On modification of global warming by sulfate aerosols

Journal of Climate

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 245-267

  Mitchell, J F B ^a   Johns, T C ^a  

^a MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AEROSOL IMPACT; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE MODIFICATION; GLOBAL WARMING; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; SULPHATE AEROSOL;

EID: 0031464644     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0245:OMOGWB>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Boer, G. J., N. A. McFarlane, and M. Lazare, 1992: Greenhouse-gas induced climate change simulated with the CCC second generation general circulation model. J. Climate, 5, 1043-1077.
2. Bryan, K., 1969: Climate and circulation III. The ocean model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 806-827.
3. Cess, R. D., and Coauthors, 1993: Uncertainties in carbon dioxide forcing in atmospheric general circulation models. Science, 262, 1252-1255.
4. Cox, M. D., 1984: A primitive equation, three-dimensional model of the ocean. GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. No. 1, 143 pp. [Available from GFDL/NOAA, P.O. Box 308, Princeton, NJ 08542.]
5. Cubasch, U., K. Hasselmann, H. Hock, E. Maier-Reimer, U. Mikolajewicz, B. D. Santer, and R. Sausen, 1992: Time-dependent greenhouse warming computations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dyn., 8, 55-69.
6. Cullen, M. J. P., 1993: The unified forecast/climate model. Meteor. Mag., 122, 81-94.
7. Dickinson, R.E., 1986: How will future climate change? The Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change, and Ecosystems, B. Bolin, B. R. Doos, J. Jaeger, and R. A. Warrick, Eds., SCOPE Rep. 29, J. Wiley, 206-270.
8. Dignon, J., and S. Hameed, 1989: Global emissions of nitrogen and sulphur oxides from 1860 to 1980. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 39, 180-186.
9. Felzer, B., R. J. Ogelsby, H. Shao, T. Webb III, D. E. Hyman, W. L. Prell, and J. E. Kutzbach, 1995: A systematic study of GCM sensitivity to latitudinal changes in radiation. J. Climate, 8, 877-887.
10. Gates, W. L., J. F. B. Mitchell, G. J. Boer, U. Cubasch, and V. P. Meleshko, 1992: Climate modelling, climate prediction and model validation. Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, J. T. Houghton, B. A. Callendar, and S. K. Varney, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 101-134.
11. Gregory, D., and P. R. Rowntree, 1990: A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability dependent closure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1483-1506.
12. _, and S. Allen, 1991: The effect of convective scale down-draughts upon NWP and climate simulations. Ninth Conf. on Numerical Weather Prediction, Denver, CO, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 122-123.
13. Hall, N. M. J., and P. J. Valdes, 1997: A GCM simulation of the climate 6000 years ago. J. Climate, 10, 3-17.
14. Hameed, S., and J. Dignon, 1992: Global emissions of nitrogen and sulfur oxides in fossil fuel combustion, 1970-1986. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 42, 159-163.
15. Hasselmann, K., 1993; Optimal fingerprints for the detection of time dependent climate change. J. Climate, 6, 1957-1971.
16. _, and Coauthors, 1995: Detection of anthropogenic climate change using a fingerprint method. MPI Rep. No. 168, 24 pp. [Available from Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Bundesstrasse 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.]
17. Haywood, J. M., and K. P. Shine, 1995: The effect of anthropogenic sulfate and soot aerosols on the clear sky planetary radiation budget. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 603-606.
18. Hewitt, C. D., and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1996: GCM simulations of the climate of 6kBP: Mean changes and interdecadal variability. J. Climate, 9, 3505-3529.
19. Heymsfield, A. J., 1977: Precipitation development in stratiform ice clouds: A microphysical and dynamical study. J. Atmos. Sci., 34, 367-381.
20. Houghton, J. T., G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums, Eds., 1990: Climate Change. The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, 366 pp.
21. _, B. A. Callendar, and S. K. Varney, Eds., 1992: Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, 200 pp.
22. _, L. G. Meiro Filho, B. A. Callender, N. Harris, A. Kattenburg, K. Maskell, Eds., 1996: Climate Change. The Science of Climate Change. The Second Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, 572 pp.
23. Ingram, W. J., C. A. Wilson, and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1989: Modeling climate change: An assessment of sea-ice and surface albedo feedbacks. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 8609-8622.
24. Johns, T. C., R. E. Carnell, J. F. Crossley, J. M. Gregory, J. F. B. Mitchell, C. A. Senior, S. F. B. Tett, and R. A. Wood, 1997: The second Hadley Centre coupled model ocean-atmosphere GCM: Model description, spinup, and validation. Climate Dyn., in press.
25. Jones, A., D. L. Roberts, and A. Slingo, 1994: A climate model study of indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate aerosols. Nature, 370, 450-453.
26. Kattenburg, A., F. Giorgi, H. Grassl, G. A. Meehl, J. F. B. Mitchell, R. J. Stouffer, T. Tokioka, A. J. Weaver, and T. M. L. Wigley, 1996: Climate models - Projections of the future. Climate Change. The Science of Climate Change. The Second Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meiro Filho, B. A. Callender, N. Harris, A. Kattenburg, and K. Maskell, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 285-357.
27. Kiehl, J. T., and B. P. Briegleb, 1993: The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing. Nature, 260, 311-314.
28. Kraus, E. B., and J. S. Turner, 1967: A one-dimensional model of the seasonal thermocline Part II: Tellus, 19, 98-105.
29. Kutzbach, J. E., and P. J. Guetter, 1986: The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18 000 years. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1726-1759.
30. Lal, M., U. Cubasch, R. Voss, and J. Waskewitz, 1995: Effect of transient increase in greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols on monsoon climate. Curr. Sci., 69, 752-763.
31. Langner, J., and H. Rodhe, 1991: A global three-dimensional model of the tropospheric sulfur cycle. J. Atmos. Chem., 13, 225-263.
32. Le Treut, H., M. Forichon, O. Boucher, and Z. X. Li, 1996: Aerosol indirect effect, greenhouse gases forcing, and cloud feedback associated to the climate response. Climate Sensitivity: Physical Mechanisms and their Validation, H. Le Trent, Ed., NATO ASI Series 1, Vol. 34, Springer-Verlag, 267-280.
33. Liao, X., A. F. Street-Perrott, and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1994: Two GCM experiments for 6000 years BP: Comparisons with Palaeoclimatic reconstructions. Palaeoclim. - Data Modelling, 1, 99-123.
34. MacCracken, M. C., and F. M. Luther, Eds., 1984. Detecting the climatic effects of increasing carbon dioxide. Rep. DOE/ ER0235, 198 pp. [Available from U.S. Dept. of Energy, Washngton, DC 20545.]
35. 2 and sea-surface temperatures. Climate Dyn., 9, 345-362.
36. 2. Part II: Seasonal response. J. Climate, 5, 105-126.
37. McTegart, W. J., and G. W. Sheldon, Eds., 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Impacts Assessment. Australian Government Publishing Service, 112 pp.
38. Mitchell, J. F. B., and J. M. Gregory, 1992: Climatic consequences of emissions and a comparison of IS92a and SA90. Climate Change 1992. The Supplementary Report to the IPCC Scientific Assessment, J. T. Houghton, B. A. Callendar, and S. K. Varney, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 171-182.
39. 2 sensitivity and model dependence of results. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 113, 293-322.
40. _, N. S. Grahame, and K. J. Needham, 1988: Climate simulations for 9000 years before present: Seasonal variations and effect of the Laurentide ice sheet. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 8283-8303.
41. _, S. Manabe, V. Meleshko, and T. Tokioka, 1990: Equilibrium climate change and its implications for the future. Climate Change. The IPCC Scientific Assessment, J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 131-172.
42. _, R. A. Davis, W. J. Ingram, and C. A. Senior, 1995a: On surface temperature, greenhouse gases, and aerosols: Models and observations. J. Climate, 8, 2364-2386.
43. _, T. C. Johns, J. M. Gregory, and S. F. B. Tett, 1995b: Climate response to increasing levels of greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. Nature, 376, 501-504.
44. Murphy, J. M., 1995: Transient response of the Hadley Centre coupled model to increasing carbon dioxide. Part I: Control climate and flux adjustment. J. Climate, 8, 36-56.
45. _, and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1995: Transient response of the Hadley Centre coupled model to increasing carbon dixide. Part II: Temporal and spatial evolution of patterns. J. Climate, 8, 57-80.
46. Pacanowski, R. C., and S. G. Philander, 1981: Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical model of the tropical oceans. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1443-1451.
47. Palmer, T. N., G. J. Shutts, and R. Swinbank, 1986: Alleviation of a systematic westerly bias in general circulation and numerical weather prediction models through an orographic gravity wave drag parameterization. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 1001-1039.
48. Penner, J. E., and Coauthors, 1994: Quantifying and minimizing the uncertainty of climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 375-400.
49. Prell, W. L., and E. Van Campo, 1986: Coherent response of Arabian sea upwelling and pollen transports to late Quaternary monsoonal winds. Nature, 329, 526-528.
50. _, and J. E. Kutzbach, 1987: Monsoon variability over the past 150 000 years. J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8411-8425.
51. Pruppacher, H. R., and J. D. Klett, 1978: Microphysics of Cloud and Precipitation. D. Reidel, 714 pp.
52. Raper, S. C. B., T. M. L. Wigley, and R. Warrick, 1995: Global sea-level rise: Past and future. Rising Sea Level and Subsiding Coastal Areas, J. D. Milliman and B. U. Haq, Eds., Kluwer Academic, 11-45.
53. Redi, M. H., 1982: Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154-1158.
54. 2 climate. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 475-494.
55. Rodwell, M. J., and B. J. Hoskins, 1996: Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1385-1404.
56. Roeckner, E., T. Siebert, and J. Feichter, 1996: Climatic response to anthropogenic sulfate forcing simulated with a general circulation model. Aerosol Forcing of Climate, R. J. Charlson and J. Heintzenberg, Eds., J. Wiley and Sons, 349-362.
57. Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, and P. D. Jones, 1993: Correlation methods in fingerprint detection studies. Climate Dyn., 9, 265-276.
58. _, W. Bruggemann, U. Cubasch, K. Hasselmann, H. Hock, E. Maier Reimer, and U. Mikolajewicz, 1994: Signal-to-noise analysis of time-dependent greenhouse warming experiments. Part I: Pattern analysis. Climate Dyn., 9, 267-285.
59. _, and Coauthors, 1996: A search for human influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere. Nature, 384, 39-46.
60. Schneider, S. H., 1975: On the carbon-dioxide climate confusion. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 2060-2066.
61. Semtner, A. J., 1976: A model for thermodynamic growth of sea-ice in numerical investigations of climate. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 379-389.
62. 2 and climate: The impact of cloud parameterization. J. Climate, 6, 393-418.
63. Shine, K. P., R. G. Derwent, D. J. Wuebbles, and J.-J. Morcrette, 1990: Radiative forcing of climate. Climate Change. The IPCC Scientific Assessment, J. T. Houghton, G. J. Jenkins, and J. J. Ephraums, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 41-68.
64. _, Y. Fouquart, V. Ramaswamy, S. Solomon, and J. Srinivasan, 1994: Radiative forcing. Climate Change 1994. Rediative Forcing of Climate Changes and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emission Scenarios, J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meiria Filho, J. Bruce, H. Lee, B. A. Callendar, E. Haites, N. Harris, and K. Maskell, Eds., Cambridge University Press, 163-203.
65. Slingo, A., 1989: A GCM parametrization for the shortwave radiative properties of water clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-1427.
66. _, and R. C. Wilderspin, 1986: Development of a revised long-wave radiation scheme for an atmospheric general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 371-386.
67. Smith, R. N. B., 1990: A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their water content in a general circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 116, 435-460.
68. Stephens, G. L., 1978: Radiation profiles in extended water clouds. II: Parametrization schemes. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2123-2132.
69. Street-Perrott, A. F., and S. P. Harrison, 1985: Lake levels and climate reconstruction. Palaeoclimatic Analysis and Modelling, A. D. Hecht, Ed., John Wiley, 291-340.
70. Taylor, K., and J. E. Penner, 1994: Climate system response to aerosols and greenhouse gases: A model study. Nature, 369, 734-737.
71. Tett, S. F. B., T. C. Johns, and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1997: Global and regional variability in a coupled AOGCM. Climate Dyn., in press.
72. Twomey, S., 1974: Pollution and planetary albedo. Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251-1256.
73. Warrilow, D. A., A. B. Sangster, and A. Slingo, 1986: Modelling of land surface processes and their influence on European climate. Meteor. Office 20 DCTN 38, 92 pp. [Available from Meteorological Office, Bracknell RG12 2SZ, United Kingdom.]