Hepatitis viruses in water: Update on risk and control

Water SA

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 379-386

  Grabow, W O K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEALTH RISK; HEPATITI; VIRAL INFECTION; WATER QUALITY;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0031463742     PISSN: 03784738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. ASPINALL S, SITHEBE NP and TUCKER T (1995) Antibodies to hepatitis E virus in non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis patients at Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, South Africa. Abstracts: Vth International Congress on the Impact of Viral Diseases in the Developing World, Johannesburg, 9-14 July. National Institute for Virology, Johannesburg. 106.
2. BALAYAN MS, USMANOV RK, ZAMYATINA NA, DUMALIEVA DI and KARAS FR (1990) Brief report: experimental hepatitis E infection in domestic pigs. J. Med. Virol. 32 58-59.
3. BOSCH A, GAJARDO R, ABAD FX, DIEZ JM and JOFRE J (1991a) Concentration of hepatitis A virus in environmental samples. Water Sci. Technol. 24 229-234.
4. BOSCH A, LUCENA F, DIEZ JM, GAJARDO R, BLASI M and JOFRE J (1991b) Waterborne viruses associated with hepatitis outbreak. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 83 80-83.
5. BOURNE DE and COETZEE N (1996) An Atlas of Potentially Water-Related Diseases in South Africa. Volume 1: Mortality 1990. WRC Report No 584/1/96. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. 49 pp.
6. BRADLEY DW, KRAWCZYNSKIK, COOK EH (Jr.), McCAUSTLAND KA, HUMPHREY CD, SPELBRING JE, MYINT H and MAYNARD JE (1987) Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis: Serial passage of disease in cynomolgus macaques and tamarins and recovery of disease-associated 27-to 34-nm viruslike particles. Proc. USA Nat. Acad. Sci. 84 6277-6281.
7. CALLAHAN KM, TAYLOR DJ and SOBSEY MD (1995) Comparative survival of hepatitis A virus, poliovirus and indicator viruses in geographically diverse seawaters. Water Sci. Technol. 31 189-193.
8. CHAUHAN A, DILAWARI JB, KAUR U, GANGULY NK, BUSH-NURMATH S and CHAWLA YK (1994) Atypical strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV) from north India. J. Med. Virol. 44, 22-29.
9. CLAYSON ET, MYINT KSA, SNITBHAN R, VAUGHN DW, INNIS BL, CHAN L, CHEUNG P and SHRESTHA MP (1995) Viremia, fecal shedding, and IgM and IgG responses in patients with hepatitis E. J. Infect. Dis. 172 927-933.
10. CLAYSON ET, SNITBHAN R, NGARMPOCHANA M, VAUGHN DW and SHRESTHA MP (1996) Evidence that the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic virus: Detection of natural infection among swine, rats, and chickens in an area endemic for human disease. In: Buisson Y, Coursaget P and Kane M (eds.) Enterically-Transmitted Hepatitis Viruses. La Simarre, Tours, France. 329-335.
11. CRASKE J (1992) Hepatitis C and non-A non-B hepatitis revisited: Hepatitis E, F and G. J. Infect. 25 243-250.
12. DEKA N, SHARMA MD and MUKERJEE R (1994) Isolation of the novel agent from human stool samples that is associated with sporadic non-A, non-B hepatitis. J. Virol. 68 7810-7815.
13. DENG MY, DAY SP and CLIVER DO (1994) Detection of hepatitis A virus in environmental samples by antigen-capture PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60 1927-1933.
14. DIVIZIA M, SANTIAL and PANA A (1989) Ultrafiltration: An efficient second step for hepatitis A virus and poliovirus concentration. J. Virol. Methods 23 55-62.
15. DUBROU S, KOPECKA H, LOPEZ PILA JM, MARECHAL J and PREVOT J (1991) Detection of hepatitis A virus and otherenteroviruses in wastewater and surface water samples by gene probe assay. Water Sci. Technol. 24 267-272.
16. FAVOROV MO, FIELDS HA, PURDY MA, YASHINA TL, ALEKSANDROV AG, ALTER MJ, YARASHEVA DM, BRADLEY DW and MARGOLIS HS (1992) Serologic identification of hepatitis E virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings. J. Med. Virol 36 246-250.
17. GOSWAMI BB, KOCH WH and CEBULA TA (1993) Detection of hepatitis A virus in Mercenaria mercenaria by coupled reverse transcription and poly merase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 2765-2770.
18. GRABOW WOK (1976) Progress in studies on the type A (infectious) hepatitis virus in water. Water SA 2 20-24.
19. GRABOW WOK (1996a) Waterborne diseases: Update on water quality assessment and control. Water SA 22 193-202.
20. GRABOW WOK (1996b) New challenges in monitoring water for pathogens. Water Sewage & Effl. 16 51-54.
21. GRABOW WOK, PROZESKY OW, APPELBAUM PC and LECATSAS G (1975) Absence of hepatitis B antigens from feces and sewage as a result of enzymatic destruction. J. Infect. Diseases 131 658-664.
22. GRABOW WOK, PROZESKY OW, BRADLEY DW and MAYNARD JE (1981) Response of Galago bushbabies to the hepatitis A virus. S. Afr. J. Sci 77 314-318.
23. GRABOW WOK, GAUSS-MÜLLER V, PROZESKY OW and DEINHARDT F (1983) Inactivation of hepatitis A virus and indicator organisms in water by free chlorine residuals. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 46 619-624.
24. GRABOW WOK, FAVOROV MO, KHUDYAKOVA NS, TAYLOR MB and FIELDS HA (1994) Hepatitis E seroprevalence in selected individuals in South Africa. J. Med. Virol 44 384-388.
25. GRABOW WOK, DE VILLIERS JC, ERASMUS B, ERASMUS D and ENGELBRECHT L (1996a) Viruses in waste water from an informal settlement. Proc. Bienn. Conf. of the WISA, Port Elizabeth, South Africa, 20-23 May 1996. Water Institute of Southern Africa, Johannesburg. Vol 2, Paper 73, 1-8.
26. GRABOW WOK and TAYLOR MB (1993) New methods for the virological analysis of drinking water supplies. Proc.Bienn. Conf. and Exhibition of WISA, Elangeni Hotel, Durban, 24-27 May 1993. Water Institute of Southern Africa, Johannesburg. Vol 1, 259-264.
27. GRABOW WOK, TAYLOR MB and WEBBER LM (1996b) Hepatitis E virus in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sci. 92 178-180.
28. GRAFF J, TICEHURST J and FLEHMIG B (1993) Detection of hepatitis A virus in sewage sludge by antigen capture polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 3165-3170.
29. GUST ID, LEHMANN NI, CROWE S, McCRORIE M, LOCARNINI SA and LUCAS CR (1985) The origin of the HM175 strain of hepatitis virus. J. Infect. Dis. 151 365-367.
30. HALL RM and SOBSEY MD (1993) Inactivation of hepatitis A virus and MS2 by ozone and ozone-hydrogen peroxide in buffered water. Water Sci. Technol. 27371-378.
31. HALLIDAY ML, KANG L-Y, ZHOU T-K, HU M-D, PAN Q-C, FU T-Y, HUANG Y-S and HU SL (1991) An epidemic of hepatitis A attributable to the ingestion of raw clams in Shanghai, China. J. Infect. Dis. 164 852-859.
32. HEJKAL TW, KESWICK B, LABELLE RI, GERBA CP, SANCHEZ Y, DREESMAN G, HAFKIN B and MELNICK JL (1982) Viruses in a community water supply associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis and infectious hepatitis. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 74 318-321.
33. HUANG RT. LIDR, WEI J, HUANG XR, YUAN XT and TIAN X (1992) Isolation and identification of hepatitis E virus in Xinjiang, China. J. Gen. Virol. 73 1143-1148.
34. HUANG R, NAKAZONO N, ISHII K, LI D, KAWAMATA O, KAWAGUCHIR and TSUKADA Y (1995) I. Hepatitis E virus (87A strain) propagated in A549 cells. J. Med. Virol. 47 299-302.
35. IWARSON S (1992) New vaccines against hepatitis A enter the market -but who should be vaccinated? Infection 20 192-193.
36. JAYKUS LA, DE LEON R and SOBSEY MD (1996) A virion concentration method for detection of human enteric viruses in oysters by PCR and oligoprobe hybridization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 2074-2080.
37. JIANG X, ESTES MK, METCALFTG and MELNICK JL (1986) Detection of hepatitis A virus in seeded estuarine samples by hybridization with cDNA probes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52 711-717.
38. JOTHIKUMAR N, APARNA K, KAMATCHIAMMAL S, PAUL-MURUGAN R, SARAVANADEVI S and KHANNA P (1993) Detection of hepatitis E virus in raw and treated wastewater with the polymerase chain reaction. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 2558-2562.
39. LEVEQUE F, CRANCE JM, BERIL C and SCHWARTZBROD L (1995) Virucidal effect of UV light on hepatitis A in sea water: Evaluation with cell culture and RT-PCR. Water Sci. Technol. 31 157-160.