Continuous and episodic components of demographic change in arid zone shrubs: Models of two Eremophila species from Western Australia compared with published data on other species

Journal of Ecology

Volumn 85, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 833-846

  Watson, I W ^a,b   Westoby, M ^b   Holm, A McR ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Drought; Event driven; Grazing trial; Long term sites; Matrix models

Indexed keywords

DEMOGRAPHY; DESERT SHRUB; POPULATION DYNAMICS; RECRUITMENT; SHRUB;

AUSTRALIA; WESTERN AUSTRALIA;

EREMOPHEILA FORRESTII; EREMOPHILA MAITLANDII; MYOPORACEAE;

EID: 0031463607     PISSN: 00220477     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2960605     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Ackerman, T.L. (1979) Germination and survival of perennial plant species in the Mojave Desert. The Southwestern Naturalist, 24, 399-408.
2. Andrew, M.H. & Lange, R.T. (1986) Development of a new piosphere in arid chenopod shrubland grazed by sheep. II. Changes to the vegetation. Australian Journal of Ecology, 11, 411-424.
3. Auld, A.D. (1995) Seedling survival under grazing in the arid perennial Acacia oswaldii. Biological Conservation, 72, 27-32.
4. Austin, M.P. & Williams, O.B. (1988) Influence of climate and community composition on the population demography of pasture species in semi-arid Australia. Vegetatio, 77, 43-49.
5. Beard, J.S. (1968) Drought effects in the Gibson Desert. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 51, 39-50.
6. Beatley, J.C. (1980) Fluctuations and stability in climax shrub and woodland vegetation of the Mojave, Great Basin and transition deserts of southern Nevada. Israel Journal of Botany, 28, 149-168.
7. Bowers, J.E., Webb. R.H. & Rondeau, R.J. (1995) Longevity, recruitment and mortality of desert plants in Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6, 551-564.
8. Caswell, H. (1989) Matrix Population Models: Construction, Analysis, and Interpretation. Sinnauer Associates Inc., Sunderland.
9. Condit, R., Hubbell, S.P. & Foster, R.B. (1995) Mortality rates of 205 neotropical tree and shrub species and the impact of a severe drought. Ecological Monographs, 65, 419-439.
10. Crisp, M.D. (1978) Demography and survival under grazing of three Australian semi-desert shrubs. Oikos, 30, 520-528.
11. Crisp, M.D. & Lange, R.T. (1976) Age structure, distribution and survival under grazing of the arid-zone shrub Acacia burkittii. Oikos, 27, 86-92.
12. Crouse, D.T., Crowder, L.B. & Caswell, H. (1987) A stage-based model for loggerhead sea turtles and implications for conservation. Ecology, 68, 1412-1423.
13. Cunningham, G.M. & Walker, P.J. (1973) Growth and survival of mulga (Acacia aneura F. Muell. ex Benth.) in western New South Wales. Tropical Grasslands, 7, 69-77.
14. Danckwerts, J.E., O'Reagain, P.J. & O'Connor, T.G. (1993) Range management in a changing environment: a South African perspective. The Rangeland Journal, 15, 133-144.
15. Davies, S.J.J.F. & Walsh, T.F.M. (1979) Observations on the regeneration of shrubs and woody forbs over a ten year period in grazed quadrats on Mileura Station, Western Australia. The Australian Rangeland Journal, 1, 215-224.
16. Eldridge, D.J. (1989) The population dynamics of the perennial chenopod shrub Atriplex vesicaria in semi-arid western New South Wales. MSc thesis, Macquarie University, Australia.
17. Eldridge, D.J. & Westoby, M. (1991) Recruitment and survival in Atriplex vesicaria populations in semi-arid western New South Wales, 1977-1987. Australian Journal of Ecology, 16, 309-314.
18. Eldridge, D.J., Westoby, M. & Stanley, R.J. (1990) Population dynamics of the perennial rangeland shrubs Atriplex vesicaria, Maireana astrotricha and M. pyramidata under grazing. Journal of Applied Ecolog, 27, 502-512.
19. Enright, N.J. & Watson, A.D. (1991) A matrix population model analysis for the tropical tree, Araucaria cunninghamii. Australian Journal of Ecology, 16, 507-520.
20. Ferson, S. (1994) RAMAS/Stage. Generalized Stage-Based Modeling for Population Dynamics. Applied Biomathematics, Setauket.
21. Friedel, M.H., Foran, B.D. & Stafford Smith, D.M. (1990) Where the creeks run dry or ten feet high: pastoral management in arid Australia. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 16, 185-194.
22. Gardiner, H.G. (1984) Dynamics of arid-land, perennial plant populations with an examination of potential causal agents. PhD thesis, Utah State University, Logan.
23. Gardiner, H.G. (1986) Dynamics of perennial plants in the mulga (Acacia aneura F. Muell.) zone of Western Australia. I. Rates of population change. The Australian Rangeland Journal, 8, 18-27.
24. Goldberg, D.E. & Turner, R.M. (1986) Vegetation change and plant demography in permanent plots in the Sonoran Desert. Ecology, 67, 695-712.
25. Graetz, R.D. & Wilson, A.D. (1984) Saltbush and bluebush. Management of Australia's Rangelands (eds G.N. Harrington, A.D. Wilson & M.D. Young), pp. 209-222. CSIRO, Melbourne.
26. Grice, A.C. & Barchia, I. (1992) Does grazing reduce survival of indigenous perennial grass of the semi-arid woodlands of western New South Wales? Australian Journal of Ecology, 17, 195-205.
27. Grice, A.C. & MacLeod, N.D. (1994) State and transition models for rangelands. IV. State and transition models as aids to communication between scientists and land managers. Tropical Grasslands, 28, 241-246.
28. Grice, A.C. & Westoby, M. (1987) Aspects of the dynamics of the seed banks and seedling populations of Acacia victoriae and Cassia spp. in arid western New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology, 12, 209-215.
29. Griffin, G.F. & Friedel, M.H. (1985) Discontinuous change in central Australia: some implications of major ecological events for land management. Journal of Arid Environments, 9, 63-80.
30. Hall, E.A.A., Specht, R.L. & Eardley, C.M. (1964) Regeneration of the vegetation of the Koonamore Vegetation Reserve, 1926-62. Australian Journal of Botany, 12, 205-264.
31. Harrington, G.N., Friedel, M.H., Hodgkinson, K.C. & Noble, J.C. (1984b) Vegetation ecology and management. Management of Australia's Rangelands (eds G.N. Harrington, A.D. Wilson & M.D. Young), pp. 41-61. CSIRO, Melbourne.
32. Harrington, G.N., Wilson, A.D. & Young, M.D. (1984a) Management of rangeland ecosystems. Management of Australia's Rangelands (eds G.N. Harrington, A.D. Wilson & M.D. Young), pp. 3-13. CSIRO, Melbourne.
33. Heady, H.F. (1973) Structure and function of climax. Arid Shrublands. Proceedings of the Third Workshop of the United States/Australia Rangelands Panel, Tucson, Arizona (ed. D.N. Hyder), pp. 73-80. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado.
34. Johnston, T.N. (1968) The effect of sheep and rabbit grazing on regeneration of white cypress pine. Australian Forestry Research, 4, 3-12.
35. Lange, R.T. & Graham, C.R. (1983) Rabbits and the failure of regeneration in Australian arid zone Acacia. Australian Journal of Ecology, 8, 377-381.
36. Lange, R.T. & Purdie, R. (1976) Western myall (Acacia sowdenii), its survival prospects and management. The Australian Rangeland Journal, 1, 64-69.
37. Lorimer, C.G. (1984) Methodological considerations in the analysis of forest disturbance history. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research, 15, 200-213.
38. McClaran, M.P. & Bartolome, J.W. (1989) Fire-related recruitment in stagnant Quercus douglasii populations. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research, 19, 580-585.
39. Milthorpe, P.L. (1978) Some factors affecting establishment and growth of black bluebush (Maireana pyramidata (Benth.) P.G. Wilson) in western New South Wales. Proceedings of the First International Rangelands Congress (ed. D.N. Hyder), pp. 362-365. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado.
40. Noble, I.R. (1986a) The dynamics of range ecosysytems. Rangelands: A Resource Under Siege. Proceedings of the Second International Rangelands Congress (eds P.J. Joss, P.W. Lynch & O.B. Williams), pp. 3-5. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
41. Noble, J.C. (1986b) Plant population ecology and clonal growth in arid rangeland ecosystems. Rangelands: A Resource Under Siege. Proceedings of the Second International Rangelands Congress (eds P.J. Joss, P.W. Lynch & O.B. Williams), pp. 16-19. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
42. O'Connor, T.G. & Roux, P.W. (1995) Vegetation changes (1949-71) in a semi-arid, grassy dwarf shrubland in the Karoo, South Africa: influence of rainfall variability and grazing by sheep. Journal of Applied Ecology, 32, 612-626.
43. Orr, D.M. & Evenson, C.J. (1991) Effects of sheep grazing Astrebla grasslands in central western Queensland. III. Dynamics of Astrebla spp. under grazing and exclosure between 1975 and 1986. The Rangeland Journal, 13, 36-46.
44. Osborn, T.G.B., Wood, J.G. & Paltridge, T.B. (1935) On the climate and vegetation of the Koonamore Vegetation Reserve to 1931. Proceedings of The Linnean Society of New South Wales, 60, 392-427.
45. Pickett, S.T.A. & White, P.S. (1985) Patch dynamics: a synthesis. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics (eds S.T.A. Pickett & P.S. White), pp. 371-384. Academic Press, Orlando.
46. Read, J. (1995) Recruitment characteristics of the white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla) in arid South Australia. The Rangeland Journal, 17, 228-240.
47. Sheps, L.O. (1973) Survival of Larrea tridentata S. and M. seedlings in Death Valley National Monument. Israel Journal of Botany, 22, 8-17.
48. Shreve, F. (1917) The establishment of desert perennials. Journal of Ecology, 5, 210-216.
49. Shreve, F. (1925) Ecological aspects of the deserts of California. Ecology, 6, 93-103.
50. Shreve, F. (1929) Changes in desert vegetation. Ecology, 10, 364-373.
51. Silvertown, J.W. (1982) Introduction to Plant Population Ecology. Longman Inc., New York.
52. Smith, E.L. (1988) Successional concepts in relation to range condition assessment. Vegetation Science Applications for Rangeland Analysis and Management (ed. P.T. Tueller), pp. 113-133. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
53. Stafford Smith, D.M. & Pickup, G. (1993) Out of Africa, looking in: understanding vegetation change. Range Ecology at Disequilibrium. New Models of Natural Variability and Pastoral Adaption in African Savannas (eds R.H. Behnke Jr, I. Scoones & C. Kerven), pp. 196-226. Overseas Development Institute/International Institute for Environment and Development/Commonwealth Secretariat, London.
54. Turner, R.M. (1990) Long term vegetation change at a fully protected Sonoran desert site. Ecology, 71, 464-477.
55. Walker, B.H. (1993) Rangeland ecology: understanding and managing change. Ambio, 22, 80-87.
56. Walker, B.H., Mathews, D.A. & Dye. P.J. (1986) Management of grazing systems - existing versus an event-oriented approach. South African Journal of Science, 82, 172.
57. Watson, I.W. (1997) Continuous and episodic demography of arid zone shrubs in Western Australia, 1983-1993. PhD thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
58. Watson, I.W., Burnside, D.G.B. & Holm, A. McR. (1996) Event driven or continuous: which is the better model for managers? The Rangeland Journal, 18, 351-369.
59. Watson, I.W., Westoby, M. & Holm, A. McR. (1997) Demography of two shrub species from an arid grazed ecosystem in Western Australia 1983-1993. Journal of Ecology, 85, 815-832.
60. Weaver, J.E. & Albertson, F.W. (1936) Effects of the great drought on the prairies of Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. Ecology, 17, 567-639.
61. Went, F.W. (1955) The ecology of desert plants. Scientific American, 195, 68-75.
62. West, N.E. (1982) Dynamics of plant communities dominated by chenopod shrubs. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 8, 73-84.
63. Westoby, M., Walker, B. & Noy-Meir, I. (1989) Opportunistic management for rangelands not at equilibrium. Journal of Range Management, 42, 266-274.
64. White, S.A. (1915) Scientific notes on an expedition into the north-western regions of South Australia. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia, 39, 707-757.
65. Wiegand, T., Milton, S.J. & Wissel, C. (1995) A simulation model for a shrub ecosystem in the semiarid Karoo, South Africa. Ecology, 76, 2205-2221.
66. Williams, O. B. & Roe, R. (1975) Management of arid grasslands for sheep: plant demography of six grasses in relation to climate and grazing. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 9, 142-156.
67. Wilson, A.D. (1990) The effect of grazing on Australian ecosystems. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 16, 235-244.
68. Wilson, A.D., Hodgkinson, K.C. & Noble, J.C. (1988) Vegetation attributes and their application to the management of Australian rangelands. Vegetation Science Applications for Rangeland Analysis and Management (ed. P.T. Tueller), pp. 253-294. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
69. Woodell, S.R.J. (1990) Regeneration in the shrub Acacia burkittii FvM. ex Benth. in the arid zone of South Australia. Biological Conservation, 51, 39-48.