Factors affecting employment choice in a labor-intensive public works scheme in rural Botswana

Economic Development and Cultural Change

Volumn 46, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 175-186

  Teklu, Tesfaye ^a   Asefa, Sisay ^b  

^a INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DROUGHT IMPACT; LABOUR DEMAND; LABOUR SUPPLY; RURAL DEVELOPMENT;

BOTSWANA;

EID: 0031448404     PISSN: 00130079     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/452326     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. For a review of the experience with LIPW programs in sub-Saharan Africa, see J. V. Braun, T. Teklu, and P. Webb, "Labor Intensive Public Works and Food Security: Past Experience and Future Potential," International Labor Review 131, no. 1 (1992): 19-33. Also, public employment works programs have a long history as a means of tackling poverty around the world. In eighteenth-century Europe, the poor qualified for relief only if they agreed to provide labor. The United States used public works extensively to provide employment for 20% of the labor force during the Great Depression. See World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 91. For a general review, see M. Ravallion, "Reaching the Poor through Rural Public Employment: A Survey of Theory and Evidence," World Bank Discussion Paper no. 94 (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1990); and E. Clay, "Rural Public Works and Food for Work: A Survey," World Development, no. 94 (1986), pp. 10-11.
2. For a review of the experience with LIPW programs in sub-Saharan Africa, see J. V. Braun, T. Teklu, and P. Webb, "Labor Intensive Public Works and Food Security: Past Experience and Future Potential," International Labor Review 131, no. 1 (1992): 19-33. Also, public employment works programs have a long history as a means of tackling poverty around the world. In eighteenth-century Europe, the poor qualified for relief only if they agreed to provide labor. The United States used public works extensively to provide employment for 20% of the labor force during the Great Depression. See World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 91. For a general review, see M. Ravallion, "Reaching the Poor through Rural Public Employment: A Survey of Theory and Evidence," World Bank Discussion Paper no. 94 (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1990); and E. Clay, "Rural Public Works and Food for Work: A Survey," World Development, no. 94 (1986), pp. 10-11.
3. For a review of the experience with LIPW programs in sub-Saharan Africa, see J. V. Braun, T. Teklu, and P. Webb, "Labor Intensive Public Works and Food Security: Past Experience and Future Potential," International Labor Review 131, no. 1 (1992): 19-33. Also, public employment works programs have a long history as a means of tackling poverty around the world. In eighteenth-century Europe, the poor qualified for relief only if they agreed to provide labor. The United States used public works extensively to provide employment for 20% of the labor force during the Great Depression. See World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 91. For a general review, see M. Ravallion, "Reaching the Poor through Rural Public Employment: A Survey of Theory and Evidence," World Bank Discussion Paper no. 94 (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1990); and E. Clay, "Rural Public Works and Food for Work: A Survey," World Development, no. 94 (1986), pp. 10-11.
4. For a review of the experience with LIPW programs in sub-Saharan Africa, see J. V. Braun, T. Teklu, and P. Webb, "Labor Intensive Public Works and Food Security: Past Experience and Future Potential," International Labor Review 131, no. 1 (1992): 19-33. Also, public employment works programs have a long history as a means of tackling poverty around the world. In eighteenth-century Europe, the poor qualified for relief only if they agreed to provide labor. The United States used public works extensively to provide employment for 20% of the labor force during the Great Depression. See World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 91. For a general review, see M. Ravallion, "Reaching the Poor through Rural Public Employment: A Survey of Theory and Evidence," World Bank Discussion Paper no. 94 (World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1990); and E. Clay, "Rural Public Works and Food for Work: A Survey," World Development, no. 94 (1986), pp. 10-11.
5. Government of Botswana, Ministry of Finance and National Development, National Development Plan no. 7, 1991-1997 (Gaborone, 1990).
6. For this survey and results see S. Asefa, "Managing Food Security Action Programs in Botswana," MSU International Development Working Paper no. 36 (Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural Economics, East Lansing, 1989), and "Enhancing Food Access in Africa: The Botswana Experience," Studies in Comparative International Development 26, no. 3 (1991): 68-80.
7. For this survey and results see S. Asefa, "Managing Food Security Action Programs in Botswana," MSU International Development Working Paper no. 36 (Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural Economics, East Lansing, 1989), and "Enhancing Food Access in Africa: The Botswana Experience," Studies in Comparative International Development 26, no. 3 (1991): 68-80.
8. The settlement patterns in rural Botswana show distinct differences between small and big villages. The big villages have a much larger population per village, experience high growth rates due to migration from small to large villages, have better infrastruture, and are centers for administrative and commercial functions. The small villages are satellites that feed mainly unskilled labor to towns and big villages and are relatively poorer with a declining share of national GDP.
9. For details on these results see Asefa, "Managing Food Security Action Programs in Botswana," and "Enhancing Food Access in Africa."
10. A. Wasay, "An Urban Poverty Line Estimate," Pakistan Development Review 15, no. 1 (1977): 49-57.
11. M. Ravallion and B. Bidani, "How Robust Is a Poverty Profile?" World Bank Economic Review 6, no. 5 (1994): 75-102.
12. J. Foster, J. Green, and E. Thorbecke, "A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures," Econometrica 52, no. 3 (1994): 761-66.
13. T. W. Schultz, Transforming Traditional Agriculture (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1964). Also, see his Nobel lecture, "The Economics of Being Poor," Journal of Political Economy 88, no. 4 (1980): 639-51.
14. T. W. Schultz, Transforming Traditional Agriculture (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1964). Also, see his Nobel lecture, "The Economics of Being Poor," Journal of Political Economy 88, no. 4 (1980): 639-51.
15. Two promising strategies for poverty alleviation can be identified for most developing nations: (1) promotion of export-oriented growth in labor-intensive manufacturing and (2) adoption of labor-intensive employment and agricultural development-led industrialization. The latter approach is likely to be more effective for most developing countries in the 1990s and beyond. See I. Adelman, "A Poverty Focused Approach to Development Policy," in Development Strategies Reconsidered, ed. J. P. Lewis and V. Kallab (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1986); and World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (see n. 1 above). For the general case of rural- and agricultural-based strategy and the role of agriculture in the development process, see B. F. Johnston and J. W. Mellor, "The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development," American Economic Review 51, no. 4 (1961): 566-93; B. F. Johnston and P. Kilby, Agriculture and Structural Transformation: Economic Strategies in Late-Developing Countries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975); C. Peter Timmer, "The Agricultural Transformation," in Handbook of Development Economics, ed. Hollis Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan, vol. 1 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1988); and Carl Eicher and John Staatz, eds., Agricultural Development in the Third World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984).
16. Two promising strategies for poverty alleviation can be identified for most developing nations: (1) promotion of export-oriented growth in labor-intensive manufacturing and (2) adoption of labor-intensive employment and agricultural development-led industrialization. The latter approach is likely to be more effective for most developing countries in the 1990s and beyond. See I. Adelman, "A Poverty Focused Approach to Development Policy," in Development Strategies Reconsidered, ed. J. P. Lewis and V. Kallab (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1986); and World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (see n. 1 above). For the general case of rural- and agricultural-based strategy and the role of agriculture in the development process, see B. F. Johnston and J. W. Mellor, "The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development," American Economic Review 51, no. 4 (1961): 566-93; B. F. Johnston and P. Kilby, Agriculture and Structural Transformation: Economic Strategies in Late-Developing Countries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975); C. Peter Timmer, "The Agricultural Transformation," in Handbook of Development Economics, ed. Hollis Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan, vol. 1 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1988); and Carl Eicher and John Staatz, eds., Agricultural Development in the Third World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984).
17. Two promising strategies for poverty alleviation can be identified for most developing nations: (1) promotion of export-oriented growth in labor-intensive manufacturing and (2) adoption of labor-intensive employment and agricultural development-led industrialization. The latter approach is likely to be more effective for most developing countries in the 1990s and beyond. See I. Adelman, "A Poverty Focused Approach to Development Policy," in Development Strategies Reconsidered, ed. J. P. Lewis and V. Kallab (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1986); and World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (see n. 1 above). For the general case of rural- and agricultural-based strategy and the role of agriculture in the development process, see B. F. Johnston and J. W. Mellor, "The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development," American Economic Review 51, no. 4 (1961): 566-93; B. F. Johnston and P. Kilby, Agriculture and Structural Transformation: Economic Strategies in Late-Developing Countries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975); C. Peter Timmer, "The Agricultural Transformation," in Handbook of Development Economics, ed. Hollis Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan, vol. 1 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1988); and Carl Eicher and John Staatz, eds., Agricultural Development in the Third World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984).
18. Two promising strategies for poverty alleviation can be identified for most developing nations: (1) promotion of export-oriented growth in labor-intensive manufacturing and (2) adoption of labor-intensive employment and agricultural development-led industrialization. The latter approach is likely to be more effective for most developing countries in the 1990s and beyond. See I. Adelman, "A Poverty Focused Approach to Development Policy," in Development Strategies Reconsidered, ed. J. P. Lewis and V. Kallab (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1986); and World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (see n. 1 above). For the general case of rural- and agricultural-based strategy and the role of agriculture in the development process, see B. F. Johnston and J. W. Mellor, "The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development," American Economic Review 51, no. 4 (1961): 566-93; B. F. Johnston and P. Kilby, Agriculture and Structural Transformation: Economic Strategies in Late-Developing Countries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975); C. Peter Timmer, "The Agricultural Transformation," in Handbook of Development Economics, ed. Hollis Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan, vol. 1 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1988); and Carl Eicher and John Staatz, eds., Agricultural Development in the Third World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984).
19. Two promising strategies for poverty alleviation can be identified for most developing nations: (1) promotion of export-oriented growth in labor-intensive manufacturing and (2) adoption of labor-intensive employment and agricultural development-led industrialization. The latter approach is likely to be more effective for most developing countries in the 1990s and beyond. See I. Adelman, "A Poverty Focused Approach to Development Policy," in Development Strategies Reconsidered, ed. J. P. Lewis and V. Kallab (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1986); and World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (see n. 1 above). For the general case of rural- and agricultural-based strategy and the role of agriculture in the development process, see B. F. Johnston and J. W. Mellor, "The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development," American Economic Review 51, no. 4 (1961): 566-93; B. F. Johnston and P. Kilby, Agriculture and Structural Transformation: Economic Strategies in Late-Developing Countries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975); C. Peter Timmer, "The Agricultural Transformation," in Handbook of Development Economics, ed. Hollis Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan, vol. 1 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1988); and Carl Eicher and John Staatz, eds., Agricultural Development in the Third World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984).
20. Two promising strategies for poverty alleviation can be identified for most developing nations: (1) promotion of export-oriented growth in labor-intensive manufacturing and (2) adoption of labor-intensive employment and agricultural development-led industrialization. The latter approach is likely to be more effective for most developing countries in the 1990s and beyond. See I. Adelman, "A Poverty Focused Approach to Development Policy," in Development Strategies Reconsidered, ed. J. P. Lewis and V. Kallab (Washington, D.C.: Overseas Development Council, 1986); and World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (see n. 1 above). For the general case of rural- and agricultural-based strategy and the role of agriculture in the development process, see B. F. Johnston and J. W. Mellor, "The Role of Agriculture in Economic Development," American Economic Review 51, no. 4 (1961): 566-93; B. F. Johnston and P. Kilby, Agriculture and Structural Transformation: Economic Strategies in Late-Developing Countries (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975); C. Peter Timmer, "The Agricultural Transformation," in Handbook of Development Economics, ed. Hollis Chenery and T. N. Srinivasan, vol. 1 (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1988); and Carl Eicher and John Staatz, eds., Agricultural Development in the Third World (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984).