Long-term perspective on the prevalent-cohort biases in studies of human immunodeficiency virus progression

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 146, Issue 7, 1997, Pages 543-551

  Alcabes, Philip ^a,e   Pezzotti, Patrizio ^b   Phillips, Andrew N ^c   Rezza, Giovanni ^b   Vlahov, David ^d  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^c ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^e NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome; Cohort studies; HIV; Models; Proportional hazards; Statistical

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADULT; AMBULATORY CARE; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DISEASE CONTROL; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PREVALENCE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0031459346     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009312     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Brookmeyer R, Gail M. Biases in prevalent cohorts. Biometrics 1987;43:739-49.
2. Brookmeyer R, Gail MH, Polk BF. The prevalent cohort study and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 1987;126:14-24.
3. Alcabes P, Muñoz A, Vlahov D, et al. Incubation period of human immunodeficiency virus. Epidemiol Rev 1993;15:303-18.
4. Eyster ME, Gail MH, Ballard JO, et al. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infections in hemophiliacs: effects of T-cell subsets, platelet counts, and age. Ann Intern Med 1987;107:1-6.
5. Moss AR, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, et al. Seropositivity for HIV and the development of AIDS or AIDS-related condition: three year follow-up of the San Francisco General Hospital Cohort. BMJ 1988;296:745-50.
6. Goedert JJ, Kessler CM, Aledort LM, et al. A prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and the development of AIDS in people with hemophilia. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1141-8.
7. Hessol NA, Koblin BA, van Griensven GJP, et al. Progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection among homosexual men in hepatitis B vaccine trial cohorts in Amsterdam, New York City, and San Francisco, 1987-1991. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:1077-87.
8. Rezza G, Lazzarin A, Anganaro G, et al. Risk of AIDS in HIV seroconverters: a comparison between intravenous drug users and homosexual males. Eur J Epidemiol 1990;6:99-101.
9. Rezza G, Lazzarin A, Angarano G, et al. The natural history of HIV infection in intravenous drug users: risk of disease progression in a cohort of seroconverters. AIDS 1989;3:87-90.
10. Muñoz A, Vlahov D, Solomon L, et al. Prognostic indicators for development of AIDS among intravenous drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5:694-700.
11. Phillips AN, Sabin CA, Elford J, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) risk in recent and long-standing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients with similar CD4 lymphocyte counts. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138:870-8.
12. Phillips AN, Pezzotti P, Cozzi Lepri A, et al. The CD4 lymphocyte count as determinant of the time from HIV seroconversion to AIDS and death from AIDS: evidence from the Italian Seroconversion Study. AIDS 1994;8:1299-1306.
13. Selwyn PA, Alcabes P, Hartel D, et al. Clinical manifestations and predictors of disease progression in drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1697-703.
14. Alcabes P, Selwyn PA, Davenny K, et al. Laboratory markers and the risk of developing HIV-1 disease among injecting drug users. AIDS 1994;8:107-15.
15. Margolick JB, Muñoz A, Vlahov D, et al. Changes in T-lymphocyte subsets in intravenous drug users with HIV-1 infection. JAMA 1992;267:1631-6.
16. Muñoz A, Wang M-C, Bass S, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-free time after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversion in homosexual men. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:530-9.
17. Bacchetti P. Estimating the incubation period of AIDS by comparing population infection and diagnosis patterns. J Am Stat Assoc 1990;85:1002-8.
18. Phillips AN, Lee CA, Elford J, et al. More rapid progression to AIDS in older HIV-infected people: the role of CD4+ T-cell counts. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4:970-5.
19. Lee CA, Phillips AN, Elford J, et al. The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection in a haemophilic cohort. Br J Haematol 1989;73:228-34.
20. Mariotto AB, Mariotti S, Pezzotti P, et al. Estimation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome incubation period in intravenous drug users: a comparison with male homosexuals. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135:428-37.
21. + T-lymphocyte decline in HIV-infected individuals: a Markov modeling approach. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4:1141-7.
22. Alcabes P, Schoenbaum EE, Klein RS. Correlates of the rate of decline of CD4+ lymphocytes among injection drug users infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:989-1000.
23. Osmond D, Charlebois E, Lang W, et al. Changes in AIDS survival time in two San Francisco cohorts of homosexual men, 1983 to 1993. JAMA 1994;271:1083-7.
24. 6/1 but free of AIDS-defining clinical disease. AIDS 1994;8:1577-83.
25. Lemp GF, Payne SF, Neal D, et al. Survival trends for patients with AIDS. JAMA 1990;263:402-6.
26. von Overbeck J, Egger M, Davey Smith G, et al. Survival in HIV infection: Do sex and category of transmission matter? AIDS 1994;8:1307-13.
27. Friedland GH, Saltzman B, Vileno J, et al. Suvival differences in patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4:144-53.
28. Sackett DL. Bias in analytic research. J Chron Dis 1979;32:51-65.
29. Centers for Disease Control. Revision of the CDC surveillance-case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR 1987;36(suppl 3):3S-15S.
30. Rothman K. Modem epidemiology. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1986.
31. Blaxhult A, Granath F, Lidman K, et al. The influence of age on the latency period to AIDS in people infected by HIV through blood transfusion. AIDS 1990;4:125-9.
32. Brookmeyer R, Goedert JJ. Censoring in an epidemic with an application to hemophilia-associated AIDS. Biometrics 1989;45:325-35.
33. Stoneburner RL, Des Jarlais DC, Benezra D, et al. A larger spectrum of severe HIV-1 related disease in intravenous drug users in New York City. Science 1988;242:916-19.
34. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Wasserman W, et al. Impact of the AIDS epidemic on morbidity and mortality among intravenous drug users in a methadone program. Am J Public Health 1989;79:1358-62.
35. Mientjes GH, van Ameijden E, van den Hoek AJAR, et al. Increasing morbidity without rise in non-AIDS mortality among HIV-infected intravenous drug users in Amsterdam. AIDS 1992;6:207-12.
36. van Haastrecht HJA, van Ameijden EJC, van den Hoek JAR, et al. Predictors of mortality in the Amsterdam cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative drug users. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:380-91.
37. Phair J, Jacobson L, Detels R, et al. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome occurring within 5 years of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-1: the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5:490-6.
38. Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ, Weiss SH, et al. Three-year incidence of AIDS in five cohorts of HTLV-III-infected risk group members. Science 1986;231:992-5.
39. O'Brien WA, Hartigan PM, Martin D, et al. Changes in plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the risk of progression to AIDS. N Engl J Med 1996;334:426-31.