Features and functions of human microglia cells

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 429, Issue , 1997, Pages 79-97

  Gremo, Fulvia ^a   Sogos, Valeria ^a   Ennas, Maria Grazia ^a   Meloni, Alessandra ^a   Persichini, Tiziana ^a   Colasanti, Marco ^a   Lauro, Giuliana Maria ^a  

^a Department of Cytomorphology ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NITRIC OXIDE;

ARTICLE; CELL FUNCTION; CELL STRUCTURE; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; INFLAMMATION; MICROGLIA; NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0031465291     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9551-6_6     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Akiyama H. (1994) Inflammatory response in Alzheimer's disease. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 174, 295-303
2. Anderson K.J., Dam D., Lee S., Cotman C.W. (1988) Basic fibroblast growth factor prevents death of lesioned cholinergic neurons in vivo. Nature 332, 360-361
3. Araujo D.M., Cotman C.W. (1992) Basic FGF in astroglial, microglial, and neuronal cultures: characterisation of binding sites and modulation of release by lymphokines and trophic factors. J. Neurosci. 12, 1668-1678
4. Balaci L., Presta M., Ennas M.G., Dell'Era P., Sogos V., Lauro G., Gremo F. (1994) Differential expression of the fibro blast-growth factor receptors by human neurons, astrocytes and microglia. NeuroReport 6, 197-200
5. Basilico C., Moscatelli D. (1992) The FGF family of growth factors and oncogenes. Adv. Cancer Res. 59, 115-165
6. 2+ in hippocampal neurons. Neuron 9, 285-294
7. Braquet P., Tougui L., Shern T.-Y., Vargaftig B.B. (1987) Perspectives in platelet-activating factor research. Pharmacol. Rev. 39, 97-145
8. Brochet B., Orogogozo J.M., Dartigues J.F., Henry P., Loiseau P. (1992) Pilot study of Ginkogolide B, a PAF-acether specific inhibitor in the treatment of acute outbreaks of multiple sclerosis. Rev. Neurol. Paris 148, 299-301
9. Bussolino F., Gremo F., Tetta C., Pescarmona G.P., Camuss G. (1986) Production of platelet-activating factor by chick retina. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 16502-6508
10. Bussolino F., Soldi R., Arese M., Jaranowska A., Sogos V., Gremo F. (1994) Multiple roles of platelet activating factor in the nervous system. Neurochem. Res., in press
11. Cabellos C., Macintyre D.E., Forrest M., Burroughs M., Prasad S., Tuomanen E. (1992) Differring roles for platelet activating factor during inflammation of the lung and subarachnoid space. The special case of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 612-618
12. Carpenter A.F., Carpenter P.W., Markesbery W.R. (1993) Morphometric analysis of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neuropathoi. Exp. Neurol. 52, 601-608
13. Chao C.C., Hu S., Sheng W.S., Peterson P.K. (1995) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by human fetal microglial regulation by other cytokines. Dev. Neurosci. 17, 97-105
14. Colasanti M., Persichini T., Di Pucchio T., Gremo F., Lauro G.M. (1995a) Human ramified microglial cells produce nitric oxide upon Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor α stimulation. Neurosci. Lett. 200, 144-146
15. Colandanti N., Di Pucchio T., Persichini T., Sogos V., Presta M., Lauro G.M. (1995b) Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression by basic fibroblast growth factor in human microglial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 196, 45-48
16. Colasanti N., Persichini T., Menegazzi M., Mariotto S., Giordano E., Caldarera C.M., Sogos V., Lauro G.M., Suzuki H. (1995c) Induction of nitric oxide synthase mRNA expression. Suppression by exogenous nitric oxide. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 26731-26733
17. Dell'Era P., Ennas M.G., Torelli S., Gremo F., Ragnotti G., Presta M. (1990) Basic fibroblast growth factor in human fetal brain. In Neurology and Neurobiology in Regulation of Gene Expression in the Nervous System (eds Giuffrida Stella A.M., de Vellis J., Perez-Polo J.R.) New York, Wiley-Liss, pp. 425-427
18. del Rio Hortega P. (1919) El tercer elemento de los centros nerviosos. I La microglia en estado normal. Il Intervencion de la microglia en los procesos patologicos. Ill Maturaleza propable de la microglia. Biol. Soc. Esp. Biol. 9, 69-120
19. del Rio Hortega P. (1932) Microglia. In Penfield's Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System, (ed. Penfield W). pp. 483-534, Harbert and Row, New York
20. Denis M. (1994) Human monocytes/macrophagtes: NO or no NO? J. Leukoc. Biol. 55, 682-684
21. Dhib-Jalbut S., Hoffman P.M., Yamabe T., Sun D., Xia J., Eisenber Bergery G., Ruscetti F.W. (1994) Extracellular human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax protein induces cytokine production in adult human microglial cells. Ann. Neurol. 36, 787-790
22. Di Pucchio T., Ennas M.G., Presta M., Lauro G.M. (1996) Basic fibroblast growth factor modulates in vitro differentiation of human fetal microglia. Neuroreport 7, 2813-1817
23. Dolman C.L. (1985) Microglia. In Textbook of Neurophatology (eds Davis R.L. and Robertson), Baltimora, William and Wilkins
24. Ennas M.G., Cocchia D., Silvetti E., Sogos V., Riva A., Torelli S., Gremo F. (1992) Immunocompetent cell markers in human fetal astrocytes and neurons in culture. J. Neurosci. Res. 32, 424-436
25. Fedoroff S., Hao C. (1991) Origin of microglia and their regulation by astroglia. In Plasticity and Regeneration of the Nervous System (ed. Timiras P.S. et al.) Plenum Press New York, pp. 135-142
26. Ferrer I., Bernet E., Soriano E., Del Rio T., Fonseca M. (1990) Naturally occurring cell death in the cerebral cortex of the rat and removal of dead cells by transitory phagocytes. Neuroscience 39, 451-458
27. Florkiewicz R.Z., Baird A., Gonzales A.M. (1991) Multiple forms of bFGF: differential nuclear and cell surface localization. Growth Factors 4, 265-275
28. Frei K., Siepl C., Groscurth P., Bodmer S., Scwerdel C., Fontana A. (1987) Antigen presentation and tutor cytotoxicity by interferon-gamma-treated microglia cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 17, 1271-1278
29. Frei K., Fontana A. (1989a) Immunoregulatory functions of astrocytes and microglial cells within the Central Nervous System, in Neuroimmune Networks: Physiology and Diseases, pp. 127-130, Alan R. Liss Inc., New York
30. Frei K., Malipiero U., Leist T., Sinkernagel R., Schwab M., Fontana A. (1989b) On the cellular source and function of interleukin-6 produced in the Central nervous system in viral diseases. Eur. J. Immunol. 19, 689-694
31. Frerichs K..U., Feuerstein G.Z. (1990) Platelet-activating factor- a key mediator in neuroinjury? Cerebrovasc. Brain. Metab. Rev. 2, 148-160
32. Fujita S., Tsuchihashi Y., Kitamura T. (1981) Origin, morphology and functions of the microglia. Progr. Clin. Biol. Res. 59, 141-169
33. Gehrmann J., Banati R.B., Kreutzberg G.W. (1993) Microglia in the immune surveillance of the brain: human microglia constitutively express HLA-DR molecules. J. Neuroimmunol. 48, 189-198
34. Gilad G.M., Gilad V.H. (1995) Chemotaxis and accumulation of nerve growth factor by microglia macrophages. J. Neurosci. Res. 41, 594-602
35. Giulian D., Baker T.J. (1986) Characterisation of ameboid microglia isolated from developing mammalian brain. J. Neurosci. 6, 2163-2178
36. Giulian D. (1987) Ameboid microglia as effectors of inflammation in the central nervous system. J. Neurosci. Res. 18, 155-171
37. Hanahan D.J. (1986) Platelet activating-factor. A biologically active phosphoglyceride. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 55, 483-509
38. Giulian D., Vaca K., Noonan C.A. (1990) Secretion of enurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-I. Science 250: 1593-1596
39. Giulian D., Li J., Bartel S., Broker J., Li X., and Kirkpatrick J.B. (1995) Cell surface morphology identifies microglia as a distinct class of mononuclear phagocyte. J. Neurosci. 15, 7712-7726
40. Goldring C.E.P., Narayanan R., Lagadec P. and Jeannin J.F. (1995) Transcriptional inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene by competitive binding of NF-kappa B/Rel proteins. Biochem. Biophis. Res. Commun. 209, 73-79
41. Hassan N.F., Campbell D.E., Rifat S., Douglas S.D. (1991) Isolation and characterisation of human fetal brain-derived microglia in "in vitro" culture. Neuroscience 41, 149-158
42. Hetier E., Ayala J., Denefle P., Brousseau A., Rouget P., Mallat M., Prochiantz A. (1988) Brain macrophages synthesise interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 mRNA in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 21, 391-397
43. Hetier E., Ayala J., Bousseau A., Denefle P. and Prochiantz A. (1990) Amoeboid microglial cells and not astrocytes synthesize TNF-α in swiss mouse brain cell cultures. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2, 762-768
44. Hume D. A., Perry W.H., Gordon S. (1983) Immunohistochemical localisation of the macrophage-specific antigen in developing mouse retina: phagocytosis of dying neurons and differentiation of microglia cells to form of regular array in the plexiform layers. J. Cell Biol. 97, 253-257
45. Hutchins K.D., Dicksons D.W., Rashbaum W.K., Lyman W.D. (1990) Localisation of morphologically distinct microglial populations in the developing human fetal brain: implications for ontogeny. Dev. Brain Res. 55, 95-102
46. Johnson D.E., Williams L.T. (1993) Structural and functional diversity in FGF receptor multigene family. Adv. Cancer Res. 60, 1-41
47. Junier M.P., Tiberghien C., Rougeot C., Fafeur V., Dray F. (1988) Inhibitory effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on luteinizong hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin release form rat median eminence in vitro correlated with the characterization of specific PAF receptor sites in rat hypothalamus. Endocrinology 123, 72-80
48. Killackey H.P. (1984) Glia and the elimination of transient cortical projections. Trends Neurosci. 7, 225-226
49. Kornechi E., Ehrlich Y.H. (1988) Neuroregulatory and neuropathological actions of the ether-phospholipid platelet-activating factor. Science 240, 1792-1794
50. Kochanek P.M., Nemoto E.M., Melick J.A., Evans R.W. and Burke (1988) Cerebrovascular and cerebrometabolic effects of intracarotid infused platelet-activating factor in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8, 546-551
51. Lauro G.M., Babiloni D., Apollony C., Buttarelli F., Ennas M.G., Torelli S., Gremo F. (1992) Antigen processing and presenting cells in neuroimmunological network activation and maintenance. In "Recent advances in Cellular and Molecular Biology", Wegmann and Wegmann Eds., Peeters Press, Lovanio, vol. I, pp. 107-114
52. Lauro G.M., Babiloni D., Buttarelli F.R., Stace G., Cocchia D., Ennas M.G., Sogos V. and Greno F. (1995) Human microglia cultures: a powerful model to study their origin and immunoreacrive capacity. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci 13, 739-752
53. Lee S.C., Liu W., Brosnan C.F., Dickson D.W. (1992) Characterisation of primary human fetal dissociated central nervous system cultures with an emphasis on microglia. Lab. Invest. 67, 465-476
54. Lee S.C., Liu W., Dickson D.W., Brosnan C.F., and Berman J.W. (1993a) Cytokine production by human fetal microglia and astrocytes. J. Immunol. 150, 2659-2678
55. Lee S.C., Dickson D.W., Liu W. and Brosnam C.F. (1993b) Induction of nitric oxide synthase activity in human astrocytes by interleukin-1β and interferon-gamma. J. Neuroimmunol. 46, 19-24
56. Lee S.C., Liu W., Brosnan C.F., Dickson D.W. (1994) GM-CSF promotes proliferation of human fetal and adult microglia primary cultures. Glia 12, 309-318
57. Linden R., Cavalcante L.A., Barradas P.C. (1986) Mononuclear phagocytes in the retina of developing rats. Histochemistry 85, 335-339
58. Ling E. A. (1981) The origin and nature of microglia. In Advances in cellular neurobiology (eds Fedoroff S., Hertz L.), Academic Press, pp. 33-82
59. Liu W., Brosnan C.F., Dickson D.W., Lee S.C. (1994) Macrophage colony-stimulating factore mediates astrocyte-induced microglial ramification in human fetal central nervous system. Am. J. Pathol. 145, 48-53
60. Lobb R.R. and Harper J.W. (1986) Purification of heparin-binding growth factors. Anal Biochem. 154, 1-14
61. Loughlin A.T., Woodroodw M.N., Cuzner M.I. (1992) Regulation of Fc receptor and major histocompatibility complex antigen expression on isolated rat microglia by tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and lipopolysaccharide: effects on interferon-gamma induced activation. Immunology 75, 170-5
62. Maiese K., Boniece I., De Meo D. and Wagner J.A. (1993) Peptide growth factors protect against Ischemia in culture by preventing nitric oxide toxicity. J. Neurosci 13, 3034-3040
63. Marcheselli V.L., Rossowska M., Domingo M.T., Braquet P. and Bazan N. (1990) Distinct platelet-activating factor binding sites in synaptic endings and in intracellular membranes of rat cerebral cortex. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 9140-9145
64. Martin J.H.J. and Edwards S.W. (1993) Changes in mechanisms of monocyte/macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity during culture. J. Immunol. 150, 3478-3486.
65. McGeer P.L., Klegeris A., Walker D.G., Yasuhara O., McGeer E.G. (1994) Pathological proteins in senile plaques. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 174, 269-277
66. Mennerick S., Benz A., Zorumski C.F. (1994) Ultrastructural identification of Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 positive cells in primary dissociated cell cultures of human embryonic brain. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 57, 481-491
67. Mohammadi M., Dione C.A., Li W., Li N., Spivak T., Honegger A.M., Jaye M., Schlessinger J. (1992) Point mutation in FGF receptor eliminates phosphatidynositol hydrolysis without affecting mitogenesis. Nature 358, 681-684.
68. Moncada S., Palmer R.M.J., Higgs E.A. (1991) Physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev. 43, 109-142
69. Morrison R.S., Sharm A., de Vellis J., Bradshaw R.A. (1986) Basic fibroblast growth factor supports the survival of cerebral cortical neurons primary culture. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 7537-7541
70. Murabe Y., Sano Y. (1983) Morphological Studies on neuroglia. VII Distribution of brain macrophages in brains of neonatal and adult rats, as determined by means of immunohistochemistry. Cell. Tiss. Res. 229, 85-9527
71. Oehmichen M. (1983) Inflammatory cells in the central nervous system. Prog. Neuropathol. 5, 277-325
72. Otto D., Unsicker K., Grothe C. (1987) Pharmachological effects of nerve growth factor and fibroblast growth factor applied to the transectioned sciatic nerve on neuron death in adult rat dorsal root ganglia. Neurosci. Lett. 83, 156-160
73. 2+ flux but not mitogenesis. Nature 358, 678-681
74. Peterson P.K., Hu S., Anderson W.R., Chao C.C. (1994) Nitric oxide production and neurotoxicity mediated by activated microglia form human versus mouse brain. J. Infect. Dis. 179, 457-460
75. Pietraforte D., Tritarelli E., Testa U., Minetti M. (1994) gp120 HIV envelope glycoprotein increase the production of nitric oxide in human monocyte-derived macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol. 55, 175-182
76. Presta M., Rusnati M., Maier J.A.M., Ragnotti G. (1988) Purification of basic fibroblast growth factor from rat brain: Identification of a Mr 22.000 immunoreactive form. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 155, 1161-1172
77. Presta M., Ennas M.G., Torelli S., Gremo F. (1990) Synthesis of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and of type 1-plasminogen activator inhibitor in neuronal cultures of human fetal brain: stimulation by phorbol ester. J Neurochem. 55, 1647-1654
78. Presta M., Urbinati C., Dell'Era P., Lauro G., Sogos V., Balaci L., Ennas M.G., Gremo F. (1995) Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and its receptors in human fetal microglia cells. J. Int. Devl. Neurosci. 13, 29-39
79. Reiling N., Ulmer A.J., Duchrow M., Ernst M., Flad H.D., Hauschild S. (1994) Nitric oxide synthase: mRNA expression of different isoforms in human monocytes-macrophages. Eur. J. Immunol. 24, 1941-1944
80. Roghani M., Moscatelli D. (1992) Basic fibroblast growth factor is internalized through both receptor-mediated and heparan sulphate-mediated mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 22156-22162
81. Rogister B., Leprince P., Pettmann B., Labourdette G., Sensenbrenner M., Moonen G. (1988) Brain fibroblast growth factor stimulates the release of plasminogen activator by newborn rat cultured astroglial cells. Neurosci. Lett. 91, 321-326
82. Saneto R.P., de Vellis J. (1985) Characterisation of cultured rat oligodendrocytes proliferating in a serum-free, chemically defined medium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 3509-3513
83. Sawada M., Kondo N., Suzumura A., Marunouchi T. (1989) Production of tumour necrosis factor-α by microglia and astrocytes in culture. Brain Research 491, 394-397
84. Sheng J.G., Boop F.A., Mrak R.E., Griffin W.S. (1994) Increased neuronal beta-amyloid precursor protein expression in temporal lobe epilepsy: association with interleukin-1 alpha immunoreactivity. J. Neurochem. 63, 1872-1879
85. Sheng W.S., Hu S., Kravitz F.H., Peterson P.K., Chao C.C. (1995) Tumor necrosis factor alpha upregulates human microglial cell production of interleukin-10 in vitro. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 2, 604-608
86. Sievers J., Parwaresch R., Wottge H.U. (1994) Blood monocytes and spleen macrophages differentiate into microglia-like cells on monolayers of astrocytes: morphology. Glia 12, 245-258
87. Snyder F. (1985) Chemical and biochemical aspects of platelet activating factor: a novel class of acetylated ether-linked choline phospholipids. Med. Res. Rev. 5, 107-140
88. Sogos V., Bussolino F., Pilia E., Torelli S., Gremo F. (1990) Acetylcholine-induced production of platelet-activating factor by human fetal brain cells in culture. J. Neurosci. Res. 27, 706-711
89. Suzumura A., Mezitis S.G.E., Gonatas N.K., Silberberg D.H. (1987) MHC antigen expression on bulk isolated macrophage microglia from newborn mouse brain: induction of Ia antigen expression by gamma interferon. J. Neuroimmun. 15, 263-278
90. Suzuki H., Menegazzi M., Carcereri de Prati A., Mariotto S., Armato U. (1995) Nitric oxide in the liver: physiopathological roles. Adv. Neuroimmunol. 5, 379-410
91. Théry C., Charnak B., Mallat M. (1991) Cytotoxic effect of brain macrophages on developing neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 3, 1155-1164
92. Thomas W.E. (1992) Brain macrophages: evaluation of microglia and their functions. Brain Res. Rev. 17, 61-74
93. Torelli S., Dell'Era P., Ennas M.G., Sogos V., Gremo F., Ragnotti G., Presta M. (1990) Basic fibroblast growth factor in neuronal cultures of human fetal brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 27, 78-83
94. Torelli S., Sogos V., Ennas M.G., Marcello C., Cocchia D., Gremo F. (1991) Human fetal brain cultures: a model to study neuronal proliferation,differentiation and immunocompetence. In "Plasticity and Regeneration of the Nervous System", (eds Timiras P.S. et al.) New York: Plenum Press, pp. 121-134
95. Ulvestad E., Williams K., Mork S., Antel J., Nyland H. (1994a) Phenotypic differences between human monocytes/macrophages and microglial cells studied in situ and in vitro. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 53, 492-501
96. Ulvestad E., Williams K., Bo L., Trapp B., Antel J., Mork S. (1994b) HLA class II molecules (HLA-DR, -DP, - DQ) on cells in the human studied in situ and in vitro. Immunology 82, 535-541
97. Unsicker K., Reichert-Preibsch H., Schmidt R., Pettmann B., Labourdette G., Sensenbrenner M. (1987) Astroglial and fibroblast growth factor have neurotrophic functions for cultured peripheral and central nervous system neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 5459-5463
98. Walicke P., Cowan W.M., Ueno N., Baird A., Guillemin R. (1986) Fibroblast growth factor promotes survival of dissociated hyppocampal neurons and enhances neurite extension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 3012-3016
99. Watkins B.A., Dorn H.H., Kelly W.B., Armstrong R.C., Potts B., Michaels F., Kufta C.V., Dubois-Dalcq M. (1990) Specific tropism of HIV-1 for microglial cells in primary human brain cultures. Science 249, 549-553
100. Weis S., Neuhaus B., Mehraein P. (1994) Activation of microglia in HIV-1 infected brains is not dependent on the presence of HIV-1 antigens. Neuroreport 21, 1514-1516
101. Woodroofe M.N., Hayes G.M., Cuzner M.L. (1989) Fc receptor density, MHC antigen expression and superoxide production are increased in interferon gamma-treated microglia isolated from adult rat brain. Immunol. 68, 421-426
102. Yayon A., Klangsbrun M., Esko J.D., Lader P., Ornitz D.M. (1991) Cell surface, heparin-like molecules are required for binding of basic fibroblast growth factor to its high affinity receptor. Cell 64, 841-848.
103. Yue T-L., Lysko P.G., Feuerstein G. (1990) Production of platelet-activating factor from rat cerebellar granule cells in culture. J. Neurochem. 54, 1809-1811
104. Yue T-L., Feuerstein G.Z. (1994) Platelet-activating factor:a putative neuromodulator and mediator in the pathophysiology of brain injury. Critical Review in Neurobiology 8, 11-24
105. Zielasek J., Hartung H.P. (1996) Molecular of microglia activation. Adv. Neuroimmunol. 6, 191-222