The creation of an ethnic economy: Indochinese business expansion in Saint Paul

Economic Geography

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 214-233

  Kaplan, David H ^a  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Enclave; Entrepreneurship; Ethnic economy; Hmong; Immigrants; Indochinese; Southeast Asians

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS EXPANSION; ECONOMIC NICHE; ENTREPRENEURSHIP; ETHNIC ECONOMY; ETHNIC MINORITY; INDOCHINESE COMMUNITY; URBAN ECONOMY;

USA, MINNESOTA, ST PAUL;

EID: 0031463568     PISSN: 00130095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.1997.tb00068.x     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Adams, J. S., and VanDrasek, B. 1993. Minneapolis-St. Paul: People, place, and public life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2. Airriess C., and Clawson, D. 1991. Versailles: A Vietnamese enclave in New Orleans, Louisiana. Journal of Cultural Geography 12-1-13.
3. Aldrich, H.; Jones, P. J.; and McEvoy, D. 1984. Ethnic advantage and minority business development. In Ethnic communities for business: Strategies for economic survival ed R. Ward and R. Jenkins, 189-210. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Archdeacon, T. 1983. Becoming American: An ethnic history. New York: Free Press.
5. Asian Business and Community Directory. 1994. Annual. St. Paul.
6. Bailey, T., and Waldinger, R. 1991. Primary, secondary, and enclave labor markets: A training systems approach. American Sociological Review 56:432-45.
7. Bates, T. 1993. Major studies of minority business: A bibliographic review. Washington D.C.: Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies Press.
8. _. 1994. Social resources generated by group support networks may not be beneficial to Asian immigrant-owned small businesses. Social Forces 72:671-89.
9. Bonacich, E. 1973. A theory of middleman minorities. American Sociological Review 38:583-94.
10. Boyd, R. 1990. Black and Asian self-employment in large metropolitan areas: A comparative analysis. Social Problems 37:258-74.
11. Contacts Influential. 1981, 1991. Annual. Minneapolis.
12. Desbarats, J. 1985. Indochinese resettlement in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 75:522-38.
13. Downing, B.; Hendricks, G.; Mason, S.; and Olney, D. 1984. Hmong resettlement. University of Minnesota's CUBA Reporter 14(3):1-8.
14. Ettlinger, N., and Kwon, S. 1994. Comparative analysis of U.S. urban labor markets: Asian immigrant groups in New York and Los Angeles. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 85:417-33.
15. Evans, M. D. R. 1989. Immigrant entrepreneurship: Effects of ethnic market size on an isolated labor pool. American Sociological Review 54:950-62.
16. Fass, S. 1984. Towards Hmong self-sufficiency: The challenge of economic development for the Hmong. University of Minnesota's CURA Reporter 14(4):1-6.
17. Fong, T. 1994. The first suburban Chinatown: The remaking of Monterey Park, California. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
18. Hershberg, T.; Burstein, A.; Ericksen, E.; Greenberg, S.; and Yancey, W. 1979. A tale of three cities: Blacks, immigrants, and opportunity in Philadelphia: 1850-1880, 1930 and 1970. Special issue, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 441.
19. Hughes, M. 1990. Formation of the impacted ghetto: Evidence from large metropolitan areas, 1970-1980. Urban Geography 11:265-84.
20. Jiobu, R. 1988. Ethnicity and assimilation. Albany: State University of New York Press.
21. Kasarda, J. 1985. Urban change and minority opportunities. In The new urban reality, ed. P. Peterson, 33-67. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
22. Lee, D. 1992. Commodification of ethnicity: The sociospatial reproduction of immigrant entrepreneurs. Urban Affairs Quarterly 28:258-75.
23. _. 1995a. Responses to spatial rigidity in urban transformation: Korean business experience in Los Angeles. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 19:40-54.
24. _. 1995b. Koreatown and Korean small firms in Los Angeles: Locating in the ethnic neighborhoods. Professional Geographer 47:184-95.
25. Lieberson, S. 1963. Ethnic patterns in American cities. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
26. _. 1980. A piece of the pie: Blacks and white immigrants since 1880. Berkeley: University of California Press.
27. Light, I. 1980. Asian enterprise in America: Chinese, Japanese, and Koreans in small business. In Self-help in urban America: Patterns of minority business enterprise, ed. S. Cummings, 33-57. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press.
28. _. 1984. Immigrant and ethnic enterprises in North America. Ethnic and Racial Studies 7:195-216.
29. Light, I., and Bonacich, E. 1988. Immigrant entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles, 1965-1982. Berkeley: University of California Press.
30. Light, I., and Karageorgis, S. 1994. The ethnic economy. In The handbook of economic sociology, ed. N. Smelser and R. Swedberg, 647-71. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
31. Light, I.; Sabagh, G.; Bozorgmehr, M.; and Der-Martirosian, C. 1994. Beyond the ethnic enclave economy. Social Problems 41:65-80.
32. Lii, J. 1995. Week in sweatshop reveals grim conspiracy of the poor. New York Times, 12 March, 1, 16.
33. Logan, J.; Alba, R.; and McNulty, T. 1994. Ethnic economies in metropolitan regions: Miami and beyond. Social Forces 72:691-724.
34. Martin, J., and Lanegran, D. 1983. Where we live: The residential districts of Minneapolis and Saint Paul. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
35. Massey, D. 1990. American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. American Journal of Sociology 06:329-57.
36. Min, P. G. 1988. Ethnic business enterprise: Korean small business in Atlanta. New York: Center for Migration Studies.
37. Model, S. 1992. The ethnic economy: Cubans and Chinese reconsidered. Sociological Quarterly 33:63-82.
38. Mortland, C., and Ledgerwood, J. 1987. Secondary migration among Southeast Asian refugees in the United States. Urban Anthropology 16:291-326.
39. People helping people make community work: Turning eyesore empty lots into blooming beauties. 1994. Minneapolis Star Tribune, 23 May, 1E.
40. Portes, A., and Bach, R. 1985. Latin journey: Cuban and Mexican immigrants in the United States. Berkeley: University of California Press.
41. Portes, A., and Jensen, L. 1989. The enclave and the entrants: Patterns of ethnic enterprise in Miami before and after Mariel. American Sociological Review 54:929-49.
42. Portes, A., and Manning, R. 1986. The immigrant enclave: Theory and empirical examples. In Competitive ethnic relations, ed. S. Olzak and J. Nagel, 47-68. Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press.
43. Rogers, A. 1992. The new immigration and urban ethnicity in the United States. In : Ethnic minorities and industrial change in Europe and North America, ed. M. Cross, 226-49. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Roseman, C.; Laux, D.; and Thieme, G. 1996. EthniCity: Geographical perspectives on ethnic change in modern cities. London: Rowman and Littlefield.
45. Rothbart, R. 1993. The ethnic saloon as a form of immigrant enterprise. International Migration Review 27:332-58.
46. Sanders, J., and Nee, V. 1987. Limits of ethnic solidarity in the enclave economy. American Sociological Review 52:745-73.
47. Sassen-Koob, S. 1989. New York City's informal economy. In The informal economy: Studies in advanced and less developed countries, ed. A. Portes, M. Castells, and L. Benton, 60-77. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
48. Steinberg, S. 1981. The ethnic myth: Race, ethnicity, and class in America. New York: McGraw-Hill.
49. Stepick, A. 1989. Miami's two informal sectors. In The informal economy: Studies in advanced and less developed countries, ed. A. Portes, M. Castells, and L. Benton, 111-31. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
50. Tai, W. 1993a, Census count of state Asians may be too low; refugee officials believe gap may be almost 20,000. Minneapolis Star Tribune, 14 March, 1B.
51. _. 1993b. Metro area remains attractive to Asians. Minneapolis Star Tribune, 18 April, 1A, 18A, 21A.
52. Thernstrom, S. 1973. The other Bostonians: Poverty and progress in the American metropolis, 1880-1970. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
53. Tseng, Y-F. 1994. Chinese ethnic economy: San Gabriel Valley, Los Angeles County. Journal of Urban Affairs 16:169-89.
54. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1992. 1990 census of population and housing. Summary-tape file 3A, CD-ROM.
55. _. 1993a. 1990 census of population and housing, Public use microdata samples, CD-ROM.
56. _. 1993b. 1987 economic censuses. Vol. 1, report series, release 1E, CD-ROM.
57. U.S. Department of Justice. 1992. Statistical yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Washington, D.C.
58. Waldinger, R. 1994. The making of an immigrant niche. International Migration Review 28:3-30.
59. Ward, D. 1971. Cities and immigrants: A geography of change in nineteenth century America. New York: Oxford University Press.
60. Wilson, K., and Martin, W. A. 1982. Ethnic enclaves: A comparison of the Cuban and the black economies in Miami. American Journal of Sociology 88:135-60.
61. Wilson, K., and Portes, A. 1980. Immigrant enclaves: An analysis of the labor market experiences of Cubans in Miami. American Journal of Sociology 86:305-19.
62. Wilson, W. J. 1987. The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63. Zhou, M., and Logan, J. 1989. The returns on human capital in ethnic enclaves: New York City's Chinatown. American Sociological Review 54:809-20.