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Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 233-248

Spaces for the children of the urban poor: Experiences with participatory action research (PAR)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RICKETTSIA SP. PAR;

EID: 0031460396     PISSN: 09562478     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1630/095624797101287372     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (12)

References (62)
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    • The testimonies were collected by Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA) in Bombay and published in Children in Action, A Newsletter for Street Educators on Action Research (1996) No.2, published jointly by IRIS (Interlink Rural Information Services) in Nairobi and InDRA. Enquiries and free copies can be obtained through the author.
    • (1996) Children in Action, a Newsletter for Street Educators on Action Research , Issue.2
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    • Policy, protectionism and the competent child
    • for a discussion
    • See Wyness, M.G. (1996), "Policy, protectionism and the competent child", Childhood, A Global Journal of Child Research Vol.3, No.4, pages 431-447 for a discussion.
    • (1996) Childhood, a Global Journal of Child Research , vol.3 , Issue.4 , pp. 431-447
    • Wyness, M.G.1
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    • Training Course for Trainers, ENDA, Harare
    • This can be gauged by a number of recent workshops and publications on a subject on which very little has been written until now. See, for instance, ENDA-Zimbabwe (1993), Children's Participation in Action Research, Training Course for Trainers, ENDA, Harare; also ENDA (1995), Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA-Editions, Dakar; Nieuwenhuys, Olga (editor) (1995), Drafting an Action Research Curriculum for Street Educators, Workshop Report, University of Amsterdam Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam; Connolly, Mark and Judith Ennew (1996), "Introduction: children out of place", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 131-146; Johnson, Victoria, J. Hill and E. Ivan-Smith, (1995), Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change, ActionAid, London; Bemak, Fred (1996),"Street researchers: a new paradigm redefining future research with street children", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 147-156; Hart, R.A. (1995), "Children as the makers of a new geography" in Karsten, L. (editor) (1995), "Building identities, gender perspectives on children and urban space", concluding report of the International Conference, Amsterdam, 11-13 April; Heng Keng, C. (1994), "Policy makers and practitioners as action researchers", working paper for the RTRC Regional Conference on Children of Urban Families, Singapore, 5-9 September; and Kefyalew, Firew (1996), "The reality of child participation in research: experience from a capacity building programme" in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 203-214.
    • (1993) Children's Participation in Action Research
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    • ENDA-Editions, Dakar
    • This can be gauged by a number of recent workshops and publications on a subject on which very little has been written until now. See, for instance, ENDA-Zimbabwe (1993), Children's Participation in Action Research, Training Course for Trainers, ENDA, Harare; also ENDA (1995), Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA-Editions, Dakar; Nieuwenhuys, Olga (editor) (1995), Drafting an Action Research Curriculum for Street Educators, Workshop Report, University of Amsterdam Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam; Connolly, Mark and Judith Ennew (1996), "Introduction: children out of place", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 131-146; Johnson, Victoria, J. Hill and E. Ivan-Smith, (1995), Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change, ActionAid, London; Bemak, Fred (1996),"Street researchers: a new paradigm redefining future research with street children", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 147-156; Hart, R.A. (1995), "Children as the makers of a new geography" in Karsten, L. (editor) (1995), "Building identities, gender perspectives on children and urban space", concluding report of the International Conference, Amsterdam, 11-13 April; Heng Keng, C. (1994), "Policy makers and practitioners as action researchers", working paper for the RTRC Regional Conference on Children of Urban Families, Singapore, 5-9 September; and Kefyalew, Firew (1996), "The reality of child participation in research: experience from a capacity building programme" in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 203-214.
    • (1995) Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine
  • 5
    • 6144285157 scopus 로고
    • University of Amsterdam Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam
    • This can be gauged by a number of recent workshops and publications on a subject on which very little has been written until now. See, for instance, ENDA-Zimbabwe (1993), Children's Participation in Action Research, Training Course for Trainers, ENDA, Harare; also ENDA (1995), Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA-Editions, Dakar; Nieuwenhuys, Olga (editor) (1995), Drafting an Action Research Curriculum for Street Educators, Workshop Report, University of Amsterdam Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam; Connolly, Mark and Judith Ennew (1996), "Introduction: children out of place", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 131-146; Johnson, Victoria, J. Hill and E. Ivan-Smith, (1995), Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change, ActionAid, London; Bemak, Fred (1996),"Street researchers: a new paradigm redefining future research with street children", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 147-156; Hart, R.A. (1995), "Children as the makers of a new geography" in Karsten, L. (editor) (1995), "Building identities, gender perspectives on children and urban space", concluding report of the International Conference, Amsterdam, 11-13 April; Heng Keng, C. (1994), "Policy makers and practitioners as action researchers", working paper for the RTRC Regional Conference on Children of Urban Families, Singapore, 5-9 September; and Kefyalew, Firew (1996), "The reality of child participation in research: experience from a capacity building programme" in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 203-214.
    • (1995) Drafting an Action Research Curriculum for Street Educators, Workshop Report
    • Nieuwenhuys, O.1
  • 6
    • 2842579171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction: Children out of place
    • May
    • This can be gauged by a number of recent workshops and publications on a subject on which very little has been written until now. See, for instance, ENDA-Zimbabwe (1993), Children's Participation in Action Research, Training Course for Trainers, ENDA, Harare; also ENDA (1995), Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA-Editions, Dakar; Nieuwenhuys, Olga (editor) (1995), Drafting an Action Research Curriculum for Street Educators, Workshop Report, University of Amsterdam Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam; Connolly, Mark and Judith Ennew (1996), "Introduction: children out of place", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 131-146; Johnson, Victoria, J. Hill and E. Ivan-Smith, (1995), Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change, ActionAid, London; Bemak, Fred (1996),"Street researchers: a new paradigm redefining future research with street children", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 147-156; Hart, R.A. (1995), "Children as the makers of a new geography" in Karsten, L. (editor) (1995), "Building identities, gender perspectives on children and urban space", concluding report of the International Conference, Amsterdam, 11-13 April; Heng Keng, C. (1994), "Policy makers and practitioners as action researchers", working paper for the RTRC Regional Conference on Children of Urban Families, Singapore, 5-9 September; and Kefyalew, Firew (1996), "The reality of child participation in research: experience from a capacity building programme" in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 203-214.
    • (1996) Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 131-146
    • Connolly, M.1    Ennew, J.2
  • 7
    • 0003410051 scopus 로고
    • ActionAid, London
    • This can be gauged by a number of recent workshops and publications on a subject on which very little has been written until now. See, for instance, ENDA-Zimbabwe (1993), Children's Participation in Action Research, Training Course for Trainers, ENDA, Harare; also ENDA (1995), Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA-Editions, Dakar; Nieuwenhuys, Olga (editor) (1995), Drafting an Action Research Curriculum for Street Educators, Workshop Report, University of Amsterdam Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam; Connolly, Mark and Judith Ennew (1996), "Introduction: children out of place", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 131-146; Johnson, Victoria, J. Hill and E. Ivan-Smith, (1995), Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change, ActionAid, London; Bemak, Fred (1996),"Street researchers: a new paradigm redefining future research with street children", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 147-156; Hart, R.A. (1995), "Children as the makers of a new geography" in Karsten, L. (editor) (1995), "Building identities, gender perspectives on children and urban space", concluding report of the International Conference, Amsterdam, 11-13 April; Heng Keng, C. (1994), "Policy makers and practitioners as action researchers", working paper for the RTRC Regional Conference on Children of Urban Families, Singapore, 5-9 September; and Kefyalew, Firew (1996), "The reality of child participation in research: experience from a capacity building programme" in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 203-214.
    • (1995) Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change
    • Johnson, V.1    Hill, J.2    Ivan-Smith, E.3
  • 8
    • 1542674050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Street researchers: A new paradigm redefining future research with street children
    • May
    • This can be gauged by a number of recent workshops and publications on a subject on which very little has been written until now. See, for instance, ENDA-Zimbabwe (1993), Children's Participation in Action Research, Training Course for Trainers, ENDA, Harare; also ENDA (1995), Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA-Editions, Dakar; Nieuwenhuys, Olga (editor) (1995), Drafting an Action Research Curriculum for Street Educators, Workshop Report, University of Amsterdam Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam; Connolly, Mark and Judith Ennew (1996), "Introduction: children out of place", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 131-146; Johnson, Victoria, J. Hill and E. Ivan-Smith, (1995), Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change, ActionAid, London; Bemak, Fred (1996),"Street researchers: a new paradigm redefining future research with street children", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 147-156; Hart, R.A. (1995), "Children as the makers of a new geography" in Karsten, L. (editor) (1995), "Building identities, gender perspectives on children and urban space", concluding report of the International Conference, Amsterdam, 11-13 April; Heng Keng, C. (1994), "Policy makers and practitioners as action researchers", working paper for the RTRC Regional Conference on Children of Urban Families, Singapore, 5-9 September; and Kefyalew, Firew (1996), "The reality of child participation in research: experience from a capacity building programme" in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 203-214.
    • (1996) Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 147-156
    • Bemak, F.1
  • 9
    • 0005685024 scopus 로고
    • Children as the makers of a new geography
    • Karsten, L. (editor) (1995), concluding report of the International Conference, Amsterdam, 11-13 April
    • This can be gauged by a number of recent workshops and publications on a subject on which very little has been written until now. See, for instance, ENDA-Zimbabwe (1993), Children's Participation in Action Research, Training Course for Trainers, ENDA, Harare; also ENDA (1995), Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA-Editions, Dakar; Nieuwenhuys, Olga (editor) (1995), Drafting an Action Research Curriculum for Street Educators, Workshop Report, University of Amsterdam Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam; Connolly, Mark and Judith Ennew (1996), "Introduction: children out of place", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 131-146; Johnson, Victoria, J. Hill and E. Ivan-Smith, (1995), Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change, ActionAid, London; Bemak, Fred (1996),"Street researchers: a new paradigm redefining future research with street children", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 147-156; Hart, R.A. (1995), "Children as the makers of a new geography" in Karsten, L. (editor) (1995), "Building identities, gender perspectives on children and urban space", concluding report of the International Conference, Amsterdam, 11-13 April; Heng Keng, C. (1994), "Policy makers and practitioners as action researchers", working paper for the RTRC Regional Conference on Children of Urban Families, Singapore, 5-9 September; and Kefyalew, Firew (1996), "The reality of child participation in research: experience from a capacity building programme" in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 203-214.
    • (1995) Building Identities, Gender Perspectives on Children and Urban Space
    • Hart, R.A.1
  • 10
    • 6144258089 scopus 로고
    • working paper for the RTRC Regional Conference on Children of Urban Families, Singapore, 5-9 September
    • This can be gauged by a number of recent workshops and publications on a subject on which very little has been written until now. See, for instance, ENDA-Zimbabwe (1993), Children's Participation in Action Research, Training Course for Trainers, ENDA, Harare; also ENDA (1995), Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA-Editions, Dakar; Nieuwenhuys, Olga (editor) (1995), Drafting an Action Research Curriculum for Street Educators, Workshop Report, University of Amsterdam Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam; Connolly, Mark and Judith Ennew (1996), "Introduction: children out of place", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 131-146; Johnson, Victoria, J. Hill and E. Ivan-Smith, (1995), Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change, ActionAid, London; Bemak, Fred (1996),"Street researchers: a new paradigm redefining future research with street children", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 147-156; Hart, R.A. (1995), "Children as the makers of a new geography" in Karsten, L. (editor) (1995), "Building identities, gender perspectives on children and urban space", concluding report of the International Conference, Amsterdam, 11-13 April; Heng Keng, C. (1994), "Policy makers and practitioners as action researchers", working paper for the RTRC Regional Conference on Children of Urban Families, Singapore, 5-9 September; and Kefyalew, Firew (1996), "The reality of child participation in research: experience from a capacity building programme" in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 203-214.
    • (1994) Policy Makers and Practitioners as Action Researchers
    • Heng Keng, C.1
  • 11
    • 2842611292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The reality of child participation in research: Experience from a capacity building programme
    • May
    • This can be gauged by a number of recent workshops and publications on a subject on which very little has been written until now. See, for instance, ENDA-Zimbabwe (1993), Children's Participation in Action Research, Training Course for Trainers, ENDA, Harare; also ENDA (1995), Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA-Editions, Dakar; Nieuwenhuys, Olga (editor) (1995), Drafting an Action Research Curriculum for Street Educators, Workshop Report, University of Amsterdam Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam; Connolly, Mark and Judith Ennew (1996), "Introduction: children out of place", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 131-146; Johnson, Victoria, J. Hill and E. Ivan-Smith, (1995), Listening to Smaller Voices: Children in an Environment of Change, ActionAid, London; Bemak, Fred (1996),"Street researchers: a new paradigm redefining future research with street children", Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 147-156; Hart, R.A. (1995), "Children as the makers of a new geography" in Karsten, L. (editor) (1995), "Building identities, gender perspectives on children and urban space", concluding report of the International Conference, Amsterdam, 11-13 April; Heng Keng, C. (1994), "Policy makers and practitioners as action researchers", working paper for the RTRC Regional Conference on Children of Urban Families, Singapore, 5-9 September; and Kefyalew, Firew (1996), "The reality of child participation in research: experience from a capacity building programme" in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 203-214.
    • (1996) Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 203-214
    • Kefyalew, F.1
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    • Presses de Sciences Po:Paris (ZED:London, forthcoming)
    • For a critical history of "development" as a set of rituals and beliefs inscribed in the western tradition see Rist, Gilbert (1996), Le Développement , Histoire d'une Croyance Occidentale, Presses de Sciences Po:Paris (ZED:London, forthcoming).
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    • Aptekan, Lewis (1988), Street Children of Calf, Duke University Press:Durham and London; Felsman, Kirk (1989), "Risk and Resiliency in Childhood:The lives of street children" in Dugan, T.F. and R Coles, The Child in our Times, Studies in the Development of Resiliency, Brunner/ Mazel:New York, pages 56-80; Ward, Colin (1990), The Child in the City, Bedford Square Press:London; and Connolly, Mark (1990), "Adrift in the city:a comparative study of street children in Bogota, Colombia and Guatemala City" in Boxill, N.A. (editor) (1990), Homeless Children: The Watchers and the Waiters, The Haworth Press: New York and London, pages 129-149.
    • (1988) Street Children of Calf
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    • Dugan, T.F. and R Coles, Brunner/ Mazel:New York
    • Aptekan, Lewis (1988), Street Children of Calf, Duke University Press:Durham and London; Felsman, Kirk (1989), "Risk and Resiliency in Childhood:The lives of street children" in Dugan, T.F. and R Coles, The Child in our Times, Studies in the Development of Resiliency, Brunner/ Mazel:New York, pages 56-80; Ward, Colin (1990), The Child in the City, Bedford Square Press:London; and Connolly, Mark (1990), "Adrift in the city:a comparative study of street children in Bogota, Colombia and Guatemala City" in Boxill, N.A. (editor) (1990), Homeless Children: The Watchers and the Waiters, The Haworth Press: New York and London, pages 129-149.
    • (1989) The Child in Our Times, Studies in the Development of Resiliency , pp. 56-80
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    • Aptekan, Lewis (1988), Street Children of Calf, Duke University Press:Durham and London; Felsman, Kirk (1989), "Risk and Resiliency in Childhood:The lives of street children" in Dugan, T.F. and R Coles, The Child in our Times, Studies in the Development of Resiliency, Brunner/ Mazel:New York, pages 56-80; Ward, Colin (1990), The Child in the City, Bedford Square Press:London; and Connolly, Mark (1990), "Adrift in the city:a comparative study of street children in Bogota, Colombia and Guatemala City" in Boxill, N.A. (editor) (1990), Homeless Children: The Watchers and the Waiters, The Haworth Press: New York and London, pages 129-149.
    • (1990) The Child in the City
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    • Aptekan, Lewis (1988), Street Children of Calf, Duke University Press:Durham and London; Felsman, Kirk (1989), "Risk and Resiliency in Childhood:The lives of street children" in Dugan, T.F. and R Coles, The Child in our Times, Studies in the Development of Resiliency, Brunner/ Mazel:New York, pages 56-80; Ward, Colin (1990), The Child in the City, Bedford Square Press:London; and Connolly, Mark (1990), "Adrift in the city:a comparative study of street children in Bogota, Colombia and Guatemala City" in Boxill, N.A. (editor) (1990), Homeless Children: The Watchers and the Waiters, The Haworth Press: New York and London, pages 129-149.
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    • note
    • Many of the ideas presented m this paper were developed collectively during a two-week workshop held at InDRA in June 1994, by Ferry de los Angeles Bautista, Jo Boyden, Almaz Eshete, Fulvia Marquez, Dorothy Munyakho, Sarah Oloko, Pamela Reynolds, Henk van Beers, Madeleine Vreeburg and myself. For a full report, see Nieuwenhuys (1995) in reference 3. I am indebted to Reineke Schermer for the bibliographical searches at the libraries of the University of Amsterdam and the Royal Tropical Institute of the Netherlands that helped me in writing this article. Corrie Wessendorp and Esther van den Berg kindly assisted in the compilation.
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    • Cornia, G., Richard Jolly and Frances Stewart (editors) (1987), Adjustment with a Human Face, Volume I: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth, a Study by UNICEF, Clarendon Press: Oxford; also Cornia, G., Richard Jolly and Frances Stewart (editors) (1988), Adjustment with A Human Face, Volume II: Country Case Studies, Clarendon Press: Oxford; and Graham-Brown, S. (1991), Education in the Developing World, Conflict and Crisis,Longman: London and New York.
    • (1988) Adjustment with a Human Face, Volume II: Country Case Studies , vol.2
    • Cornia, G.1    Jolly, R.2    Stewart, F.3
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    • Cornia, G., Richard Jolly and Frances Stewart (editors) (1987), Adjustment with a Human Face, Volume I: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth, a Study by UNICEF, Clarendon Press: Oxford; also Cornia, G., Richard Jolly and Frances Stewart (editors) (1988), Adjustment with A Human Face, Volume II: Country Case Studies, Clarendon Press: Oxford; and Graham-Brown, S. (1991), Education in the Developing World, Conflict and Crisis,Longman: London and New York.
    • (1991) Education in the Developing World, Conflict and Crisis
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    • Local, global or globalized? Child development and international child rights legislation
    • Burman, Erica (1996),"Local, global or globalized? Child development and international child rights legislation", Childhood Vol.3, pages 45-66; also Nieuwenhuys, Olga, (1996), "Global childhood and the politics of contempt", paper for the VIIIth General EADI Conference on Globalisation, Competitiveness and Human Security, Vienna (Austria), 11-14 September.
    • (1996) Childhood , vol.3 , pp. 45-66
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    • Burman, Erica (1996),"Local, global or globalized? Child development and international child rights legislation", Childhood Vol.3, pages 45-66; also Nieuwenhuys, Olga, (1996), "Global childhood and the politics of contempt", paper for the VIIIth General EADI Conference on Globalisation, Competitiveness and Human Security, Vienna (Austria), 11-14 September.
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    • James, A. and A. Prout (editors) (1990), Falmer: Basingstoke, Hants.;also reference 8, Burman (1996) and Nieuwenhuys (1996)
    • Boyden, Jo (1990),"Childhood and the policy makers: a comparative perspective on the globalization of childhood" in James, A. and A. Prout (editors) (1990), Constructing and Deconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, Falmer: Basingstoke, Hants.;also reference 8, Burman (1996) and Nieuwenhuys (1996).
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    • For a recent discussion of the state of the art, see reference 3, the article by Connolly and Ennew (1996)
    • For a recent discussion of the state of the art, see reference 3, the article by Connolly and Ennew (1996).
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    • Pratt, Brian, and P. Loizos, (1992), Choosing Research Methods, Data Collection for Development Workers, Development Guidelines 7, OXFAM:Oxford; also Schrijvers J. (1992), The Violence of "Development":A Choice for Intellectuals, Inaugural Speech, International Books and Kali for Women:Utrecht and New Delhi.
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    • Pratt, Brian, and P. Loizos, (1992), Choosing Research Methods, Data Collection for Development Workers, Development Guidelines 7, OXFAM:Oxford; also Schrijvers J. (1992), The Violence of "Development":A Choice for Intellectuals, Inaugural Speech, International Books and Kali for Women:Utrecht and New Delhi.
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    • For a useful guide on policy oriented research, see Ennew, J., (1994), Street and Working Children: A Guide to Planning, Save the Children, Development Manual 4, London.
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    • See, for example, Reynolds, P. (1990), Dance Civet Cat: Child Labour in the Zambezi Valley, ZED:London; and Nieuwenhuys, O. (1994), Children's Lifeworlds, Labour, Gender and Welfare in the Developing World, Routledge: New York and London.
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    • See reference 11, Schrijvers (1992), page 40
    • See reference 11, Schrijvers (1992), page 40.
  • 34
    • 84923761918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See reference 17, page 83
    • See reference 17, page 83.
  • 35
    • 84923761916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See reference 11, Pratt and Loizos (1992), page 9
    • See reference 11, Pratt and Loizos (1992), page 9.
  • 36
    • 84923761915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This is the reason, I believe, why so few social anthropologists and sociologists have approached children as informants or made their lives the focus of research.
  • 38
    • 6144255134 scopus 로고
    • Occasional Paper No.2, Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam (InDRA)
    • For a discussion of the literature on the girl child, see Van Beers, Henk (1994), In Search of the Girl, A Critical Review of the Literature on Girlhood in the South, Occasional Paper No.2, Institute for Development Research, Amsterdam (InDRA) who criticizes the tendency of social scientists to overemphasize the importance of girls' sexual roles in explaining mechanisms of subordination.
    • (1994) In Search of the Girl, a Critical Review of the Literature on Girlhood in the South
    • Van Beers, H.1
  • 39
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    • The generation and observation of evaluation indicators of the psychosocial development of participants in programmes for street children in Brazil
    • Myers, W.E. (editor) (1991), ZED:London; see also reference 14, Ennew (1994); reference 13, Johnson (1996)
    • See, for example, Penna Firme T., V.I. Stone and J.A. Tijiboy (1991),"The generation and observation of evaluation indicators of the psychosocial development of participants in programmes for street children in Brazil" in Myers, W.E. (editor) (1991), Protecting Working Children, ZED:London; see also reference 14, Ennew (1994); reference 13, Johnson (1996); and Narayaswamy, N., B.R. Dwaraki, B. Tamilmani and R. Ramesh (1996), "Whither children's hour? An experimental PRA among labouring rural children" in PLA Notes No.25, February, IIED:London, pages 65-69.
    • (1991) Protecting Working Children
    • Penna Firme, T.1    Stone, V.I.2    Tijiboy, J.A.3
  • 40
    • 6144230745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whither children's hour? An experimental PRA among labouring rural children
    • February, IIED:London
    • See, for example, Penna Firme T., V.I. Stone and J.A. Tijiboy (1991),"The generation and observation of evaluation indicators of the psychosocial development of participants in programmes for street children in Brazil" in Myers, W.E. (editor) (1991), Protecting Working Children, ZED:London; see also reference 14, Ennew (1994); reference 13, Johnson (1996); and Narayaswamy, N., B.R. Dwaraki, B. Tamilmani and R. Ramesh (1996), "Whither children's hour? An experimental PRA among labouring rural children" in PLA Notes No.25, February, IIED:London, pages 65-69.
    • (1996) PLA Notes , Issue.25 , pp. 65-69
    • Narayaswamy, N.1    Dwaraki, B.R.2    Tamilmani, B.3    Ramesh, R.4
  • 42
    • 84923761914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See reference 3, Connolly and Ennew (1996), page 133
    • See reference 3, Connolly and Ennew (1996), page 133.
  • 43
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    • Problématique des Enfants en Situation Difficile
    • Enda Editions:Dakar, see also reference 7, Nieuwenhuys (1996)
    • Terenzio, F., (1995), "Problématique des Enfants en Situation Difficile" in Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Enda Editions:Dakar, pages 22-31; see also reference 7, Nieuwenhuys (1996).
    • (1995) Enfants en Recherche et en Action , pp. 22-31
    • Terenzio, F.1
  • 45
    • 0028669881 scopus 로고
    • Innocents abroad: Western fantasies of childhood and the iconography of emergencies
    • For more examples and a discussion of the colonial implications of western fantasies about childhood in the South, see Burman, Erica (1994b), "Innocents abroad: western fantasies of childhood and the iconography of emergencies"in Disasters, The Journal of Disaster Studies and Management Vol.18, No.3, pages 238-253.
    • (1994) Disasters, the Journal of Disaster Studies and Management , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 238-253
    • Burman, E.1
  • 46
    • 84923761913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See reference 21, Baker, Panter-Brick and Todd (1996)
    • See reference 21, Baker, Panter-Brick and Todd (1996).
  • 47
    • 84923727889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Places of Childhood
    • Henderson, P. (editor) (19..), Pluto Press:London
    • Adams, R. "Places of Childhood" in Henderson, P. (editor) (19..), Children and Communities, Pluto Press:London, pages 157-168.
    • Children and Communities , pp. 157-168
    • Adams, R.1
  • 49
    • 84923761912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See reference 26, Terenzio (1995), page 30
    • See reference 26, Terenzio (1995), page 30.
  • 50
    • 6144243384 scopus 로고
    • Groupe des jeunes petits porteurs au marché de Mulindi à Kigali
    • Enda Editions:Dakar
    • Sibomana, René and Adorata Uwizeymana (1995), "Groupe des jeunes petits porteurs au marché de Mulindi à Kigali" in Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Enda Editions:Dakar, pages 166-185.
    • (1995) Enfants en Recherche et en Action , pp. 166-185
    • Sibomana, R.1    Uwizeymana, A.2
  • 51
    • 6144223330 scopus 로고
    • Les petites bonnes et filles désoeuvrées de Rebeuss
    • ENDA Editions:Dakar
    • Coulibaly, Pierre Marie and Alassane Faye (1995), "Les petites bonnes et filles désoeuvrées de Rebeuss" in Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA Editions:Dakar, pages 193-207; for a description of the experience in English, see also Diaw, Bamba (1996), "Participatory research is the first step towards political action: the case of young female domestic servants in Dakar, Senegal in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 271-278.
    • (1995) Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine , pp. 193-207
    • Coulibaly, P.M.1    Faye, A.2
  • 52
    • 2842568071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Participatory research is the first step towards political action: The case of young female domestic servants in Dakar, Senegal
    • May
    • Coulibaly, Pierre Marie and Alassane Faye (1995), "Les petites bonnes et filles désoeuvrées de Rebeuss" in Enfants en Recherche et en Action, Une Alternative Africaine d'Animation Urbaine, ENDA Editions:Dakar, pages 193-207; for a description of the experience in English, see also Diaw, Bamba (1996), "Participatory research is the first step towards political action: the case of young female domestic servants in Dakar, Senegal in Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children Vol.3, No.2, May, pages 271-278.
    • (1996) Childhood, Children out of Place: Special Issue on Working and Street Children , vol.3 , Issue.2 , pp. 271-278
    • Diaw, B.1
  • 53
    • 84923761911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See reference 3, Nieuwenhuys (1995), page 63
    • See reference 3, Nieuwenhuys (1995), page 63.
  • 54
    • 84923761910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • SETPAR (Street Educators' Training Programme through Action Research), carried out under InDRA's project ChildWelfare for the Urban Poor between 1994 and 1997, is coordinated by Fr. George Kollashany, Don Bosco Tech, Hospet, Karnataka, South India
  • 55
    • 84923761909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cities are Bangalore, Vijayawada, Cochin, Hyderabad, Raichur, Tumkur and Hospet
    • The cities are Bangalore, Vijayawada, Cochin, Hyderabad, Raichur, Tumkur and Hospet.
  • 56
    • 0003776619 scopus 로고
    • Latin American Bureau, Research and Action, London
    • Dimenstein, Gilberto (1991), Brazil War on Children, Latin American Bureau, Research and Action, London.
    • (1991) Brazil War on Children
    • Dimenstein, G.1
  • 57
    • 84923761908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See also the recommendations of the InDRA workshop in reference 3, Nieuwenhuys (1995), page 81
    • See also the recommendations of the InDRA workshop in reference 3, Nieuwenhuys (1995), page 81.
  • 59
    • 0004112115 scopus 로고
    • Apex Press:New York and Intermediate Technology Publications:London
    • A Spanish neologism to translate the German Erlebnis, an experience by which a person finds fulfilment both in the workings of the inner-self and in the otherness of the wider society (see Fals-Borda, Orlando and Mohammed Anisur Rahman (editors) (1991), Action and Knowledge, Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action Research, Apex Press:New York and Intermediate Technology Publications:London, pages 54-64).
    • (1991) Action and Knowledge, Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action Research , pp. 54-64
    • Fals-Borda, O.1    Rahman, M.A.2
  • 61
    • 84923761907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See reference 42, Salazar (1991), page 55
    • See reference 42, Salazar (1991), page 55.
  • 62
    • 84923761906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See reference 42, Salazar (1991), page 60
    • See reference 42, Salazar (1991), page 60.


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