Aerosol-induced chemical perturbations of stratospheric ozone: Three-dimensional simulations and analysis of mechanisms

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 102, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 3617-3637

  Zhao, Xuepeng ^a   Turco, Richard P ^a   Kao, C Y Jim ^b   Elliott, Scott ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; GCM; OZONE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; STRATOSPHERE;

EID: 0031463711     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96jd03406     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, Interaction of cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, J. Atmos. Sci., 311, 674-701, 1974.
2. x emissions from future high speed civil transport aircraft on stratospheric aerosols and ozone. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 723-726, 1993.
3. Bekki, S., and J. A. Pyle, A two-dimensional modeling study of the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18,861-18,869, 1994.
4. Bekki, S., R. Toumi, and J. A. Pyle, Importance of sulphur photochemistry in tropical ozone changes after Mount Pinatuho eruption, Nature, 362, 331-333, 1993.
5. 2 clouds from the June 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 151-154, 1992.
6. Bojkov, R. D., et al., Record low total ozone during northern winters of 1992 and 1993, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1351-1354, 1993.
7. Bourke, W., B. McAvaney, K. Puri, and R. Thurling, Global modeling of atmospheric flow by spectral methods, in Methods in Computational Physics, vol. 17, edited by J. Chang, pp. 267-324, Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1977.
8. Brasseur, G. P., C. Granier, and S. Walters, Future changes in stratospheric ozone and the role of heterogeneous chemistry, Nature, 348, 626-628, 1990.
9. Cadle, R. D., P. Crutzen, and D. Ehhalt, Heterogeneous chemical reactions in the stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 3381-3385, 1975.
10. Chandra, S., Changes in stratospheric ozone and temperature after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 33-36, 1993.
11. Chandra, S., and R. S. Stolarski, Recent trends in stratospheric total ozone: Implications of dynamical and El Chichón perturbations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 2277-2280, 1991.
12. 3 on background stratospheric aerosols: Comparisons of model results with data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 397-400, 1992.
13. Crutzen, P. J., and V. Schmailzl, Chemical budgets of the stratosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 31, 1009-1032, 1983.
14. Danilin, M. Y., and J. C. McConnell, Stratospheric effects of bromine activation on/in sulfate aerosol, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 11,237-11,243, 1995.
15. DeMore, W. B., et al., Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratosphere Modeling, NASA, Jet Propulsion Lab., Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena, 1994.
16. Drdla, K., A. Tabazadeh, R. P. Turco, M. Z. Jacobson, J. E. Dye, C. Twohey, and D. Baumgardner, Analysis of the physical state of one Arctic polar stratospheric cloud based on observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2475-2478, 1994.
17. Dutsch, H. V., Vertical ozone distribution on a global scale, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 511-529, 1978.
18. Elliott, S., R. P. Turco, and M. Z. Jacobson, Tests on combined projection/forward differencing integration for stiff photochemical family systems at long time step, Comp. Chem., 17, 91-102, 1993.
19. Elliott, S., X. Zhao, R. P. Turco, C.-Y. Jim Kao, and M. Shen, Photochemical numerics for global-scale modeling: Fidelity and GCM testing, J. Appl. Meteorol., 34, 694-718, 1995.
20. Fahey, D. W., et al., In situ measurements constraining the role of sulfate aerosols in mid-latitude ozone depletion, Nature, 363, 509-514, 1993.
21. Froidevaux, L., et al., Global ozone observations from the UARS MLS: An overview of zonal-mean results, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2846-2866, 1994.
22. Granier, C., and G. Brasseur, Impact of heterogeneous chemistry on model predictions of ozone changes, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18,015-18,033, 1992.
23. Grant, W. B., et al., Observations of reduced ozone concentration in the tropical stratosphere after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1109-1112, 1992.
24. Grant, W. B., et al., Aerosol-associated changes in tropical stratospheric ozone following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8197-8211, 1994.
25. 5 on 40 to 75% sulfuric acid solution, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 17,307-17,314, 1991.
26. Hanson, D. R., A. R. Ravishankara, and S. Solomon, Heterogeneous reactions in sulfuric acid aerosols: A framework for model calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3615-3629, 1994.
27. 2O on sulfuric sulfuric acid aerosol and the implications for the lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9063-9069, 1996.
28. Herman, J. R., and D. Larko, Low ozone amounts during 1992-1993 from Nimbus 7 and Meteor 3 total ozone mapping spectrometers, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3483-3496, 1994.
29. Hofmann, D. J., and S. Solomon, Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry following the eruption of El Chichón, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 5029-5041, 1989.
30. Hofmann, D. J., S. J. Oltmans, J. M. Harris, W. D. Komhyr, J. A. Lathrop, T. DeFoor, and D. Kuniyuki, Ozonesonde measurements at Hilo, Hawaii following the eruption of Pinatubo, Geophys. Res Lett., 20, 1555-1558, 1993.
31. Hofmann, D. J., S. J. Oltmans, W. D. Komhyr, J. M. Harris, J. A. Lathrop, A. O. Langford, J. Deshler, B. J. Johnson, A. Torres, and W. A. Matthews, Ozone loss in the lower stratosphere over the United States in 1992-1993: Evidence for heterogeneous chemistry on the Pinatubo aerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 65-68, 1994.
32. 2 following the Pinatubo volcanic eruptions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 211-213, 1992.
33. Kao, C.-Y. J., and Y. Ogura, Response of cumulus clouds to large-scale forcing using the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization, J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 2437-2458, 1987.
34. Kao, C.-Y. J., G. A. Glatzmaier, R. C. Malone, and R. P. Turco, Global three-dimensional simulations of ozone depletion under postwar conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 22,495-22,512, 1990.
35. Kao, C.-Y. J., X.-X. Tie, E. J. Morz, F. N. Alyea, and D. M. Cunnold, Simulation of global distribution and trend of CFC-11 using the Los Alamos chemical trace model, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15,827-15,838, 1992.
36. Kao, C.-Y. J., G. A. Glatzmaier, and R. C. Malone, On testing the statistical significance of climate response simulated by general circulation model to smoke from Kuwaiti oil fires, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14,503-14,508, 1994.
37. Kao, C.-Y. J., S. Barr, A. Quintanar, D. Langley, G. A. Glatzmaier, and R. C. Malone, Numerical modeling of tracer transport within and out of the lower tropospheric Arctic region, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 941-944, 1995.
38. Kinne, S., O. B. Toon, and M. J. Prather, Buffering of stratospheric circulation by changing amounts of tropical ozone: A Pinatubo case study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1927-1930, 1992.
39. Kinnison, D. E., K. E. Grant, P. S. Connell, D. A. Rotman, and D. J. Wuebbles, The chemical and radiative effects of the Mount Pinatubo eruption, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25,705-25,731, 1994.
40. 3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 597-600, 1994.
41. Mahlman, J. D., et al., Transport, radiative, and dynamical effects of the Antarctic ozone hole: A GFDL "SKYHI" model experiment, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 489-508, 1994.
42. Malone, R. C., E. J. Pitcher, M. L. Blackmon, K. Puri, and W. Bourke, The simulation of stationary and transient geopotential-height eddies in January and July with a spectral general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1394-1419, 1984.
43. Malone, R. C., L. H. Auer, G. A. Glatzmaier, M. C. Wood, and O. B. Toon, Nuclear winter: Three-dimensional simulation including interactive transport, scavenging, and solar heating of smoke, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1039-1053, 1986.
44. Manabe, S., J. Smagorinsky, and R. F. Strickler, Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrologic cycle, Mon. Weather Rev., 93, 769-798, 1965.
45. McCormick, M. P., and W. P. Chu, Stratospheric ozone profile and total ozone trends derived from the SAGE I and SAGE II data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 269-272, 1992.
46. McElroy, M. B., R. G. Salawitch, S. C. Wofsy, and J. A. Logan. Antarctic ozone: Reductions due to synergistic interactions of chlorine and bromine, Nature, 321, 759-763, 1986.
47. McPeters, R. D., D. F. Heath, and P. K. Bhartia, Average ozone profile for 1979 from the NIMBUS 7 SBUV Instrument, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5199-5214, 1984.
48. Michelangeli, D. V., M. Allen, and Y. L. Yung, El Chichón volcanic aerosols: Impact of radiative, thermal, and chemical perturbations, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18,429-18,443, 1989.
49. 2O system: Implications for polar stratospheric clouds, Science, 261, 1418-1423, 1993.
50. 5 on aqueous aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15,889-15,896, 1988.
51. Norton, W. A., and M. P. Chipperfield, Quantification of the transport of chemically activated air from the northern hemisphere polar vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25,817-25,840, 1995.
52. Pepper, D. W., and A. J. Baker, A simple one-dimensional finite element algorithm with multidimensional capabilities, Numer. Heat Transfer, 2, 81-95, 1979.
53. Pitari, G., and V. Rizi, An estimate of the chemical and radiative perturbation of stratospheric ozone following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3260-3276, 1993.
54. Pitcher, E. J., R. C. Malone, V. Ramanathan, M. L. Blackmon, K. Puri, and W. Bourke, January and July simulations with a spectral general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 580-604, 1983.
55. Planet, W. G., et al., Northern hemisphere total ozone values from 1989-1993 determined with the NOAA-11 solar backscatter ultraviolet (SBUV/2) instrument, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 205-208, 1994.
56. Plumb, R. A., A "tropical pipe" model of stratospheric transport, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3957-3972, 1996.
57. Prather, M., Catastrophic loss of stratospheric ozone in dense volcanic clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 10,187-10,191, 1992.
58. Ramanathan, V., E. J. Pitcher, R. C. Malone, and M. L. Blackmon, The response of a spectral general circulation model to refinements in radiative process, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 605-631, 1983.
59. Randel, W., and J. B. Cobb, Coherent variations of monthly mean total ozone and lower stratospheric temperature, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5433-5447, 1994.
60. Randel, W., and F. Wu, TOMS total ozone trends in potential vorticity coordinates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 683-686, 1995.
61. Randel, W., et al., Ozone and temperature changes in the stratosphere following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16,753-16,764, 1995.
62. Reihs, C. M., D. M. Golden, and M. A. Tolbert, Nitric acid uptake by sulfuric acid solutions under stratospheric conditions: Determination of Henry's law solubility, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16,545-16,550, 1990.
63. Rind, D., N. K. Balachandran, and R. Suozzo, Climate change and the middle atmosphere, II, The impact of volcanic aerosols, J. Clim., 5, 189-208, 1992.
64. 5 profiles at sunrise and sunset from further analysis of the ATMOS/Spacelab 3 solar spectra, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 18,341-18,349, 1989.
65. 3 in the post-Mount Pinatubo eruption stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8213-8219, 1994.
66. 3 on sulfate aerosols in global ozone losses, Nature, 352, 134-137, 1991.
67. Rodriguez, J. M., et al., Ozone response to enhanced heterogeneous processing after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 209-212, 1994.
68. Schoeberl, M. R., P. K. Bhartia, E. Hilsenrath, and O. Torres, Tropical ozone loss following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 29-32, 1993.
69. Smagorinsky, J., S. Manabe, and J. L. Holloway Jr., Numerical results from a nine-level general circulation model of the atmosphere, Mon. Weather Rev., 93, 727-768, 1965.
70. Solomon, S., R. W. Sanders, R. R. Garcia, and J. G. Keys, Increased chlorine dioxide over Antarctica caused by volcanic aerosols from Mount Pinatubo, Nature, 363, 245-248, 1993.
71. 2 due to Pinatubo aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3509-3516, 1994.
72. Stolarski, R. S., P. Bloomfield, and R. D. McPeters, Total ozone trends deduced from Nimbus 7 TOMS data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1015-1018, 1991.
73. Tabazadeh, A., R. P. Turco, and M. Z. Jacobson, A model for studying the composition and chemical effects of stratospheric aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12,897-12,914, 1994a.
74. Tabazadeh, A., R. P. Turco, K. Drdla, and M. Z. Jacobson, A study of type I polar stratospheric cloud formation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1619-1622, 1994b.
75. Tie, X.-X., and G. Brasseur. The response of stratospheric ozone to volcanic eruptions: Sensitivity to atmospheric chlorine loading, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3035-3038, 1995.
76. Tie, X.-X., et al., Two-dimensional simulation of Pinatubo aerosol and its effect on stratospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20,545-20,562, 1994.
77. Tolbert, M. A., M. J. Rossi, and D. M. Golden, Heterogeneous interactions of chlorine nitrate, hydrogen chloride, and nitric acid with sulfuric acid droplets, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1684-1689, 1988.
78. Tolbert, M. A., J. Pfaff, I. Jayaweera, and M. J. Prather, Uptake of formaldehyde by sulfuric acid solutions: Impact on stratospheric ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 2957-2962, 1993.
79. Toohey, D. W., L. M. Avallone, L. R. Lait, P. A. Newman, M. R. Schoeberl, D. W. Fahey, E. L. Woodbridge, and J. G. Anderson, The seasonal evolution of reactive chlorine in the northern hemisphere stratosphere, Science, 261, 1134-1135, 1993.
80. Toon, O. B., R. P. Turco, D. Westphal, R. Malone, and M. S. Liu, A multidimensional model for aerosols: Description of computational analogs, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 2123-2144, 1988.
81. Turco, R. P., Photodissociation rates in the atmosphere below 100 km, Geophys. Surv., 2, 153-192, 1975.
82. Turco, R. P., and P. Hamill, Supercooled sulfuric acid droplets: Perturbed stratospheric chemistry in early winter, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 96, 323-334, 1992.
83. Turco, R. P., and R. C. Whitten, A comparison of several computational techniques for solving some common aeronomic problems, J. Ceophys. Res., 79, 3179-3185, 1974.
84. Turco, R. P., and R. C. Whitten, The NASA Ames Research Center one- and two-dimensional stratospheric models, I, The one-dimensional model, NASA Tech. Pap., 1002, 1977.
85. Turco, R. P., R. C. Whitten, and O. B. Toon, Stratospheric aerosols: Observation and theory, Rev. Geophys., 20, 233-279, 1982.
86. 3 by aqueous sulfuric acid droplets, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1684-1689, 1991.
87. Watson, L. R., J. M. Van Doren, P. Davidovits, D. R. Worsnop, M. S. Zahniser, and C. E. Kolb, Uptake of HCI molecules by aqueous sulfuric acid droplets as a function of acid concentration, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5631-5638, 1990.
88. NO2, using the BLISS diode laser spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 13,851-13,866, 1990.
89. 5 on aerosols aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 53-56, 1994.
90. Wilson, J. C., et al., In situ observations of aerosol and chlorine monoxide after the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo: Effects of reactions on sulfate aerosols, Science, 261, 1140-1142, 1993.
91. Wofsy, S. C., M. B. McElroy, and Y. L. Yung, The chemistry of atmospheric bromine, Geophys. Res. Lett., 2, 215-218, 1975.
92. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Report of the International Ozone Trends Panel, Rep. 18, vol. 1, chap. 4 and Append. A, Geneva, 1988.
93. World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Scientific assessment of ozone depletion 1991 report, Rep. 25, Geneva, 1992.
94. Yung, Y. L., J. P. Pinto, R. T. Watson, and S. P. Sander, Atmospheric bromine and ozone perturbations in the lower stratosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 339-353, 1980.
95. Zalesak, S. T., Fully multidimensional flux-corrected transport algorithms for fluids, J. Comput. Phys., 31, 335-362, 1979.
96. 2O binary system at low temperatures: Stratospheric implications, J. Phys. Chem., 97, 8541-8548, 1993.
97. Zhao, X., Development of an interactive chemical/dynamical/radiative three-dimensional model of the lower stratosphere, Ph.D. dissertation, 242 pp., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, 1995.
98. Zhao, X., and R. P. Turco, Photodissociation parameterization for stratospheric photochemical modeling, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1996.
99. Zhao, X., R. P. Turco, C.-Y. J. Kao, and S. Elliott, Simulation of the dynamical response of the Arctic vortex to aerosol-related chemical perturbations in the lower stratosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1525-1528, 1996.