Thioredoxins: Structure and function in plant cells

New Phytologist

Volumn 136, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 543-570

  Jacquot, Jean Pierre ^a   Lancelin, Jean Marc ^b   Meyer, Yves ^c  

^a INSTITUTE OF PLANT SCIENCES PARIS SACLAY IPS2   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE PERPIGNAN   (France)

Author keywords

Calvin cycle; Chloroplast; Ferredoxin; Redox regulation; Thioredoxin

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031444519     PISSN: 0028646X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00784.x     Document Type: Review

References (232)

1. Aalen RB, Opsahl-Ferstad HG, Linnestad C, Olsen OA. 1994. Transcripts encoding an oleosin and a dormancy-related protein are present in both the aleurone layer and the embryo of developing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds The Plant Journal 5: 385-396.
2. 4 plant Zea mays. Plant Physiology 98: 1506-1510.
3. Alam J, Curtis S, Gleason FK, Gerami-Nejad M, Fuchs JA. 1989. Isolation, sequence, and expression in Escherichia coli of an unusual thioredoxin gene from cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Journal of Bacteriology 171: 162-171.
4. Anderson LE, Huppe HC, Li AD, Stevens FJ. 1996. Identification of a potential redox sensitive interdomain disulfide in the sedoheptulose bisphosphatase of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The Plant Journal 10: 553-560.
5. Aslund F, Ehn B, Miranda-Vizuete A, Pueyo C, Holmgren A. 1994. Two additional glutaredoxins exist in Escherichia coli: glutaredoxin 3 is a hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase in a thioredoxin/glutaredoxin 1 double mutant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 9813-9817.
6. Baalmann E, Backhausen JE, Rak C, Vetter S Scheibe R. 1995. Reductive modification and nonreductive activation of purified spinach chloroplast NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 324: 201-208.
7. Babiychuk E, Kushnir S, Van Montagu M, Inze D. 1994. The Arabidopsis thaliana apurinic endonuclease Arp reduces human transcription factors Fos and Jun. Proceedings of the Natlional Academy of Sciences USA 91: 3299-3303.
8. Baier M, Dietz KJ. 1996 a. Primary structure and expression of plant homologues of animal and fungal thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductases and bacterial alkyl hydroperoxide reductases.Plant Molecular Biology, 31: 553-564.
9. Baier M, Dietz KJ. 1996b. 2-Cys Peroxiredoxin bas1 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology 111: 651.
10. Besse I, Buchanan BB. 1997. Thioredoxin-linked plant and animal processes: the new generation. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, in press.
11. Besse I, Wong JH, Kobrehel K, Buchanan BB. 1996. Thiocalsin: a thioredoxin-linked substrate-specific protease dependent on calcium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93: 3169-3175.
12. Bjornstedt M, Kumar S, Holmgren A. 1995. Selenite and selenodiglutathione: reactions with thioredoxin systems. Methods in Enzymology 252: 209-219.
13. Bodenstein-Lang J, Buch A, Follmann H. 1989. Animal and plant mitochondria contain specific thioredoxins. FEBS Letters 258: 22-26.
14. Boniface JJ, Reichert LE Jr. 1990. Evidence for a novel thioredoxin-like catalytic property of gonadotropic hormones. Science 247: 61-64.
15. Bower MS, Matias DM, Fernandes-Carvalho E, Mazzurco M, Gu T, Rothstein SJ, Goring DR. 1996. Two members of the thioredoxin-h family interact with the kinase domain of a Brassica S-locus receptor kinase. Plant Cell 8: 1641-1650.
16. Brandes HK, Larimer FW, Hartman FC. 1996. The molecular pathway for the regulation of phosphoribulokinase by thioredoxin f. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271: 3333-3335.
17. Brinkmann H, Cerff, Salomon M, Soll J. 1989. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA's encoding the cytosolic precursors of subunits GapA and GapB of chloroplast-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from pea and spinach. Plant Molecular Biology 13: 81-94.
18. Brugidou C, Marty I, Chartier Y, Meyer Y. 1993. The Nicotiana tabacum genome encodes two cytoplasmic thioredoxin genes which are differently expressed. Molecular and General Genetics 238: 285-293.
19. Buchanan BB. 1980. Role of light in the regulation of chloroplast enzymes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 31: 341-374.
20. 2 assimilation in oxygenic photosynthesis : the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system. Perspective on its discovery, present status and future developments. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 33: 147-162.
21. 2 assimilation in oxygenic photosynthesis: the ferredoxin/ thioredoxin system. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 288: 1-9.
22. Buchanan BB, Schürmann P, Decottignies P, Lozano RM. 1994b. Thioredoxin: a multifunctional regulatory protein with a bright future in technology and medicine. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 314: 257-260.
23. Buchanan BB, Schürmann P, Jacquot JP. 1994a. Thioredoxin and metabolic regulation. Seminars in Cell Biology 5: 285-293.
24. Buchanan BB, Wolosiuk RA, Crawford NA and Yeee BC. 1978. Evidence for three thioredoxins in leaves. Plant Physiology 61, 38S.
25. Bult CJ, White O, Olsen GJ, Zhou L, Fleischmann RD, Sutton GG, Blake JA, FitzGerald LM, Clayton RA, Gocayne JD, Kerlavage AR, Dougherty BA, Tomb J-F, Adams MD, Reich CI, Overbeek R, Kirkness EF, Weinstock KG, Merrick JM, Glodek A, Scott JL, Geoghagen NSM, Weidman JF, Fuhrmann JL, Presley EA, Nguyen D, Utterback TR, Kelley JM, Peterson JD, Sadow PW, Hanna MC, Cotton MD, Hurst MA, Roberts KM, Kaine BP, Borodovsky M, Klenk H-P, Fraser CM, Smith HO, Woese CR and Venter JC. 1996. Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii. Science 273: 1058-1073.
26. Bunik V, Shoubnikova A, Loeffelhardt S, Bisswanger H, Borbe HO, Follmann H. 1995. Using lipoate enantiomers and thioredoxin to study the mechanism of the 2-oxoaciddependent dihydrohpoate production by the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes. FEBS Letters 371: 167-170.
27. Carrasco JL, Chueca A, Prado FE, Hermoso R, Lazaro JJ, Ramos JL, Sahrawy M, Lopez Gorge J. 1994. Cloning, structure and expression of a pea cDNA clone coding for a photosynthetic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase with some different features from those of the leaf chloroplast enzyme. Planta 193: 494-501.
28. Cha MK, Kim HK, Kim IH. 1995. Thioredoxin-linked 'thiol peroxidase' from periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270: 28635-28641.
29. Chae HZ, Chung SJ, Rhee SG. 1994a. Thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase from yeast. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269: 27670-27678
30. Chae HZ, Uhm TB, Rhee SG. 1994b. Dimerization of thiolspecific antioxidant and the essential role of cysteine 47. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 91:7022-7026.
31. Chardot T, Queiroz-Claret C, Meunier JC. 1991. Non reductive activation of spinach chloroplastic fructose-1,6bisphosphatase : evidence for structural modification of the enzyme. Biochimie 73: 1205-1209.
32. Chivers PT, Laboissiere MC, Raines RT. 1996. The CXXC motif : imperatives for the formation of native disulnde bonds in the cell. EMBO Journal 15: 2659-2667.
33. Chow LP, Iwadate H, Yano K, Kamo M, Tsugita A, Gardet-Salvi L, Stritt-Etter AL, Schurmann P. 1995. Amino acid sequence of spinach ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase catalytic subunit and identification of thiol groups constituting a redoxactive disulfide and a [4Fe-4S] cluster. European Journal of Biochemistry 231: 149-156.
34. Cohen G, Argaman A, Schreiber R, Mislovati M, Aharonowitz Y. 1994. The thioredoxin svstem of Penicíllium chrysogenum and its possible role in penicillin biosynthesis. Journal of Bacteriology 176: 973-984.
35. Cohen G, Yanko M, Mislovati M, Argaman A, Schreiber R, Av-Gay Y, Aharonowitz Y. 1993. Thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system of Streptomyces clavuligerus: sequences, expression, and organization of the genes. Journal of Bacteriology 175: 5159-5167.
36. Collier JL and Grossman AR. 1995. Disruption of a gene encoding a novel thioredoxin-like protein alters the cyanobacterial photosynthetic apparatus. Journal of Bacteriology 177: 3269-3276.
37. Cooke R, Raynal M, Laudie M, Grellet F, Delseny M, Morris P-C, Guerrier D, Giraudat J, Quigley F, Clabault G, Li Y-F, Mache R, Krivitzky M, Jean-Jacques Gy I, Kreis M, Lecharny, A, Parmentier Y, Marbach J, Fleck J, Clément B, Philipps G, Hervé C, Bardet C, Tremousaygue D, Lescure B, Lacomme C, Roby D, Jourjon M-F, Chabrier P, Charpenteau J-L, Desprez T, Amselem J, Chiapello H and Höfte, H. 1996. Further progress towards a catalogue of all arabidopsis genes: analysis of a set of 5000 non-redundant ESTs. The Plant Journal 9: 101-124.
38. Cossar JD, Darling AJ, Ip SM, Rowell P, Stewart WDP. 1994. Irnmunocytochemical localization of thioredoxins in cyano-bacteria Anabaena cylindrica and Anabaena variabilis. General Microbiology 131: 3029-3035.
39. Crawford NA, Sutton CW, Yee BC, Johnson TC, Carlson DC, Buchanan BB. 1984. Contrasting modes of photosynthetic enzyme regulation in oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis. Archives of Microbiology 139: 124-129.
40. Crétin C, Luchetta P, Joly C, Decottignies P, Lepiniec L, Gadal P, Sallantin M, Huet JC, Pernollet JC. 1990. Primary structure of sorghum malate dehydrogenase (NADP) deduced from cDNA sequence. Homology with malate dehydrogenase (NAD). European Journal of Biochemistry 192: 299-303.
41. Dai S, Saarinen M, Ramaswamy S, Meyer Y, Jacquot JP, Eklund H. 1996. Crystal structure of Arabidopsis thaliana NADPH dependent thioredoxin reductase at 2-5 A resolution. Journal of Molecular Biology 264: 1044-1057.
42. Danon A, Mayfield SP. 1994, Light-regulated translation of chloroplast messenger RNAs through redox potential. Science 266: 1717-1719.
43. Darby NJ, Creighton TE. 1995 a. Functional properties of the individual thioredoxin-like domains of protein disulfide isomerase. Biochemistry 34: 11725-11735.
44. Darby NJ, Creighton TE. 19956. Characterization of the active site cysteine residues of the thioredoxin-like domains of protein disulfide isomerase. Biochemistry 34: 16770-16780.
45. Decottignies P, Schmitter JM, Dutka S, Jacquot JP, Miginiac-Maslow M. 1991. Characterization and primary structure of a second thioredoxin from the green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. European Journal of Biochemistry 198: 505-512.
46. Decottignies P, Schmitter JM, Jacquot JP, Dutka S, Picaud A, Gadal P. 1990. Purification, characterization and complete amino acid sequence of a thioredoxin from a green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 280: 112-121.
47. Decottignies P, Schmitter JM, Miginiac-Maslow M, Le Maréchal P, Jacquot JP, Gadal P. 1988. Primary structure of the light-dependent regulatory site of corn NADP-malate dehydrogenase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263: 11780-11785.
48. de Lamotte-Guery F, Miginiac-Maslow M, Decottignies P, Stein M,Minard P, Jacquot JP. 1991, Mutation of a negatively charged amino acid in thioredoxin modifies its reactivity with chloroplastic enzymes. European Journal of Biochemistry 196: 287-294.
49. De Pascalis AR, Schürmann P, Bosshard HR. 1994. Comparison of the binding sites of plant ferredoxin for two ferredoxin-dependent enzymes. FEBS Letters 337: 217-220.
50. 4 and cyanobacterial species. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 252: 426-439.
51. Droux M, Miginiac-Maslow M, Jacquot JP, Gadal P, Crawford NA, Kosower NS, Buchanan BB. 1987b. Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase: a catalytically active dithiol group links photoreduced ferredoxin to thioredoxin functional in photosynthetic enzyme regulation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 256: 372-380.
52. Eklund H, Cambillau C, Sjöberg BM, Holmgren A, Jörnvall H, Hoög JO, Bränden CI. 1984. Conformational and functional similarities between glutaredoxin and thioredoxins. EMBO Journal 3: 1443-1449.
53. Eklund H, Gleason F, Holmgren A. 1991. Structural and functional relations among thioredoxins of different species. Proteins 11: 13-28.
54. Falkenstein E, von Schaewen A, Scheibe R. 1994. Full-length cDNA sequences for both ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase subunits from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1185: 252-254.
55. Fickensher K, Scheibe R, Marcus F. 1987, Amino-acid sequence similarity between malate dehydrogenases (NAD), and pea chloroplast malate dehydrogenase (NADP). European Journal of Biochemistry 168: 653-658.
56. Florencio FJ, Gadal P, Buchanan BB. 1993. Thioredoxin-linked activation of the chloroplast and cytosolic forms of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii glutamine synthetase. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 31: 649-655.
57. Florencio FJ, Yee BC, Johnson TC, Buchanan BB. 1988. An NADP/thioredoxin system in leaves: purification and characterization of NADP-thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin h from spinach. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 266: 496-507.
58. Galmiche JM, Girault G, Berger G, Jacquot JP, Miginiac-Maslow M, Wollman E. 1990. Induction by different thioredoxins of ATPase activity in coupling factor 1 from spinach chloroplasts. Biochimie 72: 25-32.
59. Gane PJ, Freedman RB, Warwicker A. 1995. A molecular model for the redox potential difference between thioredoxin and DsbA, based on electrostatics calculations. Journal of Molecular Biology 249: 376-387.
60. Gasdaska PY, Gasdaska JR, Cochran S, Powis G. 1995. Cloning and sequencing of a human thioredoxin reductase. FEBS Letters 373: 5-9.
61. Geek RK, Larimer FW, Hartman FC. 1996. Identification of residues of spinach thioredoxin f that influence interactions with target enzymes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 271: 24736-24740.
62. Genovesio-Taverne JC, Jetzer Y, Sauder U, Hohenester E, Hughet C, Jansonius JN. 1991. Crystallization and preliminary diffraction studies of spinach chloroplast thioredoxin f. Journal of Molecular Biology 222: 459-461.
63. Gerbling KP, Steup M, Latzko E. 1985. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from Synechococcus leopoliensis. Substrate-dependent dimer - tetramer interconversion. European Journal of Biochemistry 147: 207-215.
64. Gibson JL, Chen JH, Tower PA, Tabita FR. 1990. The form II fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and phosphoribulokinase genes form part of a large operon in Rhodobacter sphaeroides : primary structure and insertional mutagenesis analysis. Biochemistry 29 : 8085-8093.
65. Glazer AN, Gindt YM, Chan CF, Sauer K. 1994. Selective disruption of energy flow from phycobilisomes to photosystem I. Photosynthesis Research 40: 167-173.
66. Gleason FK. 1992. Activities of two dissimilar thioredoxins from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, Journal of Bacteriology 174: 2592-2598.
67. Gleason FK. 1996. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp PCC 7120: purification and kinetics of redox modulation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 334: 277-283.
68. Gleason FK, Holmgren A. 1988. Thioredoxin and related proteins in prokaryotes. FEMS Microbiological Reviews 4: 271-97.
69. Goldmark PJ, Curry J, Morris CF, Walker-Simmons MK. 1992. Cloning and expression of an embryo-specific mRNA upregulated in hydrated dormant seeds. Plant Molecular Biology 19: 433-441.
70. Gonzales-Porque P, Baldesten A, Reichard P. 1970. The involvement of the thioredoxin system in the reduction of methionine sulfoxide and sulfate. Journal of Biological Chemistry 245: 2371-2374.
71. Graeve K, von Schaewen A, Scheibe R. 1994. Purification, characterization and cDNA sequence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Plant Journal 5: 353-361.
72. Grauschopf U, Winther JR, Korber P, Zander T, Dallinger P, Bar dwell JC. 1995. Why is DsbA such an oxidizing disulfide catalyst? Cell 83: 947-955.
73. Guttierez-Marcos JF, Roberts MA, Campbell EI, Wray JL. 1996. Three members of a novel small gene family from Arabidopsis thaliana able to complement functionally an Escherichia coli mutant defective in PAPS reductase activity also encode a thioredoxin-like domain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93: 13377-13382.
74. Hahn D, Kueck U. 1994. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding the chloroplast sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiology 104 : 1101-1102.
75. Hartman H, Wu M, Buchanan BB, Gerhart JC. 1993. Spinach thioredoxin m inhibits DNA synthesis in fertilized Xenopus eggs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90 : 2271-2275.
76. Hartman H, Syvanen M, Buchanan BB. 1990. Contrasting evolutionary histories of chloroplast thioredoxins f and m. Molecular Biology and Evolution 7: 247-254.
77. 4 leaf nicotinamide. adenine dinucleotide phosphate-malate dehydrogenase. Plant Physiology 100: 360-366.
78. Hermoso R, Castillo M, Chueca A, Lazaro JJ, Sahrawy M, Lopez-Gorge J. 1996. Binding site on pea chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase involved in the interaction with thioredoxin. Plant Molecular Biology 30: 455-465.
79. Hertig C, Wolosiuk RA. 1983. Studies on the hysteretic properties of chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 258: 984-989.
80. Hiroi T, Watabe S, Takimoto K, Yago N, Yamamoto Y, Takahashi SY. 1996. The cDNA sequence encoding bovine SP-22, a new defence system against reactive oxygen species in mitochondria. DNA Sequence 6: 239-242.
81. Höfte H, Desprez T, Amselem J, Chiapello H, Caboche M Moisan A, Jourjon M-F, Charpenteau J-L, Berthomieu P, Guerrier D, Giraudat J, Quigley, F, Thomas F, Yu DV, Mache R, Raynal M, Cooke R, Grellet F, Delseny M, Parmentier Y, De Marcillac G, Gigot C, Fleck J, Philipps G, Axelos M, Bardet C, Tremousaygue D and Lescure B. 1993. An inventory of 1152 expressed sequence tags obtained by partial sequencing of cDNA from Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal 4: 1051-1061.
82. Holmgren A. 1985. Thioredoxin. Annual Review of Biochemistry 54: 237-271.
83. Holmgren A. 1989. Thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 13963-13966.
84. Holmgren A. 1979. Reduction of disulfides by thioredoxin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 254: 9113-9119.
85. Holmgren A. 1968. Thioredoxin. 6. The amino acid sequence of the protein from Escherichia coli B. European Journal of Biochemistry 6: 475-484.
86. Holmgren A, Buchanan BB, Wolosiuk RA. 1977. Photosynthetic regulatory protein from rabbit liver is identical with thioredoxin. FEBS Letters 82: 351-354.
87. Huppe HC, de Lamotte-Guéry F, Jacquot JP, Buchanan BB. 1990. The ferredoxin-thioredoxin system of a green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Identification and characterization of thioredoxins and ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase components. Planta 180: 341-351.
88. Huppe H, Picaud A, Buchanan BB, Miginiac-Maslow M. 1991. Identification of an NADP/ thioredoxin system in Chlamvdomonas reinhardtii. Planta 186: 115-121.
89. Hur Y, Unger EA, Vasconcelos AC. 1992. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from spinach. Plant Molecular Biology 18: 799-802.
90. Hutchison RS, Ort DR. 1995. Measurement of the equilibrium, midpoint potentials of thiol/disulfide regulatory groups on thioredoxin-activated chloroplast enzymes. In: Packer L, ed. Methods in Enzymology 252. New York : Academic Press, 220-228.
91. 2-fixing cyano-bacterium Anabaena cylindrica. European Journal of Biochemistry 141: 497-504.
92. Ishiwatari Y, Honda C, Kawashima I, Nakamura S, Hirano H, Mori S, Fujiwara T, Hayashi H, Chino M. 1995. Thioredoxin h is one of the major proteins in rice phloem sap. Planta 195: 456-463.
93. Issakidis E, Decottignies P, Miginiac-Maslow M. 1993. A thioredoxin-independent fully active NADP-malate dehydrogenase obtained by site-directed mutagenesis. FEBS Letters 321: 55-58.
94. Issakidis E, Lemaire M, Decottignies P, Jacquot JP, Miginiac-Maslow M. 1996. Direct evidence for the different roles of the N- and C-terminal regulatory disulfides of sorghum leaf NADP-malate dehydrogenase in its activation by reduced thioredoxin. FEBS Letters 392: 121-124.
95. Issakidis E, Miginiac-Maslow M, Decottignies P, Jacquot JP, Crétin C, Gadal P. 1992. Site-directed mutagenesis reveals the involvement of an additional thioredoxin-dependent regulatory site in the activation of recombinant sorghum leaf NADP-malate dehydrogenase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 26: 21577-21583.
96. Issakidis E, Saarinen M, Decottignies P, Jacquot JP, Crétin C, Gadal P, Miginiac-Maslow M. 1994. Identification and characterization of the second regulatory disulfide bridge of recombinant sorghum leaf NADP-malate dehydrogenase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269: 3511-3517.
97. Iwadate H, Yano K, Karno M, Gardet-Salvi L, Schürmann P, Tsugita A. 1994. Amino acid sequence of spinach ferredoxin: thioredoxin reductase variable subunit, European Journal of Biochemistry 223; 465-471.
98. Iwata S, Matsuda M, Sugie K, Maeda Y, Kawabe T, Nakamura H, Masutani H, Hori T, Yodoi J. 1995. Signal transduction via Fc receptors: involvement of tyrosine kinase and redox regulation by ADF. Advances in Experimental Medical Biology 371A: 659-662.
99. Jacquot JP. 1984. Post-translational modification of proteins in higher plant chloroplasts : enzyme regulation by thiol-disulfide interchange. Physiologie Végétale 22: 487-507.
100. Jacquot JP, Lopez-Jaramillo J, Chueca A, Cherfils J, Lemaire S, Chedozeau B, Miginiac-Maslow M, Decottignies P, Wolosiuk RA, Lopez-Gorge J. 1995, High-level expression of recombinant pea chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and mutagenesis of its regulatory site. European Journal of Biochemistry 229: 675-681.
101. Jacquot JP, Lopez-Jaramillo J, Miginiac-Maslow M, Lemaire S, Cherfils J, Chueca A, Lopez-Gorge J. 1997b. Cysteine 153 is required for redox regulation of pea chloroplast fructose-l,6-bisphosphatase. FEBS Letters 401: 143-147.
102. Jacquot JP, Rivera-Madrid R, Marinho P, Kollarova M, Le Marechal P, Miginiac-Maslow M, Meyer Y. 1994. Arabidopsis thaliana NAPH thioredoxin reductase. cDNA characterization and expression of the recombinant protein in Escherichia coli. Journal of Molecular Biology 235: 1357-1863.
103. Jacquot JP, Stein M, Suzuki A, Liottet S, Sandoz G, Miginiac-Maslow M. 1997a. Residue Glu 91 of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is essential for electron transfer to ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase. FEBS Letters, 400: 293-296.
104. Jacquot JP, Vidai J, Gadal P. 1976. Identification of a protein factor involved in dithiothreitol activation of NADP malate dehydrogenase from French bean leaves. FEBS Letters 71 : 223-227.
105. Jacquot JP, Vidai J, Gadal P, Schürmann P. 1978. Evidence for the existence of several enzyme-specific thioredoxins in plants. FEBS Letters 96: 243-246.
106. Jeng MF, Campbell AP, Begley T, Holmgren A, Case DA, Wright PE, Dyson HJ. 1994. High-resolution solution structures of oxidized and reduced Escherichia coli thioredoxin. Structure 2: 853-868.
107. Ji G, Garber EA, Armes LG, Chen CM, Fuchs JA, Silver S. 1994. Arsenale reductase of Staphylococcus aureus plasmid PI258. Biochemistry 33: 7294-7299.
108. Jiao J, Yee BC, Kobrehel K, Buchanan BB. 1992. Effect of thioredoxin-Iinked reduction on the activity and stability of the Kunitz and Bowman-B irk soybean trypsin inhibitor proteins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40: 2333-2336.
109. Jiao J, Yee BC, Wong JH, Kobrehel K, Buchanan BB. 1993. Thioredoxin-Iinked changes in regulatory properties of barley a-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor protein. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 31: 799-804.
110. 4 dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis. Biochemical Journal 119: 273-280.
111. Johnson RS, Bieman K. 1987. The primary structure of thioredoxin from Chromatium vinosum determined by high performance tandem mass spectrometry. Biochemistry 26: 1209-1214.
112. Johnson TC, Cao RQ, Rung JE, Buchanan BB. 1987 a. Thioredoxin and NADP-thioredoxin reductase from cultured carrot cells. Planta 171: 321-331.
113. Johnson TC, Crawford NA, Buchanan BB. 1984. Thioredoxin system of the photosynthetic anaerobe Chromatium vinosum. Journal of Bacteriology 158: 1061-1069.
114. Johnson TC, Wada K, Buchanan BB, Holmgren A. 1987b. purothionin: reduction by the wheat seed thioredoxin system and potential function as a secondary thiol messenger in redox control. Plant Physiology 85: 446-451.
115. Johnson TC, Yee BC, Carlson DE, Buchanan BB, Johnson RS, Mathews WR, Biemann K. 1988. Thioredoxin from Rhodospirillum rubrum: primary structure and relation to thioredoxins from other photosynthetic bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology 170: 2406-2408.
116. Kaghad M, Dessarps F, Jacquemin-Sablon H, Caput D, Fradelizi D, Wollman E. 1994. Genomic cloning of human thioredoxin-encoding gene: mapping of the transcription start point and analysis of the promoter. Gene 140: 273-278.
117. Kamo M, Tsugita A, Wiessner C, Wedel N, Bartling D, Herrmann RG, Aguilar F, Gardet-Salvi L, Schürmann P. 1989. Primary structure of spinach-chloroplast thioredoxin f. Protein sequencing and analysis of complete cDNA clones for spinach-chloroplast thioredoxin f. European Journal of Biochemistry 182: 315-322.
118. Kaneko T, Sato S, Kotani H, Tanaka A, Asamizu E, Nakamura Y, Miyajima N, Hirosawa M, Sugiura M, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Hosouchi T, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakazaki N, Naruo K, Okumura S, Shimpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda, M Tabata S. 1996. Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions. DNA Research 3: 109-136.
119. Kaneko T, Tanaka A, Sato S, Kotani H, Sazuka T, Miyajima N, Sugiura M, Tabata S. 1995. Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. I. Sequence features in the 1Mb region from map positions 64% to 92% of the genome. DNA Research 2: 153-166.
120. Katti SK, Le Master DM, Eklund H. 1990. Crystal structure of thioredoxin from Escherichia coli at 1-68 A resolution. Journal of Molecular Biology 212: 167-184.
121. Knaff DB. 1989. The regulatory role of thioredoxin in chloroplasts. Trends Biochemical Sciences 14: 433-434.
122. Kobrehel K, Wong JH, Balogh A, Kiss F, Yee BC, Buchanan BB. 1992. Specific reduction of wheat storage proteins by thioredoxin h. Plant Physiology 99: 919-924.
123. Kraulis PJ. 1991. MOLSCRIPT: a program to produce both detailled and schematic plots of proteins structures. Journal of Molecular Graphics 6: 946-950.
124. Kuge S, Jones N. 1994. YAP1 dependent activation of TRX2 is essential for the response of Saccharomy ces cerevisiae to oxidative stress by hydroperoxides. EMBO Journal 13: 655-664.
125. Lancelin JM, Stein M, Jacquot JP. 1993. Secondary structure and protein folding of recombinant chloroplastic thioredoxin Ch2 from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as determined by 1H NMR. Journal of Biochemistry 114: 421-431.
126. Langlotz P, Wagner W, Follmann H. 1986. A large chloroplast thioredoxin f found in greeen algae. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung 41c: 275-283.
127. Laurent T C, Moore E C, Reichard P. 1964. Enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides. IV. Isolation and characterization of thioredoxin, the hydrogen donor from Escherichia coli B. Journal of Biological Chemistry 239: 3436-3444.
128. Lepiniec L, Hodges M, Gadal P, Cretin C. 1992. Isolation, characterization and nucleotide sequence of a full-length pea cDNA encoding thioredoxin-f. Plant Molecular Biology 18: 1023-1025.
129. Li D, Stevens FJ, Schiffer M, Andersen LE. 1994. Mechanisms of light modulation: identification of potential redox-sensitive cysteines distal to catalytic site in light-activated chloroplast enzymes. Biophysical Journal 67: 29-35.
130. Li X, Nield J, Hayman D, Langridge P. 1995. Thioredoxin activity in the C terminus of Phalaris S protein. The Plant Journal 8: 133-138.
131. Lim CJ, Sa JH, Fuchs JA. 1996. Identification of a third thioredoxin gene from Corynebacterium nephridii. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1307: 13-16.
132. Lopez-Jaramillo J, Chueca A, Sahrawy M, Hermoso R, Lazaro JJ, Prado FE, Lopez Gorge J. 1994. Cloning and sequencing of a pea cDNA fragment coding for thioredoxin m. Plant Physiology 105: 1021-1022.
133. Lozano RM, Wong JH, Yee BC, Peters A, Kobrehel K, Buchanan BB. 1996. New evidence for a role for thioredoxin h in germination and seedling development. Planta 200: 100-106.
134. Lubbers M, Andreesen JR. 1993. Components of glycine reductase from Eubacterium acidaminophilum. Cloning, sequencing and identification of the genes for thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxin and selenoprotein PA. European Journal of Biochemistry 217: 791-798.
135. Lundstrom J, Krause G, Holmgren A. 1992. A Pro to His mutation in active site of thioredoxin increases its disulfideisomerase activity 10-fold. New refolding systems for reduced or randomly oxidized ribonuclease. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267: 9047-9052.
136. Maeda K, Tugita A, Dalzoppo D, Vilbois F, Schürmann P. 1986. Further characterization and amino acid sequences of m type thioredoxins from spinach chloroplasts. European Journal of Biochemistry 154: 197-203.
137. Marc-Martin S, Spielmann A, Stutz E, Schürmann P. 1993. Cloning and sequencing of a corn (Zea mays) nuclear gene coding for the chloroplast specific catalytic subunit of ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1183: 207-209.
138. Marcus F, Chamberlain SH, Chu C, Masiarz FR, Shin S, Yee BC, Buchanan BB. 1991. Plant thioredoxin h: an animal-like thioredoxin occurring in multiple cell compartments. Archives of Biochemistry and. Biophysics 287: 195-198.
139. Marcus F, Edelstein I, Reardon I, Heinrikson RL. 1982. Complete amino acid sequence of pig kidney fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79: 7161-7165.
140. Marcus F, Moberly L, Latshaw SP. 1988. Comparative amino-acid sequence of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases: identification of a region unique to the light-regulated chloroplast enzyme. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 85: 5375-5383.
141. Marty I, Meyer Y. 1991. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding a tobacco thioredoxin. Plant Molecular Biology 17: 143-147.
142. Mathews WR, Johnson RS, Cornwell KL, Johnson TC, Buchanan BB, Biemann K. 1987. Mass spectrometrically derived amino acid sequence of thioredoxin from Chlorobium, and evolutionary prominent photosynthetic bacterium. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262: 7537-7545.
143. McCarty RE, Moroney JV. 1985. Functions of subunits and regulation of chloroplast coupling factor 1. In : Martoson A, ed. The Enzymes of Biological Membranes 4: New York: Plenum Press, 383-413.
144. Merritt EA, Murphy MEP. 1994. Raster3D version 2-0-A program for photorealistic molecular graphics. Acta Crystallographica D50: 869-873.
145. Metzler MC, Rothermel BA, Nelson T. 1989. Maize NADP-malate dehydrogenase : cDNA cloning, sequence and mRNA characterization. Plant Molecular Biology 12: 713-722.
146. +- dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in plastids of the gymnosperm Pinus sylvestris L. Plant Molecular Biology 26: 1115-1166.
147. Miginiac-Maslow M, Issakidis E, Lemaire M, Ruelland E, Jacquot JP, Decottignies P. 1997. Light-dependent activation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase: a complex process. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 24: in press.
148. Miki J, Maeda M, Mukohata Y, Futai M. 1988. The gamma subunit of ATP synthase from spinach chloroplasts. Primary structure deduced from the cloned DNA sequence. FEBS Letters 232: 221-226.
149. Milanez S, Mural RJ and Hartman FC. 1991. Roles of cysteinyl residues of phophoribulokinase as examined by site-directed mutagenesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266: 10694-10699.
150. Minakuchi K, Yabushita T, Masumura T, Ichihara K, Tanaka Y. 1994. Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding rice glutaredoxin. FEBS Letters 337: 157-160.
151. 15N-NMR resonance assignments of oxidized thioredoxin h from the eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using new methods based on two-dimensional triple-resonance NMR spectroscopy and computer-assisted backbone assignment. European Journal of Biochemistry 229: 473-485.
152. Mittard V, Blackledge M, Stein M, Jacquot JP, Marion D, Lancelin JM. 1997. NMR solution structure of oxidized thioredoxin h from the eukayotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. European Journal of Biochemistry 243: 374-383.
153. Muller EG. 1991. Thioredoxin deficiency in yeast prolongs S phase and
154. Muller EG. 1994. Deoxyribonucleotides are maintained at normal levels in a yeast thioredoxin mutant defective in DNA synthesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269: 24466-24471.
155. Muller EG, Buchanan BB. 1989. Thioredoxin is essential for photosynthetic growth: the thioredoxin m gene of Anacystis nidulans. Journal of Biological Chemistry 264: 4008-4014.
156. Muslin EH, Li D, Stevens FJ, Donnelly M, Schiffer M Anderson, LE, 1995. Engineering a domain-locking disulnde into a bacterial malate dehydrogenase produces a redoxsensitive enzyme. Biophysical Journal 68: 2218-2223.
157. Natsuyama S, Noda Y, Yamashita M, Nagahama Y, Mori T. 1993. Superoxide dismutase and thioredoxin restore defective p34cdc2 kinase activation in mouse two-cell block. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1176: 90-94.
158. Navarro F, Florencio J. 1996. The cyanobacterial thioredoxin gene is required for both photoautotrophic and heterotrophic growth. Plant Physiology 111: 1067-1075.
159. Newrnan T, De Bruijn F, Green P, Keegstra K, Keude H Mclntosh L, Ohlrogge J, Raikhel N, Somerville S, Thomashow M, Retzel E, & Somerville C 1994. Genes galore : a summary of the methods for accessing the results of large scale partial sequencing of anonymous Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA clones. Plant Physiology 106: 1241-1255.
160. Newman J, Karakaya H, Scanlan DJ, Mann NH. 1995. A comparison of gene organization in the zwf region of the genomes of the cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 and Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. FEMS Microbiology Letters 133: 187-193.
161. Niehaus A, Gisselmann G, Schwenn JD. 1992. Primary structure of the Synechococcus PCC 7942 PAPS reductase gene. Plant Molecular Biology 20: 1179-1183.
162. Nikkola M, Gleason FK, Saarinen M, Joelson T, Bjornberg, O Eklund H. 1991. A putative glutathione-binding site in T4 glutaredoxin investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 266: 16105-16112.
163. Oblong JE, Berggren M, Gasdaska PY, Powis G. 1994. Site-directed mutagenesis of active site cysteines in human thioredoxin produces competitive inhibitors of human thioredoxin reductase and elimination of mitogenic properties of thioredoxin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 269: 11714-11720.
164. Ohta N, Kawano S, Kuroiwa T. 1994. Physical map of the plastid genome of the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium strain RK-1. Current Genetics 26: 136-138.
165. Pasternak C, Assemat K, Breton AM, Clement Metral JD, Klug G. 1996. Expression of the thioredoxin gene (trxA) in Rhodobacter sphaeroides Y is regulated by oxygen. Molecular and General Genetics 250: 189-196.
166. Patel JM, Zhang JL, Block ER. 1996. Nitric oxide induced inhibition of lung endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase via interaction with allosteric thiols: role of thioredoxin in regulation of catalytic activity. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 15: 410-419.
167. Patel-King RS, Benashaki SE, Harrison A, King SM. 1996. Two functional thioredoxins containing vicinal dithiols from the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii outer dynein arm. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271: 6283-6291.
168. Porter MA, Stringer CD, Hartman FC. 1988. Characterization of the regulatory site of phosphoribulokinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263: 123-129.
169. Qin J, Clore GM, Gronenborn AM. 1994. The high-resolution three-dimensional solution structures of the oxidized and reduced states of human thioredoxin. Structure 2: 503-522.
170. Raines CA, Lloyd JC, Longstaff M, Bradley D, Dyer T. 1988. Chloroplast fructose-l,6-bisphosphatase: the product of a mosaic gene. Nucleic Acids Research 16: 7931-7942.
171. Raines CA, Lloyd JC, Willingham NM, Potts S, Dyer TA. 1992. cDNA and gene sequences of wheat chloroplast sedoheptulose-l,7-bisphosphatase reveal homology with fructose-1,6-bisphosphatases. European Journal of Biochemistry 205: 1053-1059.
172. Regad, F Herve C, Marinx O, Bergounioux C, Tremousaygue D, Lescure B. 1995. The tef1 box, a ubiquitous cis-acting element involved in the activation of plant genes that are highly expressed in cycling cells. Molecular and General Genetics 248: 703-711.
173. Reith ME, Munholland J. 1995. Complete nucleotide sequence of the Porphyra purpurea chloroplast genome. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 13: 333-335.
174. Reng W, Riessland R, Scheibe R, Jaenicke R. 1993. Cloning, site-specific mutagenesis, expression and characterization of full-length chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase from pisum-sativum. European Journal of Biochemistry 217: 189-197.
175. Reynolds AE, Chesnick JM, Woolford J, Cattolico RA. 1994. Chloroplast encoded thioredoxm genes in the red algae Porphyra yezoensis and Griffithsia pacifica: evolutionary implications. Plant Molecular Biology 25: 13-21.
176. Rivera-Madrid R, Mestres D, Marinho P, Jacquot JP, Decottignies P, Miginiac-Maslow M, Meyer Y. 1995. Evidence for five divergent thioredoxin h sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92: 5620-5624.
177. Ross SA, Zhang MX, Selman BR. 1995. Role of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii coupling factor 1 gamma-subunit cysteine bridge in the regulation of ATP synthase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 270: 9813-9318.
178. Ross SA, Zhang MX, Selman BR. 1996. A role for the disulfide bond spacer region of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii coupling factor 1 gamma-subunit in redox regulation of ATP synthase. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 28: 49-57.
179. Rubartelli A, Bajetto A, Allavena G, Wollman E, Sitia R. 1992. Secretion of thioredoxin by normal and neoplastic cells through a leaderless secretory pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry 267: 24161-24164.
180. Kussel M, Model P. 1985. Thioredoxin is required for filamentous phege assembly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 82: 29-33.
181. Russel M, Model P, Holmgren A. 1990. Thioredoxin or glutaredoxin in Escherichia coli is essential for sulfate reduction but not for deoxyribonucleotide synthesis. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 1923-1929.
182. Saarinen M, Gleason FK, Eklund H. 1995. Crystal structure of thioredoxin-2 from Anabaena. Structure 3: 1097-1108.
183. Sahrawy M, Hecht V, Lopez-Jaramillo J, Chueca A, Chartier Y, Meyer Y. 1996. Intron position as an evolutionary marker of thioredoxins and thioredoxin domains. Journal of Molecular Evolution 42: 422-431.
184. Salamon Z, Tollin G, Hirasawa M, Knaf fDB, Schürmann P. 1995. The oxidation-reduction properties of spinach thioredoxins f and m and of ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Bio-Energetics 1230: 114-118.
185. Salz HK, Flickinger TW, Mittendorf E, Pellicena-Palle A, Petschek JP, Albrecht EB. 1994. The Drosophila maternal effect locus deadhead encodes a thioredoxin homolog required for female meiosis and early embryonic development. Genetics 136: 1075-1086.
186. Santa-Coloma TA, Grasso P, Reichert LE Jr. 1991. Sulfhydryl groups are involved in the interaction of FSH with its receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communication 176: 1256-1261.
187. Scheibe R. 1991. Redox modulation of chloroplast enzymes. A common principle for individual control. Plant Physiology 96: 1-3.
188. Scheibe R. 1994. Light regulation of chloroplast enzymes. Naturwissenschaften 81: 443-448.
189. Scheibe R, Kampfenkel K, Wessels R, Tripier D. 1991. Primary structure and analysis of the location of the regulatory disulfide bond of pea chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1076: 1-8.
190. Schenk H, Klein M, Erdbrugger W, Droge W, Schulze-Osthoff K. 1994. Distinct effects of thioredoxin and antioxidants on the activation of transcription factors NF-kappa B and AP-1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91: 1672-1676.
191. Schürmann P. 1993. Plant thioredoxins. In: de Kok LJ, Stulen I, Renneberg H, Brunold C, Rauser W, eds. Sulfur Nutrition and Assimilation in Higher Plants ; Regulatory, Agricultural and Environmental Aspects. The Hague, The Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing BV, 153-162.
192. 2 assimilation in chloroplasts. Nature 263: 257-258.
193. Selyat A, Murillo M, Leustek T. 1996. Sulfate reduction in higher plants: molecular evidence for a novel 6′-adenylylphosphosulfate (APS) reductase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 93: 13383-13388.
194. Shin S, Wong JH, Kobrehel K, Buchanan BB. 1993. Reduction of castor-seed 2S ablumm protein by thtoredoxin. Planta 189: 557-560.
195. Shorrosh BS, Dixon R. 1992. Molecular characterization and expression of an alfalfa protein with sequence similarity to mammalian ERp72, a glucose-regulated endoplasmic reticulum protein containing active site sequences of protein disulphide isomerase. The Plant Journal 2; 51-58.
196. Smart EJ, Selman BR. 1991. Isolation and characterization of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant lacking the gamma-subunit of chloroplast coupling factor l (CF1). Molecular and Cellular Biology 11: 5053-5058.
197. Smart EJ, Selman BR. 1993. Complementation of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant defective in the nuclear gene encoding the chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1 ) gamma-subunit (atpC). Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 25: 275-284.
198. Staples CR, Ameyibor E, Fu W, Gardet-Salvi L, Stritt-Etter AL, Schürmann P, Knaflf DB, Johnson MK. 1996. The function and properties of the iron-sulfur centre in spinach ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase: anew biological role for ironsulfur clusters. Biochemistry 35: 11425-11434.
199. Stein M, Lazaro JJ, Wolosiuk RA. 1989. Concerted action of cosolvents, chaotropic anions and thioredoxin on chloroplast fructose-l,6-bisphosphatase. European Journal of Biochemistry 185: 425-431.
200. Stein M, Jacquot JP, Jeannette E, Decottignies P, Hodges M, Lancelin JM, Mittard V, Schmitter JM, Miginiac-Maslow M. 1995. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii thioredoxins: structure of the genes coding for the chloroplastic m and cytosolic h isoforms; expression in Escherichia coli of the recombinant proteins, purification and biochemical properties. Plant Molecular Biology 28: 487-503.
201. Summers ML, Wolf RE Jr, Chu S, Meeks JC. 1995. Nucleotide sequence of an operon in Nostoc sp. strain ATCC 29133 encoding four genes of the oxidative pentose phosphate cycle. Plant Physiology 107: 267-268.
202. Szekeres M, Droux M, Buchanan BB. 1991. The ferredoxin/thioredoxin reductase variable subunit gene from Anacystis nidulans. Journal of Bacteriology 173: 1821-1823.
203. Tabor S, Huber HE, Richardson CC. 1987. Escherichia coli thioredoxin confers processivity on the DNA polymerase activity of the gene 5 protein of bacteriophage T7. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262: 16212-16223.
204. Tagaya Y, Maeda Y, Mitsui A, Kondo N, Matsui H, Hamuro J, Brown N, Arai K, Yokota T, Wakasugi H, Yodoi J. 1989. ATL-derived factor (ADF), an IL-2 receptor/Tac inducer homologous to thioredoxin; possible involvement of dithiolreduction in the IL-2 receptor induction. EMBO Journal 8: 757-764.
205. Takahashi N, Creighton TE. 1996. On the reactivity and ionization of the active site cysteine residues of Escherichia coli thioredoxin. Biochemistry 35: 8342-8353.
206. Tonissen KF, Wells JR, 1991. Isolation and characterization of human thioredoxin-encoding genes. Gene 102: 221-228.
207. Trevanion SJ, Ashton AR. 1995. Cloning of a full-length cDNA clone for thioredoxin-m from maize. Plant Physiology 110: 337.
208. Tsugita A, Maeda K, Schürmann P. 1983. Spinach chloroplast thioredoxins in evolutionary drift. Biochemical Biophysical Research Communications 115: 1-7.
209. Uchimiya H, Kido S, Shimazaki T, Aotsuka S, Takamatsu S, Nishi R, Hashimoto H, Matsubayashi Y, Kido N, Umeda M, Kato A. 1993. Random sequencing of cDNA libraries reveals a variety of expressed genes in cultured cells of rice (Oryza saliva L). Plant Journal 2: 1005-1009.
210. Umeda M, Kara C, Matsubayashi Y, Li H, Liu Q, Tadokoro F, Aotsuka S and Uchimiya H. 1994. Expressed sequence tags from cultured cells of rice (Oryza sativa L) under stressed conditions: analysis of transcripts of genes engaged in ATPgenerating pathways. Plant Molecular Biology 25: 469-478.
211. Van Langendonckt A, Van den Driessche T. 1992, Isolation and characterization of different forms of thioredoxins from the green alga Acetabularia mediterranea: identification of an NADPH/ thioredoxin system in the extra-chloroplastic fraction. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 292: 156-164.
212. Vargas C, Wu G, Davies AE, Downie JA. 1994. Identification of a gene encoding a thioredoxin-like product necessary for cytochrome c biosynthesis and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Rhizobium leguminosarum. Journal of Bacteriology 176: 4117-4123.
213. Villeret V, Huang S, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Lipscomb WN. 1995. Crystal structure of spinach chloroplast fructose-1,6-3 bisphosphatase at 2-8 Å resolution. Biochemistry 34: 4299-4306.
214. von Schaewen A, Langenkamper G, Graeve K, Wenderoth I, Scheibe R. 1995. Molecular characterization of the plastidic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from potato in comparison to its cytosolic counterpart. Plant Physiology 109: 1327-1335.
215. Wakasugi N, Tagaya Y, Wakasugi H, Mitsui A, Maeda M, Yodoi J, Tursz T. 1990. Adult T-cell leukemia-derived factor/thioredoxin, produced by both human T-lymphotropic virus type I- and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes, acts as an autocrine growth factor and synergizes with interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 T. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87: 8282-8286.
216. Waksman G, Krishna TS, Williams CH Jr, Kuriyan J. 1994. Crystal structure of Escherichia coli thioredoxin reductase refined at 2 Å resolution. Implications for a large conformational change during catalysis. Journal of Molecular Biology 236: 800-816.
217. Walker KW, Lyles MM, Gilbert HF. 1996. Catalysis of oxidative protein folding by mutants of protein disulfide isomerase with a single active-site cysteine. Biochemistry 35: 1972-1980
218. Wang PF, Veine DM, Ahn SH, Williams CH Jr. 1996. A stable mixed disulfide between thioredoxin reductase and its substrate, thioredoxin: preparation and characterization. Biochemistry 35: 4812-4819.
219. Wedel N, Clausmeyer S, Herrmann RG, Gardet-Salvi L, Schürmann P. 1992. Nucleotide sequence of cDNAs encoding the entire precursor polypeptide for thioredoxin m from spinach chloroplasts. Plant Molecular Biology 18: 527-533.
220. 1 ATPase of the cyanobaxterium Synechocystis 6803 by mutagenesis of atpC. Molecular and General Genetics 244: 144-150.
221. Wetterauer B, Véron M, Miginiac-Maslow M, Decottignies P, Jacquot JP. 1992. Biochemical characterization of thioredoxin 1 from Dictyostelium discoideum. European Journal of Biochemistry 209: 643-649.
222. Whittaker MM, Gleason FK. 1984. Isolation and characterization of thioredoxin f from the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp 7119. Journal of Biological Chem istry 259: 14088-14093.
223. Wieles B, van Soolingen D, Holmgren A, Offringa R, Ottenhoff T, Thole J. 1995. Unique gene organization of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in Mycobacterium leprae Molecular Microbiology 16: 921-929.
224. Williams CH Jr. 1995. Mechanism and structure of thioredoxin reductase from Escherichia coli. FASEB Journal 9: 1267-1276
225. Willingham NM, Lloyd JC, Raines CA. 1994. Molecular cloning of the Arabidopsis thaliana sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase gene and expression studies in wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Molecular Biology 26: 1191-1200.
226. Wollman EE, d'Auriol L, Rimsky L, Shaw A, Jacquot JP, Wingfield P, Graber P, Dessarps F, Robin P, Galibert F, Bertoglio J, Fradelizi D. 1988. Cloning and expression of a cDNA for human thioredoxin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263: 15506-15512.
227. 2 assimilation: enzyme modulation. FASEB Journal 7: 622-637.
228. Wolosiuk RA, Buchanan BB. 1977. Thioredoxin and glutathione regulate photosynthesis in chloroplasts. Nature 266: 565-566.
229. Wolosiuk RA, Crawford NA, Yee BC, Buchanan BB. 1979. Isolation of three thioredoxins from spinach leaves. Journal of Biological Chemistry 254: 1627-1632.
230. Wynn R, Cocco MJ, Richards FM. 1995. Mixed disulfide intermediates during the reduction of disulfides by Escherichia coli thioredoxin. Biochemistry 34: 11807-11813.
231. Xu Z, Wickner W. 1996. Thioredoxin is required for vacuole inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Cellular Biology 132: 787-794.
232. Yu LM, Selman BR. 1988. cDNA sequence and predicted primary structure of the gamma subunit from the ATP synthase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Journal of Biological Chemistry 263: 19342-19345.