Calcium metabolism, osteoporosis and essential fatty acids: A review

Progress in Lipid Research

Volumn 36, Issue 2-3, 1997, Pages 131-151

  Kruger, Marlena C ^a   Horrobin, David F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

^b Scotia Pharmaceuticals Ltd   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; COLLAGEN; ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID; VITAMIN D;

ARTERY CALCIFICATION; BONE STRENGTH; CALCIUM ABSORPTION; CALCIUM BONE LEVEL; CALCIUM EXCRETION; CALCIUM METABOLISM; COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS; ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY; HUMAN; KIDNEY CALCIFICATION; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OSTEOPOROSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; URINARY EXCRETION;

ANIMALS; BONE AND BONES; CALCINOSIS; CALCIUM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; FATTY ACIDS, ESSENTIAL; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; OSTEOPOROSIS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0031455061     PISSN: 01637827     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7827(97)00007-6     Document Type: Review

References (223)

1. Browner, W. S., Pressman, A. R., Nevitt, M. C., Cauley, J. A. and Cummings, S. R. Stroke 24, 940-946 (1993).
2. Demer, L. L. Circulation 92, 2029-2032 (1995).
3. Borland, V. G. and Jackson, C. M. Arch. Pathol. 11, 687-708 (1931).
4. Burr, G. O. and Burr, M. M. J. Biol. Chem. 82, 345-367 (1929).
5. Ramalingaswami, V. and Sinclair, H. M. Br. J. Derm. 65, 1-22 (1953).
6. Sinclair, H. M. In: Essential Fatty Acids, pp. 249-256 (Sinclair, H. M. ed.). Butterworths, London, 1957.
7. Alfin-Slater, R. and Bernick, S. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 6, 613-624 (1958).
8. Biran, L. A., Bartley, W., Carter, C. W. and Renshaw, A. Biochem. J. 93, 4920-498 (1964).
9. Sinclair, H. M. Lancet 1, 381-383 (1956).
10. Browner, W. S., Seeley, D. G., Vogt, T. M. and Cummings, S. R. Lancet 338, 355-358 (1991).
11. Laroche, M., Moulinier, L., Bon, E., Cantagrel, A. and Mazieres, B. Osteoporosis Int. 4, 309-313 (1994).
12. Silberberg, M., Silberberg, R. and Orcutt, B. Gerontologia 11, 179-187 (1965).
13. Denko, C. W. Arthritis. Rheum. 14, 37 (1971).
14. Woo, K., Emery, J. and Peabody, J. Pediatrics 93, 417-420 (1994).
15. Sone, K., Tashiro, M., Fujinaga, T., Tomomasa, T., Tokuyama, K. and Kuroume, T. J. Pediatrics 97, 866-867 (1980).
16. Gardiner, J. S., Zauk, A. M., Donchey, S. S. and McInerney, V. K. J. Bone Joint Surg. 77A, 932-936 (1995).
17. Norrdin, R. W., Jee, W. S. and High, W. B. Prostaglandins Leukot. EFAs 41, 139-149 (1990).
18. Bergmann, P. and Schoutens, A. Bone 16, 485-488 (1995).
19. Miller, S. C. and Marks, S. C. Bone 14, 143-151 (1993).
20. Miller, S. C. and Marks, S. C. Bone 14, 587-593 (1993).
21. Yang, R. S., Liu, T. K. and Lin-Shiau, S. Y. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 52, 57-61 (1993).
22. Bartels, T. H., Hein, W., Taube, C. H., Runge, H. and Mest, H.-J. Biomed. Biochim. Acta 47, S278-S281 (1988).
23. Buck, A. C., Davies, R. L. and Harrison, T. J. Urology 146, 188-194 (1991).
24. Horrobin, D. F. Prostaglandins Leukot. EFAs 53, 385-396 (1995).
25. Seiler, D. and Hasselbach, W. Eur. J. Biochem. 21, 385-387 (1971).
26. Nunez, E. A. Prostaglandins Leukot. EFAs 48, 1-122 (1993).
27. Witt, M. R. and Nielsen, M. J. Neurochemistry 62, 1432-1439 (1994).
28. Blobe, G. C., Khan, W. A. and Hannun, Y. A. Prostaglandins Leukot. EFAs 52, 129-136 (1995).
29. Brenner, R. R. Prog. Lipid. Res. 20, 41-48 (1980).
30. Horrobin, D. F. Rev. Contemp. Pharmacother. 1, 1-41 (1990).
31. Horrobin, D. F. Prog. Lipid Res. 31, 163-194 (1992).
32. Horrobin, D. F. and Manku, M. S. In: Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids, pp. 21-53 (Horrobin, D. F. ed.). Wiley Liss, New York, 1990.
33. Horrobin, D. F. Prostaglandins Leukot. EFAs 31, 181-197 (1988).
34. Leng, G. C., Horrobin, D. F., Fowkes, F. G., Smith, F. B., Lowe, G. D., Donnan, P. T. and Ells, K. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 471-478 (1994).
35. Watkins, B. A. Nutr. Res. 10, 325-334 (1990).
36. Huang, Y. S., McAdoo, K. R., Mitchell, J. and Horrobin, D. F. Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 40, 61-67 (1988).
37. Poisson, J. P., Huang, Y. S., Mills, D. E., deAntueno, R. J., Redden, P. R., Lin, X., Narce, M. and Horrobin, D. F. Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 49, 57-66 (1993).
38. Bachrach, L. K., Loutit, C. W. and Moss, R. B. Am. J. Med. 96, 27-34 (1994).
39. Massey, L. K. and Whiting, S. J. J. Bone Miner. Res. 11, 731-736 (1996).
40. Watkins, B. A. and Kratzer, F. H. Poultry Sci. 66, 1818-1828 (1987).
41. Watkins, B. A., Bain, S. D. and Newbrey, J. W. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 45, 41-46 (1989).
42. Peacock, M. and Nordin, B. E. In: Renal Stone Research Symposium, pp. 253-261 (Hodgkinson, A., Nordin, B. E. eds). Churchill, London, 1995.
43. Coe, F. L. and Kavalach, A. G. N. N. Engl. J. Med. 291, 1344-1350 (1974).
44. Reid, I. R., Ames, R., Evans, M. C., Sharpe, S., Gamble, G., France, J. T., Lim, T. M. and Cundy, T. F. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75, 45-51 (1992).
45. Costanzo, L. S. and Windhager, E. E. Am. J. Physiol. 239, 478-485 (1980).
46. DeRubertis, F. R., Zenser, T. V., Craven, P. A. and Davis, B. B. J. Clin. Invest. 58, 1370-1378 (1976).
47. Buck, A. C., Sampson, W. F., Lote, C. J. and Blacklock, N. J. Br. J. Urol. 53, 485-491 (1981).
48. Buck, A. C., Lote, C. J. and Sampson, W. F. J. Urol. 129, 421-426 (1983).
49. Buck, A. C. J. Int. Med. Res. 11 Suppl. 2, 18-23 (1983).
50. Friedlander, G. and Amiel, C. Prostaglandins 29, 123-132 (1985).
51. Horrobin, D. F. Rev. Pure Appl. Pharmacol. Sci. 4, 339-383 (1983).
52. Kruger, M. C., Coetzer, H., deWinter, R. and Claassen, N. Nutr. Res. 15, 211-219 (1995).
53. Birdsey, T. J., Husain, S. M., Garland, H. O. and Sibley, C. P. J. Endocrinol. 145, 11-18 (1995).
54. Tulloch, I., Smellie, W. S. and Buck, A. C. Urol. Res. 22, 227-230 (1994).
55. Garland, H. O., Forshaw, A. G. and Sibley, C. P. European Kidney Research Forum, Bergamo, Baveno (Italy). Meeting abstract, 1996.
56. Seyberth, H. W., Segre, G. V., Morgan, J. L., Sweetman, B. J., Potts, J. T. and Oates, J. A. N. N. Engl. J. Med. 293, 1278-1283 (1975).
57. Colette, C., Aquire, L., Monnier, L. and Mimran, A. Renal Physiol. 5, 68-75 (1982).
58. Shah, P. J. and Rose, G. A. Br. J. Urol. 56, 1-8 (1984).
59. Rocco, V. K., Sakhaee, E., Pak, C. Y. and Brater, D. C. J. Urol. 133, 1093-1094 (1985).
60. Pfab, R., Hegemann, M., Weitbrecht, M., Böttger, I. and Nigam, S. Contr. Nephrol. 58, 118-121 (1987).
61. Filipponi, P., Mannarelli, C., Pacifici, R., Grossi, E., Moretti, I., Tini, S., Carloni, C., Blass, A., Morucci, P., Hruska, K. A. and Avioli, L. V. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 43, 61-66 (1988).
62. Hirayama, H., Ikegami, K., Shimomura, T., Soejima, H. and Yamamoto, T. J. Urol. 139, 549-551 (1988).
63. Henriquez-la Roche, C., Rodriquez-Iturbe, B., Herrera, J. and Parra, G. Clin. Sci. 75, 581-587 (1988).
64. Ito, H., Kotake, T. and Nomura, K. Urol. Int. 54, 208-213 (1995).
65. Rothwell, P. J., Green, R., Blacklock, N. J. and Kavanagh, J. P. J. Urol. 150, 1391-1394 (1993).
66. Barcelli, U. and Pollak, V. E. Nephron 41, 209-212 (1985).
67. Bilo, H. J., Homan van der Heide, J. J., Gans, R. O. and Donker, A. J. M. Nephron 57, 385-393 (1991).
68. Morgan, L. J., Liebman, M. and Broughton, K. S. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60, 362-368 (1994).
69. Buck, A. C., Smellie, W. S., Jenkins, A., Meddings, R., James, A. and Horrobin, D. F. In: Urolithiasis 2, pp. 575-580 (Ryall, R. ed.). Plenum Press, New York, 1994.
70. Bronner, F. Miner. Electrolyte Metab. 16, 94-100 (1990).
71. Wills, M. R. Lancet 1, 820-822 (1973).
72. Goodman, D. B., Haussler, M. R. and Rasmussen, H. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 46, 80-86 (1972).
73. Rasmussen, H., Max, E. E. and Goodman, D. B. In: Vitamin D: Biochemical, Chemical and Clinical Aspects Related to Calcium Metabolism, pp. 913-925 (Norman, A. W., Schaefer, K., Coburn, J. W., De-Luca, H. F., Fraser, D., Grigoleit, H. G., Herrath, D. V. eds). Walter De Gruyter, New York, 1977.
74. Rasmussen, H., Matsumoto, T., Fontaine, O. and Goodman, D. B. Fed. Proc. 41, 72-77 (1982).
75. O'Doherty, P. J. Lipids 14, 75-77 (1979).
76. Bikle, D. D., Zolock, D. T., Morrisey, R. L. and Herman, R. H. J. Biol. Chem. 253, 484-488 (1978).
77. Walling, M. W. Am. J. Physiol. 233, E488-E494 (1977).
78. Matsumoto, T., Fontaine, O. and Rasmussen, H. J. Biol. Chem. 256, 3354-3360 (1981).
79. Fontaine, O., Matsumoto, T., Goodman, D. B. and Rasmussen, H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 1751-1754 (1981).
80. Putkey, J. A., Spielvogel, A. M., Saverheber, R. D., Dunlap, C. S. and Norman, A. W. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 688, 177-190 (1982).
81. Song, M. K., Wong, M. A. and Lee, D. B. Life. Sci. 33, 2399-2408 (1983).
82. Kreutter, D., Matsumoto, T., Peckham, R., Zawalich, K., Wen, W. H., Zolock, D. T. and Rasmussen, H. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 4977-4981 (1983).
83. Kreutter, D., Lafreniere, D. C. and Rasmussen, H. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 777, 261-266 (1984).
84. Bikle, D. D., Whitney, J. and Munson, S. Endocrinology 114, 260-267 (1984).
85. Brasitus, T. A., Yen, K. Y., Holt, P. R. and Schachter, D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 778, 341-348 (1984).
86. Brasitus, T. A., Davidson, N. O. and Schachter, D. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 812, 460-472 (1985).
87. Brasitus, T. A., Dudeja, P. K., Lau, K. and Eby, B. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 16404-16409 (1986).
88. Liang, C. T., Barnes, J., Takamato, S. and Sacktor, B. Endocrinology 124, 2830-2836 (1989).
89. Popp Snijders, C., Schouten, J. A., De Jong, A. P. and van der Veen, E. A. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 44, 39-46 (1984).
90. Proulx, P. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1071, 255-271 (1991).
91. Hay, A. W. M., Hassam, A. G., Crawford, M. A., Stevens, P. A., Mawer, E. B. and Sutherland-Jones, F. Lipids 15, 251-254 (1980).
92. Lau, K., Langman, C. B., Gafter, U., Dudeja, P. K. and Brasitus, T. A. J. Clin. Invest. 78, 1083-1090 (1986).
93. Mtabaji, J. P., Manku, M. S. and Horrobin, D. F. Hypertension 12, 39-45 (1988).
94. Karanja, N., Metz, J. and McCarron, D. Fed. Proc. 65, 1170, abstract #4975, 1987.
95. Merril, A. R., Aubry, H., Proulx, P. and Szabo, A. G. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 896, 89-95 (1987).
96. Keelan, M., Thomson, A. B. R., Wierzbicki, A. A., Rajotte, R. and Clandinin, M. T. Diabetes Res. 16, 127-138 (1991).
97. Coetzer, H., Claassen, N., van-Papendorp, D. H. and Kruger, M. C. Prostaglandins Leukot. EFAs 50, 257-266 (1994).
98. McMurchie, E. J. and Raison, J. K. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 554, 364-374 (1979).
99. Shintani, T., Takahashi, N., Fushiki, T., Kotera, J. and Sugimoto, E. Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 59, 1428-1432 (1995).
100. Schedl, H. P., Ronnenberg, W., Christensen, K. K. and Hollis, B. W. Metabolism 43, 1093-1103 (1994).
101. Lemann, J. In: Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism, 2nd edn, pp. 46-50 (Favus M. J. ed.). Raven Press, New York, 1993.
102. Williams, M. L., Rose, C. S., Morow, G., Sloan, S. and Barness, L. A. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 23, 1322-1330 (1970).
103. Barnes, L. A., Morrow, G., Silverio, J., Loretta, P., Finnegan, M. N. and Heitman, S. E. Pediatrics 54, 217-221 (1974).
104. Filer, L. J. Curr. Therap. Res. 9, 157-161 (1967).
105. Widdowson, E. M. Lancet 2, 1099-1105 (1965).
106. Droese, W. and Stolley, H. Monatsschr. Kinderheilk 115, 238-242 (1967).
107. Hanna, F. M., Navarette, D. A. and Hsu, F. A. Pediatrics 45, 216-224 (1970).
108. Tantibhedhyangkul, P. and Hashim, S. A. Pediatrics 61, 537-545 (1978).
109. van Dokkum, W., Cloughley, F. A., Hulshof, K. F. and Oosterveen, L. A. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 27, 361-369 (1983).
110. Raisz, L. G., Canalis, E. M., Dietrich, J. W., Kream, B. E. and Gworek, S. C. Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 34, 335-356 (1978).
111. Macdonald, B. R. World. Rev. Nutr. Diet. 47, 163-201 (1986).
112. Raisz, L. G. Bone Miner. 9, 191-197 (1990).
113. Miller, S. C. and Marks, S. C. Clin. Plastic Surg. 21, 393-400 (1994).
114. Raisz, L. G., Pilbeam, C. C. and Fall, P. M. Osteoporosis Int. Suppl. 1, S136-140 (1993).
115. Kimmel, D. B., Slovik, D. M. and Lane, N. E. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North. Am. 20, 735-758 (1994).
116. Miller, C. C., Park, Y., Pariza, M. W. and Cook, M. E. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 198, 1107-1112 (1994).
117. Pilbeam, C. C., Raisz, L. G., Wznesensky, O., Alander, C. B., Delman, B. N. and Kawaguchi, H. J. Bone Miner. Res. 10, 406-414 (1995).
118. Chow, J. W. M., Lean, J. M., Abe, T. and Chambers, T. J. J. Endocrinology 133, 189-195 (1992).
119. Chow, J. W. and Chambers, T. J. Am. J. Physiol. 267, E287-E292 (1994).
120. Prout, R. E. S., Odutuga, A. A. and Tring, F. C. Arch. Oral. Biol. 18, 373-380 (1973).
121. Prout, R. E. S. and Odutuga, A. A. Arch. Oral. Biol. 19, 725-728 (1974).
122. Prout, R. E. S. and Odutuga, A. A. Arch. Oral. Biol. 19, 955-958 (1974).
123. Prout, R. E. S. and Odutuga, A. A. Arch. Oral. Biol. 19, 1167-1170 (1974).
124. Odutuga, A. A. and Prout, R. E. S. Arch. Oral. Biol. 19, 911-920 (1974).
125. Odutuga, A. A. and Prout, R. E. S. Arch. Oral. Biol. 20, 49-51 (1975).
126. Prout, R. E. S. and Tring, F. C. J. Dent. Res. 50, 1559-1561 (1971).
127. Prout, R. E. S. and Tring, F. C. J. Dent. Res. 52, 462-466 (1973).
128. Odutuga, A. A. Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 5, 1-14 (1978).
129. Henderson, M. A., Alam, B. S. and Alam, S. Q. J. Dent. Res. 73, IADR abstract #839 (1994).
130. Stern, P. H. Experientia 2719, 1061-1064 (1971).
131. Stern, P. H. and Earhart, R. H. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 139, 981-984 (1972).
132. Katz, J. M., Wilson, T., Skinner, S. J. and Gray, D. H. Prostaglandins 22, 537-551 (1981).
133. Odutuga, A. A. Camp. Biochem. Physiol. 71A, 383-388 (1982).
134. Raisz, L. G., Alander, C. B. and Simmons. H. A. Prostaglandins 37, 615-625 (1989).
135. Chesnoy-Marchais, D. and Fritsch, J. J. Membr. Biol. 138, 159-170 (1994).
136. Watkins, B. A., Shen, C. L., Allen, K. D. and Seifert, M. F. J. Bone Miner. Res. 11, 1321-1332 (1996).
137. Silberberg, R. and Hasler, M. Anat. Rec. 179, 163-188 (1974).
138. Bonner, W. M., Jonsson, H., Malanos, C. and Bryant, M. Arthritis Rheum. 18, 461-473 (1975).
139. Chepenik, K. P., Ho, W. C., Waite, B. M. and Parker, C. L. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 36, 175-181 (1984).
140. Lippiello, L. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 195, 282-287 (1990).
141. Lippiello, L. Arthritis Rheum. 36, S165 (1993).
142. Lippiello, L., Fienhold, M. and Grandjean, C. Arthritis Rheum. 33, 1029-1036 (1990).
143. Wuthier, R. E. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 409, 128-143 (1975).
144. Adkisson, H. D., Risener, F. S., Zarrinkar, P. P., Walla, M. D., Christie, W. W. and Wuthier, R. E. FASEB J. 5, 344-353 (1991).
145. Xu, H., Watkins, B. A. and Adkisson, H. D. Lipids 29, 619-625 (1994).
146. Atteh, J. O. and Leeson, S. Poultry Sci. 63, 2252-2260 (1984).
147. Atteh, J. O. and Leeson, S. Poultry Sci. 64, 1959-1971 (1985).
148. Watkins, B. A., Whitehead, C. C. and Duff, S. R. Br. Poultry Sci. 32, 1109-1119 (1991).
149. Xu, H., Watkins, B. A. and Seifert, M. F. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 57, 293-300 (1995).
150. Watkins, B. A., Xu, H. and Turek, J. J. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 212, 153-159 (1996).
151. Alam, S. Q., Henderson, M. and Alam, B. S. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 55, 169-172 (1994).
152. Kokkinos, P. P., Shaye, R., Alam, B. S. and Alam, S. Q. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 53, 333-337 (1993).
153. Takahashi, T., Ueda, S., Takahashi, K. and Scow, R. O. Am. J. Physiol. 266, C590-C600 (1994).
154. Gallwitz, W. E., Mundy, G. R., Lee, C. H., Qiao, M., Roodman, G. D., Raftery, M., Gaskell, S. J. and Bonewald, L. F. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10087-10094 (1993).
155. Bonewald, L. F., Johnstone, D., Qiao, M., Mundy, G. R. and Millest, A. 9th International Conference on Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, Florence (Italy). Meeting abstract, 1994.
156. Sakaguchi, K., Morita, I. and Murota, S. Prostaglandins Leukot. EFAs 50, 8184 (1994).
157. Yamada, Y., Fushimi, H., Inoue, T., Matsuyama, Y., Kameyama, M., Minami, T., Okasaki, Y., Noguchi, Y. and Kasama, T. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 30, 37-42 (1995).
158. Kruger, M. C., Claassen, N., Coetzer, H., Van-Papendorp, D. H. and Potgieter, H. 9th International Conference on Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, Florence (Italy). Meeting abstract, 1994.
159. Claassen, N., Coetzer, H., Steinmann, C. M. and Kruger, M. C. Prostaglandins Leukot. EFAs 53, 13-19 (1995).
160. Claassen, N., Potgieter, H. C., Seppa, M., Vermaak, W. J., Coetzer, H., Van-Papendorp, D. H. and Kruger, M. C. Bone 16, 385S-392S (1995).
161. Kruger, M. C., Claassen, N., Coetzer, H. and Smuts, C. M. World Congress on Osteoporosis, Amsterdam (Netherlands). Meeting abstract, 1996.
162. Suswillo, R. F. L. and Lanyon, L. E., Bone and Tooth Society, Bristol (UK). Meeting abstract P26, 1995.
163. Shih, M. S. and Norrdin, R. W. Bone Miner. 1, 227-234 (1986).
164. Furuta, Y. and Jee, W. S. S. Anat. Rec. 215, 305-316 (1986).
165. Jee, W. S. S., Ueno, K., Deng, Y. P. and Woodbury, D. M. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 37, 148-157 (1985).
166. Jee, W. S. S., Ueno, K., Kimmel, D. B., Woodbury, D. M., Price, P. and Woodbury, L. A. Bone 8, 171-178 (1987).
167. Ueda, K., Saito, A., Nakano, H., Aoshima, M., Yokota, M., Muraoka, R. and Iwayo, T. J. Pediatrics 97, 834-836 (1980).
168. Poznanski, A., Fernbach, S. K. and Berry, T. E. Skeletal. Radiol. 14, 20-25 (1985).
169. Williams, J. L. Eur. J. Radiol. 6, 231-232 (1986).
170. Edeling, C.-J. and Frederiksen, P. B. Clin. Nucl. Med. 12, 74 (1987).
171. Jorgenson, H. R. J., Svanholm, H. and Host, A. Acta Orthop. Scand. 59, 464466 (1988).
172. Smet, M. H., Marchall, G., Lambert, L., Devlieger, H. and Gewillig, M. J. Belge Radiologie 72, 377-380 (1989).
173. Chyun, Y. S. and Raisz, L. G. Prostaglandins 27, 97-103 (1984).
174. Das, U. N. Med. Sci. Res. 22, 163-165 (1994).
175. Horowitz, M. C. Science 260, 626-627 (1993).
176. Pacifici, R., Rifas, L., Teitelbaum, S., Slatopolsky, E., McCracken, R., Bergfeld, M., Lee, W., Avioli, L. V. and Peck, W. A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 4616-4620 (1987).
177. Lowik, C. W., van der Pluijm, G., Bloys, H., Koekman, K., Bijvoet, O. L., Aarden, L. A. and Papapoulos, S. E. Biochem. Biophvs. Res. Comm. 162, 1546-1552 (1989).
178. Votta, B. J. and Bertolini, D. R. Bone 15, 533-538 (1994).
179. Kumar, G. S., Das, U. N. and Kumar, V. Nutr. Res. 12, 815-823 (1992).
180. Kumar, G. S. and Dasm, U. N. Prostaglandins Leukot. EFAs 50, 331-334 (1994).
181. Santoli, D. and Zurier, R. B. J. Immunol. 143, 1303-1309 (1989).
182. Purasiri, P., Murray, A., Richardson, S., Heys, S. D., Horrobin, D. F. and Eremin, O. Clin. Sci. 87, 711-717 (1994).
183. Van Papendorp, D. H., Coetzer, H. and Kruger, M. C. Nutr. Res. 15, 325-334 (1995).
184. Kruger, M. C., Potgieter, H. C., deWinter, R., Coetzer, H. and van-Papendorp, D. H. World Congress on Ostepporosis, Amsterdam (Netherlands) Meeting abstract, 1996.
185. Meunier, P. J., Chapuy, M. C., Arlot, M. E., Delmas, P. D. and Duboeuf, F. Osteoporosis Int. Suppl 1, S71-76 (1994).
186. Bourdeau, A., Mouahir, M., Souberbielle, J.-C., Bonnet, P., Herviaux, P., Sachs, C. and Lieberherr, M. Endocrinology 135, 1109-1112 (1994).
187. McKane, W. R., Khosla, S., Egan, K. S., Robins, S. P., Burritt, M. F. and Riggs, B. L. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 1699-1703 (1996).
188. Heaney, R. P. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81, 1697-1698 (1996).
189. Michaelsen, K. F., Johansen, J. S., Samuelson, G. and Skakkabek, N. E. Pediatr. Res. 24, 522 (1988).
190. Makrides, M., Neumann, M., Simmer, K., Pater, J. and Gibson, R. Lancet 345, 1463-1468 (1995).
191. Wuthier, R. E. J. Lipid Res. 9, 68-78 (1968).
192. Irving, J. T. and Wuthier, R. E. Clin. Orthop. 56, 237-260 (1968).
193. Melcher, A. H. Gerontologia 15, 217-232 (1969).
194. Shapiro, I. M. Arch. Oral. Biol. 16, 411-221 (1971).
195. Ennever, J., Vogel, J. J. and Levy, B. M. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 145, 1386-1388 (1974).
196. Odutuga, A. A., Prout, R. E. S. and Hoare, R. J. Arch. Oral. Biol. 20, 311-316 (1975).
197. Takazoe, I., Vogel, J. and Ennever, J. J. Dent. Res. 49, 395-398 (1970).
198. Ennever, J., Vogel, J. J. and Riggan, L. J. Dent. Res. 57, 731-734 (1978).
199. Boskey, A. L. and Posner, A. S. Calcif. Tissue. Res. 23, 251-258 (1977).
200. Wuthier, R. E. and Gore, S. T. Calcif. Tissue. Res. 24, 163-171 (1977).
201. Lane, K. M., Boskey, A. L., Li, W. K., Eaton, B. and Posner, A. S. Metab. Bone. Dis. Rel. Res. 1, 319-324 (1979).
202. Boyan-Salyers, B. D. and Boskey, A. L. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 30, 167-174 (1980).
203. Boskey, A. L. and Reddi, A. H. Calcif. Tissue. Int. 35, 549-554 (1983).
204. Boskey, A. L. Clin. Orthop. 281, 244-274 (1992).
205. Boskey, A. L., Ullrich, W., Spevak, L. and Gilder, H. Calcif. Tissue Int. 58, 45-51 (1996).
206. Urist, M. R., Behnam, K., Kerendi Bagga, D., Adkisson, H. D. and Nevenzel, J. Med. Hypoth., in press.
207. Shanahan, C. M., Cary, N. R., Metcalfe, J. C. and Weissberg, P. L. J. Clin. Invest. 93, 2393-2402 (1994).
208. O'Brien, K. D., Kuusisto, J., Reichenbach, D. D., Ferguson, M., Giachelli, C., Alpers, C. E. and Otto, C. M. Circulation 92, 2163-2168 (1995).
209. Marum, G. J. Am. J. Roentgenol. 46, 221-226 (1946).
210. Anderson, H. C. Arch. Path. Lab. Med. 107, 341-348 (1983).
211. Loecker, T. H., Schwartz, R. S., Cotta, C. W. and Hickman, J. R. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 19, 1167-1172 (1992).
212. Frink, R. J., Achor, R. W., Brown, A. L., Kincaid, O. W. and Brandenburg, R. O. Am. J. Cardiol. 26, 241-247 (1970).
213. Hamby, R. I., Tabrah, F., Wisoff, B. G. and Hartstein, M. L., Am. Heart J. 87, 565-570 (1974).
214. Riffin, R. D., Parisi, A. F. and Folland, E. Am. J. Cardiol. 44, 141-147 (1979).
215. Aldrich, R. F., Brensike, J. F., Battaglinim, J. W., Richardson, J. M., Loh, I. K., Stonem, N. J., Passamani, E. R., Ackerstein, H., Seningen, R., Borer, J. S., Levy, R. I. and Epstein, S. E. Circulation 59, 1113-1124 (1979).
216. Margolis, J. R., Chen, J. T., Kong, Y., Peter, R. H., Behar, V. S. and Kissio, J. A. Radiology 137, 609-616 (1980).
217. Langou, R. A., Huang, E. K., Kelley, M. J. and Cohen, L. S. Circulation 62, 1196-1203 (1980).
218. Agatston, A. S., Janowitz, W. R., Hildner, F. J., Zusmer, N. R., Viamonte, J. and Detrano, R. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 15, 827-832 (1990).
219. Demer, L. L., Watson, K. E. and Bostrom, K. Trends Cardiovasc. Med. 4, 45-49 (1994).
220. Qiao, J.-H., Xie. P.-Z., Fishbein, M. C., Kreuzer, J., Drake, T. A., Demer, L. L. and Lusis, A. J. Arterioscler. Thromb. 14, 1480-1497 (1994).
221. Bostrom, K., Watson, K. E., Horn, S., Wortham, C., Herman, I. M. and Demer, L. L. J. Clin. Invest. 91, 1800-1809 (1993).
222. Buck, A. C., Jackson, R. and Horrobin, D. F. XIth EAU Congress, Berlin (Germany). Meeting abstract (1995).
223. Burgess, N. A., Reynolds, T. M. and Williams, N. Urol. Res. 23, 239-242 (1995).