African democratisation and the leninist option

Journal of Modern African Studies

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-15

  Ottaway, Marina ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIVIL SOCIETY; DEMOCRATISATION; DEVELOPING REGION; POLITICAL CHANGE; POLITICAL REFORM; POWER RELATIONS; REFORM PROCESS;

AFRICA;

EID: 0031459782     PISSN: 0022278X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022278X97002309     Document Type: Article

References (16)

1. Francis Fukuyama, 'The End of History?', in The National Interest (Washington, DC), 16, Summer, 1989, pp. 3-18.
2. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York and London, 1992), p. xi.
3. Samuel Huntington, 'The Clash of Civilizations?', in Foreign Affairs (New York), 72, 3, Summer 1993, pp. 21-49. See also, The Clash of Civilizations? The Debate (New York, 1993), which includes the original article, as well as commentaries.
4. Samuel Huntington, 'The Clash of Civilizations?', in Foreign Affairs (New York), 72, 3, Summer 1993, pp. 21-49. See also, The Clash of Civilizations? The Debate (New York, 1993), which includes the original article, as well as commentaries.
5. Huntington, 'The Clash of Civilizations?', p. 40.
6. Ibid. p. 49.
7. Robert Kaplan, 'The Coming Anarchy', in Atlantic Monthly (Boston), February 1994, pp. 44-76.
8. On programmes sponsored by the United States in Africa, see Marina Ottaway, 'African Democratization: an update', in CSIS Africa Notes (Washington, DC), 171, April 1995.
9. A study that played an influential rôle in calling attention to the importance of civil society was Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan (eds.), The Precarious Balance: states and society in Africa (Boulder, 1988).
10. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: civic traditions in modern Italy (Princeton, 1993).
11. Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: democratization in the late twentieth century (Norman, OK, 1991).
12. Tom Lodge and Bill Nasson, All, Here, and Now: black politics in South Africa in the 1980s (London, 1992).
13. Document 24 in Richard Pipes (ed.), The Unknown Lenin: from the secret archive (New Haven, CT, 1996), shows Lenin's handwritten instructions to the communists of the Penza district that they should 'Hang (hang without fail, so the people see) no fewer than one hundred known kulaks, rich men, bloodsuckers'. According to George R. Urban in The Sunday Times (London), 17 November 1996, 'We can now see Lenin as a man whose outstanding brain power and unbending resolve were harnessed, from the beginning, to a scheme of things so Utopian in their purpose and wicked in their execution that only genetic change in the nature of Man would have made possible their practical realisation.'
14. Document 24 in Richard Pipes (ed.), The Unknown Lenin: from the secret archive (New Haven, CT, 1996), shows Lenin's handwritten instructions to the communists of the Penza district that they should 'Hang (hang without fail, so the people see) no fewer than one hundred known kulaks, rich men, bloodsuckers'. According to George R. Urban in The Sunday Times (London), 17 November 1996, 'We can now see Lenin as a man whose outstanding brain power and unbending resolve were harnessed, from the beginning, to a scheme of things so Utopian in their purpose and wicked in their execution that only genetic change in the nature of Man would have made possible their practical realisation.'
15. Robert Michels, Political Parties, A Sociological Study of Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy (New York, 1949), pp. 32ff.
16. Ralph Dahrendorf, Society and Democracy in Germany (New York, 1967), p. 147.