Marginally effective medical care: Ethical analysis of issues in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Journal of Medical Ethics

Volumn 23, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 361-367

  Hilberman, Mark ^a   Kutner, Jean ^b   Parsons, Debra ^c   Murphy, Donald J ^d  

^a Carbondale Clinic   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c Exempla Saint Joseph Hospital   (United States)

^d Colorado Collect for Med Decisions ^*

Author keywords

Bioethics; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Clinical decision making; CPR; Death and dying; Ethics

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; EXPECTATION; HUMAN; LITERATURE; MEDICAL ETHICS; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW;

EID: 0031464028     PISSN: 03066800     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jme.23.6.361     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and Subcommittees AHA. Guidelines for emergency cardiac care, I-IX. Journal of the American Medical Association 1992; 268: 2172-295.
2. Rothman DJ. Strangers at the bedside. New York: Basic Books, 1991.
3. Zussman R. Intensive care, medical ethics and the medical profession. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
4. Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and Subcommittees AHA. Guidelines for emergency cardiac care, VIII: ethical considerations in resuscitation. Journal of the American Medical Association 1992; 268: 2282-8.
5. Cohn EB, Lefevre F, Yarnold PR, Arron MJ, Martin GJ. Predicting survival from in-hospital CPR: metaanalysis and validation of prediction model. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1993; 8: 347-53.
6. Ebell MH. Prearrest predictors of survival following in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a metaanalysis. Journal of Family Practice 1992; 34: 551-8.
7. Nuland SB. How we die. New York: Knopf, 1993.
8. Golub ES. The limits of medicine. New York: Times Books/Random House, 1994.
9. Alexandrov AV, Pullicino PM, Meslin EM, et al. Agreement on disease-specific criteria for do-not-resuscitate orders in acute stroke. Stroke 1996; 27: 232-7.
10. Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameters: assessment and management of patients in the persistent vegetative state (summary statement). Neurology 1995; 45: 1015-18.
11. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of biomedical ethics [4th ed]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
12. Bower AG, Bennett VR, Dillon JB. Investigation of the care and treatment of poliomyelitis patients. Annals of Western Medicine and Surgery 1950; 4: 561-82, 687-716.
13. Lassen HCA. Preliminary report on the 1962 epidemic of poliomyelitis in Copenhagen. Lancet 1953; 1: 37.
14. Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG. Closed-chest cardiac massage. Journal of the American Medical Association 1960; 173: 1064-7.
15. Dans PE, Nevin KL, Seidman CE, MacArthur JC, Kariya ST. Inhospital CPR 25 years later: why has survival decreased? Southern Medical Journal 1985; 78: 1174-8.
16. Theimann DR, Bass EB, Powe NR, Halperin HR, Steinberg EP. Pre-arrest comorbidity, outcome and cost in inpatient CPR (abstract). Circulation 1994; 90, 4, 2: supp 2: I-288.
17. Brymer C, Gangbar E, O'Rourke K, Naglie G. Age as a determinant of cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome in the coronary care unit. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1995; 43: 634-7.
18. Ballew KA, Philbrick JT, Caben DE, Schorling JB. Predictors of survival following in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a moving target. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994; 154: 2426-32.
19. Herlitz J, Ekstrom L, Wennerblom B, Axelsson A, Bang A, Holmberg S. Prognosis among survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1995; 25: 58-63.
20. Vitelli CE, Cooper K, Rogatko A, Brennan MF. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the patient with cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1991; 9: 111-15.
21. Dull SM, Graves JR, Larsen MP, Cummins RO. Expected death and unwanted resuscitation in the pre-hospital setting. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1994; 23: 997-1002.
22. Lombardi G, Gallagher EJ, Gennis P. Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in New York City. Journal of the American Medical Association 1994; 271: 678-83.
23. Becker LB, Han BH, Meyer PM, Wright FA, Rhodes KV, Smith DW, et al. Racial differences in the incidence of cardiac arrest and subsequent survival. New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 329: 600-6.
24. Bedell SE, Delbanco TL, Cook EF, Epstein FH. Survival after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the hospital. New England Journal of Medicine 1983; 309: 569-76.
25. Herlitz J, Ekstrom L, Wennerblom B, Axelsson A, Bang A, Holmberg S. Effect of bystander initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation on ventricular fibrillation and survival after witnessed cardiac arrest outside hospital. British Heart Journal 1994; 72: 408-12.
26. Berek K, Lechleitner P, Luef G, et al. Early determination of neurological outcome after prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Stroke 1995; 26: 543-9.
27. Ronco R, King W, Donley DK, Tilden SJ. Outcome and cost at a children's hospital following resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine 1995; 149: 210-14.
28. Rogove HJ, Safar P, Sutton-Tyrrell KS, et al. Old age does not negate good cerebral outcome after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: analyses from the brain resuscitation clinical trials. Critical Care Medicine 1995; 23: 18-25.
29. Solomon NA, Glick HA, Russo CJ, Lee J, Schulman KA. Patient preferences for stroke outcomes. Stroke 1994; 25: 1721-5.
30. Herhold S. Fruitless rescues: paramedics rush dead people to hospitals, costing millions. Mercury News 1993 Aug 15: 1A,ff.
31. Tresch D, Heudebert G, Kutty K, Ohlert J, VanBeek K, Masi A. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in elderly patients hospitalized in the 1990s: a favorable outcome. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1994; 42: 137-41.
32. Gordon M, Cheung M. Poor outcome of on-site CPR in a multi-level geriatric facility: three and a half years experience at the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1993; 41: 163-6.
33. Applebaum GE, King JE, Finucane TE. The outcomes of CPR inititated in nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1990; 38: 197-200.
34. Bialecki L, Woodward RS. Predicting death after CPR: experience at a non-teaching community hospital with a full-time critical care staff. Chest 1995; 108: 1009-17.
35. Kentsch M, Stendel M, Berkel H, Bueller-Esch G. Early prediction of prognosis in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Medicine 1990; 16: 378-83.
36. Martens PR, Mullie A, Buylaert W, Calle P, van Hoeyweghen R, and the Belgian Cerebral Resuscitation Group. Early prediction of non-survival for patients suffering cardiac arrest - a word of caution. Intensive Care Medicine 1992; 18: 11-14.
37. Gove PB and the Merriam-Webster editorial staff. Webster's third new international dictionary. Springfield, MA: G and C Merriam Co, 1976.
38. Tomlinson T, Brody H. Futility and the ethics of resuscitation. Journal of the American Medical Association 1990; 264: 1276-80.
39. Schneiderman LJ, Jecker NS. Wrong medicine: doctors, patients and futile treatment. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
40. Howard PK. The death of common sense: how law is suffocating America. New York: Random House, 1994.
41. McCormick RA. To save or let die. Journal of the American Medical Association 1974; 229: 172-6.
42. Rawls J. A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971.
43. Mill JS. Utilitarianism. On liberty and utilitarianism. New York: Bantam Books, 1993.
44. Engelhardt Jr HT. The foundations of bioethics [2d ed]. New York: Oxford, 1996.
45. Morgan R, King D, Prajapati C, Rowe J. Views of elderly patients and their relatives on cardiopulmonary resuscitation. British Medical Journal 1994; 308: 1677-8.
46. Meystre CJN, Ahmedzai S, Burley NMJ. Terminally ill patients may want to live. British Medical Journal 1994; 309: 409.
47. Peet J. Survey of health care. The Economist 1991 July 6.
48. Simpson WF. Comparative longevity in a college cohort of Christian Scientists. Journal of the American Medical Association 1989; 262: 1657-8.
49. Drucker PF. A century of social transformation. Managing in a time of great change. New York: Truman Talley Books/Dutton, 1995: ch 21.
50. McGinnis JM, Foege WH. Actual causes of death in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 1993; 270: 2207-12.
51. Hurowitz JC. Toward a social policy for health. New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 329: 130-3.
52. Kiple KF, ed. The Cambridge world history of human disease. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
53. Bergthold LA. Medical necessity: do we need it? Health Affairs 1995; 14: 180-90.
54. Reiser SJ. Criteria for standard versus experimental therapy. Health Affairs 1994; 13: 127-36.
55. Mandelblatt JS, Fahs MC. The cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening for low-income elderly women. Journal of the American Medical Association 1988; 259: 2409-13.
56. Horstkotte D. Quality of life after heart valve replacement. In: Walter PJ, ed. Quality of life after open heart surgery. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992:101-4.
57. Weinstein M, Stason W. Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent or treat coronary heart disease. Annual Review of Public Health 1985; 6: 41-3.
58. Edelson JT, Weinstein MC, Tosteson ANA, et al. Long-term cost-effectiveness of various initial monotherapies for mild to moderate hypertension. Journal of the American Medical Association 1990; 263: 408-13.
59. Califf RM, Harrell FE, Lee KL, et al. The evolution of medical and surgical therapy for coronary artery disease, a 15-year perspective. Journal of the American Medical Association 1989; 261: 2077-86.
60. Levinsky NG. The organization of medical care: lessons from the Medicare End Stage Renal Disease Program. New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 329: 1395-9.
61. Kinosian BP, Eisenberg JM. Cutting into cholesterol. Journal of the American Medical Association 1988; 259: 2249-54.
62. Wachter RM, Luce JM, Safrin S, et al. Costs and outcome of intensive care for patients with AIDS, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and severe respiratory failure. Journal of the American Medical Association 1995; 273: 230-5.
63. Schapira DV, Studnicki J, Bradham DD, et al. Intensive care, survival and expense of treating critically ill cancer patients. Journal of the American Medical Association 1993; 269: 783-6.
64. Fineberg HV, Scadden D, Goldman L. Care of patients with a low probability of acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 1984; 310: 1301-7.
65. Murphy DJ, Matchar DB. Life-sustaining therapy: a model for appropriate use. Journal of the American Medical Association 1990; 264: 2103-8.