Inhalation challenges with agents causing occupational asthma

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 10, Issue 11, 1997, Pages 2612-2629

  Vandenplas, O ^a,b,d   Malo, J L ^c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN   (Belgium)

^b Fonds des Maladies Professionnelles   (Belgium)

^c HÔPITAL DU SACRÉ COEUR DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF MONT GODINNE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Asthma; Bronchial provocation test; Occupational disease

Indexed keywords

DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; HUMAN; MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT; METHODOLOGY; OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROVOCATION TEST; REVIEW; SAFETY; WORKPLACE;

EID: 0031446480     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.97.10112612     Document Type: Review

References (174)

1. Aas K. The bronchial provocation test. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Illinois 1975.
2. Herxheimer H. The late bronchial reaction in induced asthma. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1952; 3: 323-328.
3. Dominjon-Monnier F, Carton J, Guibert L, Burtin P, Brille D, Kourilsky R. Épreuves ventilatoires aux extraits de moisissures atmosphériques. Rev Franç Mal Resp 1962; 2: 191-202.
4. Colldahl H. The importance of inhalation test in the etiological diagnosis of allergic diseases of the bronchi and the evaluation of the effects of specific hyposensitization treatment. Acta Allergol 1967; 22: 7-12.
5. Pepys J, Riddell RW, Citron KM, Clayton YM, Short EI. Clinical and immunologic significance of aspergillus fumigatus in the sputum. Am Rev Respir Dis 1959; 80: 167-180.
6. Pepys J. Pulmonary aspergillosis, farmer's lung, and related diseases. In: Samter M, ed. Immunological Diseases. 2nd Edition. St. Louis, Little, Brown and Cie 1965; pp. 693-713.
7. Hargreave FE, Pepys J, Longbottom JL, Wraith DG. Bird breeder's (fancier's) lung. Lancet 1966; 1: 445-449.
8. Pepys J, Pickering CAC, Hughes EG. Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents-complex salts of platinum. Clin Allergy 1972; 2: 391-396.
9. Pickering CAC, Batten JC, Pepys J. Asthma due to inhaled wood dusts - Western red cedar and iroko. Clin Allergy 1972; 2: 213-218.
10. Pepys J, Hutchcroft BJ. Bronchial provocation tests in etiologic diagnosis and analysis of asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 112: 829-859.
11. Chan-Yeung M, Malo JL. Aetiological agents in occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 346-371.
12. Cartier A, Bernstein IL, Burge PS, et al. Guidelines for bronchoprovocation on the investigation of occupational asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84: 823-829.
13. Sterk PJ, Fabbri LM, Quanjer PH, et al. Airway responsiveness. Standardized challenge testing with pharmacological, physical and sensitizing stimuli in adults. Official statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1993; 6, Suppl. 16: 53-83.
14. Chan-Yeung M, Malo JL. Occupational asthma. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 107-112.
15. Perrin B, Lagier F, L'Archevêque J, et al. Occupational asthma: validity of monitoring of peak expiratory flow rates and non-allergic bronchial responsiveness as compared to specific inhalation challenge. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 40-48.
16. Tiffeneau R. Hypersensibilité cholinergo-histaminique pulmonaire de l'asthmatique. Relation avec l'hypersensibilité allergénique pulmonaire. Acta allergologica 1958; Suppl V: 187-221.
17. Cockcroft DW, Murdock KY, Kirby J, Hargreave F. Prediction of airway responsiveness to allergen from skin sensitivity to allergen and airway responsiveness to histamine. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 264-267.
18. Walsh BJ, Wrigley CW, Musk AW, Baldo BA. A comparison of the binding of IgE in the sera of patients with bakers' asthma to soluble and insoluble wheat-grain proteins. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 76: 23-28.
19. Cloutier Y, Lagier F, Lemieux R, et al. New methodology for specific inhalation challenges with occupational agents in powder form. Eur Respir J 1989; 2: 769-777.
20. Cloutier Y, Lagier F, Cartier A, Malo JL. Validation of an exposure system to particles for the diagnosis of occupational asthma. Chest 1992; 102: 402-407.
21. Cloutier Y, Malo JL. Update on an exposure system for particles in the diagnosis of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 887-890.
22. Vandenplas O. Occupational asthma due to natural rubber latex. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 1957-1965.
23. Vandenplas 0, Malo JL, Saetta M, Mapp CE, Fabbri LM. Occupational asthma and extrinsic alveolitis due to isocyanates: current status and perspectives. Br J Ind Med 1993; 50: 213-228.
24. Banks DE, Tarlo SM, Masri F, Rando RJ, Weissman DN. Bronchoprovocation tests in the diagnosis of isocyanate-induced asthma. Chest 1996; 109: 1370-1379.
25. Vandenplas O, Cartier A, Lesage J, Perrault G, Grammer LC, Malo JL. Occupational asthma caused by a prepolymer but not the monomer of toluene diisocyanate (TDI). J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89: 1183-1188.
26. Vandenplas O, Cartier A, Cloutier Y, et al. Prepolymers of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) as a cause of occupational asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91: 850-861.
27. Lemière C, Desjardins A, Cloutier Y, et al. Occupational asthma due to formaldehyde resin dust with and without reaction to formaldehyde gas. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 861-865.
28. Vandenplas O, Malo JL, Cartier A, Perreault G, Cloutier Y. Closed-circuit methodology for inhalation challenge test with isocyanates. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 582-587.
29. Lemière C, Cloutier Y, Perrault G, Drolet D, Cartier A, Malo JL. Closed-circuit apparatus for specific inhalation challenges with an occupational agent, formaldehyde, in vapor form. Chest 1996; 109: 1631-1635.
30. Vandenplas O, Cloutier Y, Cartier A, Ghezzo H, Malo JL. Response to isocyanates: effect of concentration, duration of exposure and total dose. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 1287-1290.
31. Butcher BT, O'Neil CE, Reed MA, Salvaggio JE, Weill H. Development and loss of toluene diisocyanate reactivity: immunologic, pharmacologic, and provocative challenge studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982; 70: 231-235.
32. Cartier A, Malo JL, Forest F, et al. Occupational asthma in snow crab-processing workers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1984; 74: 261-269.
33. Banks DE, Rando RJ. Recurrent asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate. Thorax 1988; 43: 660-662.
34. Mapp CE, Corona PC, de Marzo N, Fabbri L. Persistent asthma due to isocyanates. A follow-up study of subjects with occupational asthma due to toluene diisocyanate. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 1326-1329.
35. Paggiaro PL, Vagaggini B, Dente FL, et al. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and toluene diisocyanate. Long-term change in sensitized asthmatic subjects. Chest 1993; 103: 1123-1128.
36. Lemière C, Cartier A, Dolovich J, et al. Outcome of specific bronchial responsiveness to occupational agents after removal from exposure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 329-333.
37. Vandenplas O, Delwiche JP, Jamart J, Vande Weyer R. Increase in nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness as an early marker of bronchial response to occupational agents during inhalation challenges. Thorax 1996; 51: 472-478.
38. Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Official statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: Suppl. 16. 4s-39s.
39. Orehek J, Gayrard P, Grimaud C, Charpin J. Effect of maximal respiratory manoeuvres on bronchial sensitivity of asthmatic patients as compared to normal people. Br Med J 1975; 1: 123-125.
40. Gayrard P, Orehek J, Grimaud CH, Charpin J. Mechanisms of the bronchoconstrictor effects of deep inspiration in asthmatic patients. Thorax 1979; 34: 234-240.
41. Sestier M, Pineau L, Cartier A, Martin RR, Malo JL. Bronchial responsiveness to methacholine and effects of respiratory manoeuvres. J Appl Physiol 1984; 56: 122-128.
42. Bérubé D, Cartier A, L'Archevêque J, Ghezzo H, Malo JL. Comparison of peak expiratory flow rate and FEV1 in assessing bronchomotor tone after challenges with occupational sensitizers. Chest 1991; 99: 831-836.
43. Chan-Yeung M. Maximal expiratory flow and airway resistance during induced bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma due to western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata). Am Rev Respir Dis 1973; 108: 1103-1110.
44. Dehaut P, Rachiele A, Martin RR, Malo JL. Histamine dose-response curves in asthma: reproducibility and sensitivity of different indices to assess response. Thorax 1983; 38: 516-522.
45. Cockcroft DW, Ruffin RE, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. Allergen-induced increase in non-allergic bronchial reactivity. Clinical Allergy 1977; 7: 503-513.
46. Cartier A, Thomson NC, Frith PA, Roberts R, Hargreave FE. Allergen-induced increase in bronchial responsiveness to histamine: relationship to the late asthmatic response and change in airway caliber. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1982; 70: 170-177.
47. Cockcroft DW, Cotton DJ, Mink JT. Nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity after exposure to western red cedar. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 119: 505-510.
48. Mapp CE, Polato R, Maestrelli P, Hendrick DJ, Fabbri LM. Time course of the increase in airway responsiveness associated with late asthmatic reactions to toluene diisocyanate in sensitized subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 75: 568-572.
49. Durham SR, Graneek BJ, Hawkins R, Newman-Taylor AJ. The temporal relationship between increases in airway responsiveness to histamine and late asthmatic responses induced by occupational agents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 398-406.
50. Thorpe JE, Steinberg D, Bernstein IL, Murlas CG. Bronchial reactivity increases soon after the immediate response in dual-responding asthmatic subjects. Chest 1987; 91: 21-25.
51. Durham SR, Craddock CF, Cookson WO, Benson MK. Increases in airway responsiveness to histamine precede allergen-induced late asthmatic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1988; 82: 764-770.
52. 2 adrenergic agent. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 834-842.
53. Cartier A, L'Archevêque J, Malo JL. Exposure to a sensitizing occupationai agent can cause a long-lasting increase in bronchial responsiveness to histamine in the absence of significant changes in airway caliber. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 78: 1185-1189.
54. Hendrick DJ, Marshall R, Faux JA, Krall JM. Positive "alveolar" responses to antigen inhalation provocation tests: their validity and recognition. Thorax 1980; 35: 415-427.
55. Vandenplas O, Malo JL, Dugas M, et al. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like reaction among workers exposed to diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 338-346.
56. Lemière C, Gautrin D, Trudeau C, et al. Fever and leucocytosis accopmpanying asthmatic reactions due to occupational agents; frequency and associated factors. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 517-523.
57. Durham SR, Kay AB. Eosinophils, bronchial hyperreactivity and late-phase asthmatic reactions. Clin Allergy 1985; 15: 411-418.
58. Semenzato G, Bjermer L, Costabel U, Haslam PL, Olivieri D, Trentin L. Clinical role of bronchoalveolar lavage in extrinsic allergic alveolitis. Eur Respir Rev 1992; 8: 69-74.
59. Stenton SC, Avery AJ, Walters EH, Hendrick DJ. Statistical approaches to the identification of late asthmatic reactions. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 806-812.
60. Perrin B, Cartier A, Ghezzo H, et al. Reassessment of the temporal patterns of bronchial obstruction after exposure to occupational sensitizing agents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87: 630-639.
61. Cartier A, Malo JL, Dolovich J. Occupational asthma in nurses handling psyllium. Clin Allergy 1987; 17: 1-6.
62. Siracusa A, Curradi F, Abbritti G. Recurrent nocturnal asthma due to tolylene di-isocyanate: a case report. Clin Allergy 1978; 8: 195-201.
63. Newman-Taylor AJ, Davies RJ, Hendrick DJ, Pepys J. Recurrent nocturnal asthmatic reactions to bronchial provocation tests. Clin Allergy 1979; 9: 213-219.
64. Cockcroft DW, Hoeppner VH, Werner GD. Recurrent nocturnal asthma after bronchoprovocation with Western Red Cedar sawdust: association with acute increase in non-allergic bronchial responsiveness. Clin Allergy 1984; 14: 61-68.
65. Moller DR, Brooks SM, Bernstein DI, Cassedy K, Enrione M, Bernstein IL. Delayed anaphylactoid reaction in a worker exposed to chromium. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 77: 451-456.
66. Romano C, Sulotto F, Pavan I, Chiesa A, Scansetti G. A new case of occupational asthma from reactive dyes with severe anaphylactic response to the specific challenge. Am J Ind Med 1992; 21: 209-216.
67. Lagier F, Cartier A, Malo JL. Statistiques médicolégales sur l'asthme professionnel au Québec de 1986 à 1988. Medico-legal statistics on occupational asthma in Quebec between 1986 and 1988. Rev Mal Respir 1990; 7: 337-341.
68. Meredith SK, Taylor VM, McDonald JC. Occupational respiratory disease in the United Kingdom 1989: a report to the British Thoracic Society and the Society of Occupational Medicine by the SWORD project group. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 292-298.
69. Contreras GR, Rousseau R, Chan-Yeung M. Occupational respiratory diseases in British Columbia, Canada in 1991. Occup Environ Med 1994; 51: 710-712.
70. Meredith S, Nordman H. Occupational asthma: measures of frequency from four countries. Thorax 1996; 51: 435-440.
71. Paggiaro PL, Vagaggini B, Bacci E, et al. Prognosis of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 761-767.
72. Hendrick DJ. Management of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 961-968.
73. Venables KM, Davison AG, Newman-Taylor AJ. Consequences of occupational asthma. Respir Med 1989; 83: 437-440.
74. Gannon PFG, Weir DC, Robertson AS, Burge PS. Health, employment, and financial outcomes in workers with occupational asthma. Br J Ind Med 1993; 50: 491-496.
75. Marabini A, Ward H, Kwan S, Kennedy S, Wexler-Morrison N, Chan-Yeung M. Clinical and socioeconomical features of subjects with red cedar asthma. A follow up study. Chest 1993; 104: 821-824.
76. Dewitte JD, Chan-Yeung M, Malo JL. Medicolegal and compensation aspects of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 969-980.
77. Venables KM. Prevention of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 768-778.
78. Cartier A. Definition and diagnosis of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 153-160.
79. Malo JL, Ghezzo H, L'Archevêque J, Lagier F, Perrin B, Cartier A. Is the clinical history a satisfactory means of diagnosing occupational asthma? Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 528-532.
80. Cartier A, Grammer L, Malo JL, et al. Specific serum antibodies against isocyanates: association with occupational asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84: 507-514.
81. Burge PS. Non-specific bronchial hyper-reactivity in workers exposed to toluene di-isocyanate, diphenyl methane di-isocyanate and colophony. Eur J Respir Dis 1982; 63, Suppl 123: 91-96.
82. Osterman K, Johansson SGO, Zetterström O. Diagnostic tests in allergy to green coffee. Allergy 1985; 40: 336-343.
83. Bardy JD, Malo JL, Séguin P, et al. Occupational asthma and IgE sensitization in a pharmaceutical company processing psyllium. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 1033-1038.
84. Mergel R, Stollfuss J, Wiewrodt R, et al. Diagnostic tests in enzyme allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92: 264-277.
85. Bernstein DI. Smith AB, Moller DR, et al. Clinical and immunologic studies among egg-processing workers with occupational asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 791-797.
86. Smith AB, Bernstein DI, London MA, et al. Evaluation of occupational asthma from airborne egg protein exposure in multiple settings. Chest 1990; 98: 398-404.
87. Cartier A, Malo JL, Ghezzo H, McCants M, Lehrer SB. IgE sensitization in snow crab-processing workers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986; 78: 344-348.
88. Venables KM. Low molecular weight chemicals, hypersensitivity, and direct toxicity: the acid anhydrides. Br J Ind Med 1989; 46: 222-322.
89. Merget R, Schultze-Werninghaus G, Bode F, Bergmann EM, Zachgo W, Meier-Sydow J. Quantitative skin prick and bronchial provocation tests with platinum salts. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 830-837.
90. Shirakawa T, Kusaka Y, Fujimura N, Goto S, Morimoto K. The existence of specific antibodies to cobalt in hard metal asthma. Clin Allergy 1988; 18: 451-460.
91. Park HS, Lee MK, Kim BO, et al. Clinical and immunologic evaluations of reactive dye-exposed workers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87: 639-649.
92. Moscato G, Godnic-Cvar J, Maestrelli P, Malo JL, Burge PS, Coifman R. Statement on self-monitoring of peak expiratory flows in the investigation of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 1605-1610.
93. Côté J, Kennedy S, Chan-Yeung M. Sensitivity and specificity of PC20 and peak expiratory flow rate in cedar asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 592-598.
94. Beckett WS. The epidemiology of occupational asthma. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 161-164.
95. Zammit-Tabona M, Sherkin M. Kijek K, Chan H, Chan-Yeung M. Asthma caused by diphenylmethane diisocyanate in foundry workers. Clinical, bronchial provocation, and immunologic studies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 226-230.
96. Séguin P, Allard A, Cartier A, Malo JL. Prevalence of occupational asthma in spray painters exposed to several types of isocyanates, including polymethylene polyphenylisocyanates. J Occup Med 1987; 29: 340-344.
97. Bernstein DI, Korbee L, Stauder T, et al. The low prevalence of occupational asthma and antibody-dependent sensitization to diphenylmethane diiosocyanate in a plant engineered for minimal exposure to diisocyanates. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92: 387-396.
98. Wernfors M, Nielsen J, Schutz A, Skerfving S. Phthalic anhydride-induced occupational asthma. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1986; 79: 77-82.
99. Blainey AD, Ollier S, Cundell D, Smith RE, Davies RJ. Occupational asthma in a hairdressing salon. Thorax 1986; 41: 42-50.
100. Park HS, Lee MK, Kim BO, et al. Clinical and immunologic evaluations of reactive dye-exposed workers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87: 639-649.
101. Malo JL, Cartier A. Occupational asthma in workers of a pharmaceutical company processing spiramycin. Thorax 1988; 43: 371-377.
102. Malo JL, Cartier A, L'Archevêque J, Trudeau C, Courteau JP, Bhérer L Prevalence of occupational asthma among workers exposed to Eastern White Cedar. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 1697-1701.
103. Malo JL, Cartier A, L'Archevêque J, et al. Prevalence of occupational asthma and immunological sensitization to guar gum among employees at a carpet-manufacturing plant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 86: 562-569.
104. Malo JL, Carter A, L'Archevêque J, et al. Prevalence of occupational asthma and immunologic sensitization to psyllium among health personnel in chronic care hospitals. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1359-1366.
105. Tarlo SM, Wong L, Roos J, Booth N. Occupational asthma caused by latex in a surgical glove manufacturing plant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 626-631.
106. Vandenplas O, Delwiche JP, Evrard G, et al. Prevalence of occupational asthma due to latex among hospital personnel. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 54-60.
107. Desjardins A, Malo JL, L'Archevêque J, Cartier A, McCants M, Lehrer SB. Occupational IgE-mediated sensitization and asthmatic reactions to clam and shrimp. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995; 96: 608-617.
108. Newman-Taylor AJ. Asthma. In: McDonald J, ed. Epidemiology of Work Related Diseases. London, BMJ Publishing Group, 1995; pp. 117-142.
109. Chatham M, Bleecker ER, Norman P, Smith PL, Mason P. A screening test for airways reactivity. An abbreviated methacholine inhalation challenge. Chest 1982; 82: 15-18
110. Yan K, Salome C, Woolcock AJ. Rapid method for measurement of bronchial responsiveness. Thorax 1983; 38: 760-765.
111. Hendrick DJ, Fabbri LM, Hughes JM, et al. Modification of the methacholine inhalation test and its epidemiologic use in polyurethane workers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 600-604.
112. Burge PS. Single and serial measurements of lung function in the diagnosis of occupational asthma. Eur J Respir Dis 1982; 63 (Suppl. 123): 47-59.
113. Venables KM, Burge PS, Davison AG, Newman-Taylor AJ. Peak flow rate records in surveys: reproducibility of observers' reports. Thorax 1984; 39: 828-832.
114. Gordon S, Tee RD, Lowson D, Wallace J, Newman-Tayior AJ. Reduction of airborne allergenic urinary proteins from laboratory rats. Br J Ind Med 1992; 49: 416-422.
115. Tarlo SM, Sussman G, Contala A, Swanson MC. Control of airborne latex by use of powder-free latex gloves. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1994; 93: 985-989.
116. Machado L, Olsson G, Stalenheim S, Zetterström O. Dust exposure challenge test as a measure of potential allergenicity and occupational disease risk in handling of ispaghula products. Allergy 1983; 38: 141-144.
117. Vandenplas O, Delwiche JP, Depelchin S, Sibille Y, Vande Weyer R, Delaunois L. Latex gloves with a lower protein content reduce bronchial reactions in subjects with occupational asthma due to latex. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 887-891.
118. Slovak AJM, Orr RG, Teasdale EL. Efficacy of the helmet respirator in occupational asthma due to laboratory animal allergy (LAA). Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1985; 46: 411-415.
119. Kongerud J, Rambjør Ø. The influence of the helmet respirator on peak flow rate in aluminum potroom. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 1991; 52: 243-248.
120. Boulet LP, Roberts RS, Dolovich J, Hargreave FE. Prediction of late asthmatic responses to inhaled allergen. Clin Allergy 1984; 14: 379-385.
121. McIntyre D, Boyd G. Factors influencing the occurrence of late reactions to allergen challenge in atopic asthmatics. Clin Allergy 1984; 14: 311-317.
122. Ihre E, Axelsson IGK, Zetterström O. Late asthmatic reactions and bronchial variability after challenge with low doses of allergen. Clin Allergy 1988; 18: 557-567.
123. Lai CKW, Twentyman OP, Holgate ST. The effect of an increase in inhaled allergen dose after rimiterol hydrobromide on the occurrence and magnitude of the late asthmatic response and the associated change in nonspecific bronchial responsiveness. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 917-923.
124. Machado L, Stalenheim G. Factors influencing the occurrence of late bronchial reactions after allergen challenge. Allergy 1990; 45: 268-274.
125. Frolund L, Masen B, Scharling B, Heinig JH, Gerner-Svendsen U. Bronchial allergen challenge: dose versus concentration. Clin Exp Allergy 1992; 22: 219-225.
126. Mohiuddin AA, Martin RJ. Circadian basis of the late asthmatic response. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 1153-1157.
127. Paggiaro PL, Innocenti A, Bacci E, Rossi O, Talini D. Specific bronchial reactivity to toluene diisocyanate: relationship with baseline clinical findings. Thorax 1986; 41: 279-282.
128. Lam S, Tan F, Chan G, Chan-Yeung M. Relationship between types of asthmatic reaction, nonspecific bronchial reactivity, and specific IgE antibodies in patients with red cedar asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983; 72: 134-139.
129. Durham SR, Graneek BJ, Hawkins R, Newman-Taylor AJ. The temporal relationship between increases in airway responsiveness to histamine and late asthmatic responses induced by occupational agents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 398-406.
130. Stenton SC, Dennis JH, Hendrick DJ. Occupational asthma due to ceftazidime. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 1421-1423.
131. Machado L, Stalenheim G, Malmberg P. Early and late allergic bronchial reactions: physiological characteristics. Clin Allergy 1986; 16: 111-117.
132. Lemière C, Cartier A, Dolovich J, Malo JL. Isolated late asthmatic reaction after exposure to a high-molecular-weight occupational agent, subtilisin. Chest 1996; 110: 823-824.
133. Ihre E, Zetterström O. Increase in non-specific bronchial responsiveness after repeated inhalation of low doses of allergen. Clin Exp Allergy 1993; 23: 298-305.
134. Smith DL, Deshazo RD. Bronchoalveolar lavage in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 523-532.
135. Fabbri LM, Boschetto P, Zocca E, et al. Bronchoalveolar neutrophilia during late asthmatic reactions induced by toluene diisocyanate. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 36-42.
136. Boschetto P, Fabbri LM, Zocca E, et al. Prednisone inhibits late asthmatic reactions and airway inflammation induced by toluene diisocyanate in sensitized subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 261-267.
137. Lam S, LeRiche J, Phillips D, Chan-Yeung M. Cellular and protein changes in bronchial lavage fluid after late asthmatic reaction in patients with red cedar asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80: 44-50.
138. Chan-Yeung M, Chan H, Salari H, Lam S. Histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins release in bronchial fluid during plicatic acid-induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 84: 762-768.
139. Sastre J, Banks DE, Lopez M, Barkman HW, Salvaggio JE. Neutrophil chemotactic activity in toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 567-572.
140. 4 and late asthmatic reactions induced by toluene diisocyanate. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 1576-1580.
141. Manning PJ, Rokach J, Malo JL. et al. Urinary leukotriene E4 levels during early and late asthmatic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 86: 211-220.
142. Siracusa A, Vecchiarelli A, Brugnani G, Mirabini A, Felicioni D, Severini C. Changes in interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor production by peripheral blood monocytes after specific bronchoprovocation test in occupational asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 408-412.
143. Mapp CE, Plebani M, Faggiani D, et al. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), histamine and tryptase in peripheral blood before and during inhalation challenge with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) in sensitized subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 1994; 24: 730-736.
144. Fabbri LM, Chiesura-Corona P, Dal Vecchio L, et al. Prednisone inhibits late asthmatic reactions and the associated increase in airway responsiveness induced by toluene-diisocyanate in sensitized subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 1010-1014.
145. Martin GL, Atkins PC, Dunsky EH, Zweiman B. Effects of theophylline, terbutaline, and prednisone on antigen-induced bronchospasm and mediator release. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1980; 66: 204-212.
146. Hegardt B, Pauwels R, Van Der Straeten M. Inhibitory effect of KWD 2 1 3 1, terbutaline and DSCG on the immediate and late allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. Allergy 1981; 36: 115-122.
147. Howarth PH, Durham SR, Lee TH, Kay AB, Church MK, Holgate ST. Influence of albuterol, cromolyn sodium and ipratropium bromide on the airway and circulating mediator responses to allergen bronchial provocation in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 986-992.
148. Cockcroft DW, Murdock KY. Comparative effects of inhaled salbutamol, sodium cromoglycate, and beclomethasone dipropionate on allergen-induced early asthmatic responses, late asthmatic responses, and increased bronchial responsiveness to histamine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 734-740.
149. 4 excretion. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89: 575-583.
150. Twentyman OP, Finnerly JP, Holgate ST. The inhibitory effect of nebulized albuterol on the early and late asthmatic reactions and increase in airway responsiveness provoked by inhaled allergen in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 782-787.
151. Van Bever HP, Desager KN, Stevens WJ. The effect of inhaled fenoterol, administered during the late asthmatic reaction to house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus). Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 700-703.
152. Twentyman OP, Finnerty JP, Harris A, Palmer J, Holgate ST. Protection against allergen-induced asthma by salmeterol. Lancet 1990; 336: 1338-1342.
153. Burge PS, Efthimiou J, Turner-Warwick M, Nelmes PTJ. Double-blind trials of inhaled beclomethasone diproprionate and fluocortin butyl ester in allergen-induced immediate and late asthmatic reactions. Clin Allergy 1982; 12: 523-531.
154. Cockcroft DW, McParland CP, O'Byrne PM, et al. Beclomethasone given after the early asthmatic response inhibits the late response and the increased methacholine responsiveness and cromolyn does not. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91: 1163-1168.
155. Paggiaro PL, Dente FL, Morelli MC, et al. Postallergen inhaled budesonide reduces late asthmatic response and inhibits the associated increase of airway responsiveness to methacholine in asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1447-1451.
156. 4 excretion. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 1472-1476.
157. Pepys J, Hargreave FE, Chan M, McCarthy DS. Inhibitory effect of disodium cromoglycate (Intal) on allergen inhalation tests. Lancet 1968; 2: 134-137.
158. Phillips MJ, Ollier S, Gould C, Davies RJ. Effect of antihistamines and antiallergic drugs on responses to allergen and histamine provocation tests in asthma. Thorax 1984; 39: 345-351.
159. Mattoli S, Foresi A, Corbo GM, Polidori G, Ciappi G. Protective effect of disodium cromoglycate on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction and increased hyperresponsiveness: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Ann Allergy 1986; 57: 295-300.
160. Mattoli S, Foresi A, Corbo GM, Valente S, Ciappi G. Effects of two doses of cromolyn on allergen-induced late asthmatic response and increased responsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 747-754.
161. Youngchaiyud P, Lee TB. Effect of nedocromil sodium on the immediate response to antigen challenge in asthmatic patients. Clin Allergy 1986; 16: 129-134.
162. Crimi E, Brusasco V, Crimi P. Effect of nedocromil sodium on the late asthmatic reaction to bronchial antigen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989; 83: 985-990.
163. Aalbers R, Kauffman HF, Groen H, Koëter GH, De Monchy JGR. The effect of nedocromil sodium on the early and late reaction and allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87: 993-1001.
164. Pelikan Z, Knottnerus I. Inhibition of the late asthmatic response by nedocromil sodium administered more than two hours after allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92: 19-28.
165. Pauwels R, van Renterghem D, van der Straeten M, Johannesson N, Persson CGA. The effect of theophylline and enprofylline on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 76: 583-590.
166. Town GI, Holgate ST. Comparison of the effect of loratadine on the airway and skin responses to histamine, methacholine, and allergen in subjects with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 86: 886-893.
167. Hamid M, Rafferty P, Holgate ST. The inhibitory effect of terfenadine and flurbiprofen on early and late-phase bronchoconstriction following allergen challenge in atopic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1990; 20: 261-267.
168. Twentyman OP, Ollier S, Holgate ST. The effect of H1-receptor blockade on the development of early- and latephase bronchoconstriction and increased bronchial responsiveness in allergen-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 91: 1169-1178.
169. Mapp C, Boschetto P, Dal Vecchio L, et al. Protective effect of antiasthma drugs on late asthmatic reactions and increased airway responsiveness induced by toluene diisocyanate in sensitized subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1403-1407.
170. De Marzo N, Fabbri LM, Crescioli S, M Plebani, R Testi, CE Mapp. Dose-dependent inhibitory effect of inhaled beclomethasone on late asthmatic reactions and increased airway responsiveness to methacholine induced by toluene diisocyanate in sensitized subjects. Pulm Pharmacol 1988; 1: 15-20.
171. Tossin L, Chiesura-Corona P, Leproux GB, et al. Dexamethasone isonicotinate inhibits dual and late asthmatic reactions but not the increase of airway responsiveness induced by toluene diisocyanate in sensitized subjects. Ann Allergy 1989; 63: 292-296.
172. Tossin L, Chiesura-Corona P, Fabbri LM, et al. Ketotifen does not inhibit asthmatic reactions induced by toluene di-isocyanate in sensitized subjects. Clin Allergy 1989; 19: 177-182.
173. Paggiaro P, Bacci E, Talini D, et al. Atropine does not inhibit late asthmatic responses induced by toluene-diisocyanate in sensitized subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 1237-1241.
174. Djukanovic R, Walls AF, Wilson JW, et al. Effect of an inhaled corticosteroid on airway inflammation and symptoms in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 669-674.