li ZX. 1993. J. Geophys. Res. 98: 18923-35
112. Newkirk G Jr. 1983. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 21:429-67
113. Nicolet M, Swider W Jr. 1963. Planet. Space Sci. 11:1459-82
114. North GR, Kim K-Y. 1995. J. Clim. 8:409-17
115. Noyes RW, Raymond JC, Doyle JG, Kingston AE. 1985. Astrophys. J. 297:805-15
116. Paetzold HK. 1973. Pure Appl. Geophys. 106-108:1308-11
117. Peixoto JP, Oort AH. 1992. Physics of Climate. New York: Am. Inst. Phys. 520 pp.
118. Penner JE, Chang JS. 1979. J. Geophys. Res. 85:5523-28
119. Penner JE, Charlson RJ, Hales JM, Laulainen NS, Leifer R, et al. 1994. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 75:375-400
120. Pittock AB. 1978. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 16:400-20
121. Quiroz RS. 1979. J. Geophys. Res. 84:2415-20
122. Ramaswamy V, Schwarzkopf MD, Randel WJ. 1996. Nature 382:616-18
123. Randel WJ, Cobb JB. 1994. J. Geophys. Res. 99:5433-47
124. Ratcliffe JA. 1972. An Introduction to the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 256 pp.
125. Reeves EM. 1976. Solar Phys. 46:53-72
126. Reid G. 1991. J. Geophys. Res. 96:2835-44
127. Reid G. 1995. Rev. Geophys. Suppl. July:535-38
128. Reinsel GC, Tam W-K, Ying LH. 1994. Geophys. Res. Lett. 21:1007-10
129. Rind D, Balachandran NK. 1995. J. Clim. 8:2080-95
130. Rind D, Overpeck J. 1993. Quat. Sci. Rev. 12:357-74
131. Rind D, Peteet D, Kukla G. 1989. J. Geophys. Res. 94:12851-71
132. Rind D, Suozzo R, Balachandran NK, Prather MJ. 1990. J. Atmos. Sci. 47:475-94
133. Rishbeth H, Garriott OK. 1969. Introduction to Ionospheric Physics. New York; London: Academic. 331 pp.
134. Rishbeth H, Roble RG. 1992. Planet. Space Sci. 40:1011-26
135. Roble RG. 1976. J. Geophys. Res. 81:265-68
136. Roble RG. 1987. In Solar Radiative Output Variations, Workshop Proc., Nov. 9-11, Boulder, ed. P Foukal, pp. 1-25. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Res. Instrum.
137. Roble RG, Emery BA. 1983. Planet. Space Sci. 31:597-614
138. Robuck A, Free MP. 1995. J. Geophys. Res. 100:11549-67
139. Rottman GJ. 1988. Adv. Space Res. 8(7):53-66
140. Salby ML, Shea DJ. 1991. J. Geophys. Res. 96:22579-95
141. Schatten KH. 1988. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15: 121-24
142. Schlesinger ME, Ramankutty N. 1992. Nature 360:330-33
143. Schwartz SE, Andreae MO. 1996. Science 272: 1121-22
144. Schwarzkopf MD, Ramaswamy V. 1993. Geophys. Res. Lett. 20:205-8
145. Solomon S, Portmann RW, Garcia RR, Thomason LW, Poole LR, McCormick MP. 1996. J. Geophys. Res. 101:6713-27
146. Sonett CP, Giampapa MS, Matthews MS, eds. 1991. The Sun in Time. Tucson: Univ. Ariz. Press. 990 pp.
147. Space Environment Services Center. 1982. Proc. of a Workshop on Satellite Drag. March 18-19. Space Environ. Lab., Boulder, CO.
148. Stevens MJ, North GR. 1996. J. Atmos. Sci. 53:2594-608
149. Stolarski RS, Bloomfield P, McPeters RD, Herman JR. 1991. Geophys. Res. Lett. 18:1015-18
150. Stuiver M, Braziunas TF. 1993. Holocene 3(4): 289-305
151. Tang F, Howard R, Adkins JM. 1984. Solar Phys. 91:75-86
152. Tobiska K. 1993. J. Geophys. Res. 98:18879-93
153. Tsuneta S, Acton L, Bruner M, Lemen J, Brown W, et al. 1991. Solar Phys. 136:37-67
154. Vallance Jones A, ed. 1993. Environmental Effects on Spacecraft Positioning and Trajectories. Geophys. Monogr. 73. Washington, DC: Am. Geophys. Union. 173 pp.
155. Vernazza JE, Avrett EH, Loeser R. 1976. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 30:1-60
156. Warren HP, Mariska JT, Lean J, Marquette W, Johannesson A. 1996. Geophys. Res. Lett. 23:2207-10
157. White OR, ed. 1977. The Solar Output and Its Variation. Boulder: Colo. Assoc. Univ. Press. 526 pp.
158. White OR, Rottman GJ, Woods TN, Knapp BG, Keil SL, et al. 1994. J. Geophys. Res. 99:369-72
159. White OR, Skumanich A, Lean J, Livingston WC, Keil SL. 1992. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 104:1139-43
160. White WB, Lean J, Cayan D, Dettinger M. 1997. J. Geophys. Res. 102:3255-66
161. Wigley TM, Raper SCB. 1990. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17:2169-72
162. Willson RC. 1994. In The Sun as a Variable Star, ed. JM Pap, C Fröhlich, HS Hudson, SK Solanki, IAU Colloq. 143, pp. 4-10. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
163. Willson RC, Hudson HS. 1991. Nature 351:42-44
164. Withbroe GL. 1990. Adv. Astronaut. Sci. 71: 727-43
165. Woods TN, Prinz DK, Rottman GJ, London J, Crane PC, et al. 1996. J. Geophys. Res. 101:9541-69
166. Woods TN, Rottman G. 1996. J. Geophys. Res. Submitted
167. World Meteorological Organization. 1991. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion. Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project - Report No. 25. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorol. Org.
168. Wuebbles DJ, Kinnison DE, Grant KE, Lean J. 1991. J. Geomag. Geoelectr. Supp. 43:709-18
169. Zhang Q, Soon WH, Baliunas SL, Lockwood GW, Skiff BA, Radick RR. 1994. Astrophys. 7.427:L111-14