Otines: The unknown women clerics of Central Asian Islam

Central Asian Survey

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 27-43

  Fathi, Habiba ^a  

^a Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING REGION; GENDER STUDY; MUSLIM WOMEN; SOCIAL STRUCTURE; WOMEN'S ROLE;

ASIA, (CENTRAL);

EID: 0031444373     PISSN: 02634937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Trade Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02634939708400967     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. See Chahla Chafiq and Farhad Khosrokhovar, Femmes sous le voile face à la loi islamique (Paris: Ed. du Félin, 1995); Fariba Adelkhah, 'Femmes islamiques, femmes modernes', pp 93-105, in Pouvoirs, 'L'Islam dans la cité' (Paris: PUF, No 62, 1992).
2. See Chahla Chafiq and Farhad Khosrokhovar, Femmes sous le voile face à la loi islamique (Paris: Ed. du Félin, 1995); Fariba Adelkhah, 'Femmes islamiques, femmes modernes', pp 93-105, in Pouvoirs, 'L'Islam dans la cité' (Paris: PUF, No 62, 1992).
3. Fatima Mernissi, Sultanes oubliées. Femmes chefs d'Etat en Islam (Paris: Albin Michel, 1990).
4. Hujum is the official term designating the women's liberation campaign imposed by the Bolsheviks, but this campaign also included an offensive against Islam and the old, traditional way of life.
5. M. Khaïrullaev, M. Usmanov and N. Ibragimov, Islam i zhenshchiny Vostoka (Tashkent: Fan, 1990), p 73.
6. Idem, p 74.
7. R. Karryeva, Ot bespravija k ravenstvu (Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 1989), p 35.
8. A. Nikolaeva, 'Pervye itogi', Kommunistka, 1927, 8, pp 52-54.
9. M. Ayubdzhanova, 'Dva zhenskikh imena', Nauchnye trudy aspirantov, Vyp. 207, (Tashkent: 1962), pp 263-268.
10. M. V. Vagabov, Islam i zheushchina (Moscow: Mysl', 1968), p 87.
11. In June 1919, the central committee of the women's movement, directed by Ines Armand, was reorganized into a section of the Central Committee of the Communist Party concerning women in the workforce. On 30 September 1919, Izvestija published a decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party on the topic of labour and proletarian women. With regard to Muslim women, it was later decided that special republican and regional commissions would be created, including economic, cultural and atheistic sections, which would help them in their studies and in their integration into production and social life. On 15 February 1925, the central executive committee of the Soviet Communist Party published a document on The rights of women workers in the Soviet Orient and on the need to fight against any and all forms of reclusion in the economic arena, and in family and daily life'. Izvstija, Moscow, 15 February 1925.
12. P. K. Aminova, 'Iz istorii raskreposnenija zhenshchin Srednej Azii' Istorija SSSR, 1962, Moscow, 2, pp 114-118.
13. S. Anissimova, 'Iz istorii raskreposnenija zhenshchin Uzbekistana', Kommunistka, 8, 1927, p 55.
14. The alphabetization of the Central Asian populations is considered to be one of the successes of the October 1917 Revolution. Begun in 1919, the elimination of illiteracy was achieved at the end of the 1940s, in particular in Uzbekistan, which passed a final decree on this question on 23 August 1930.
15. A. Smirnova, 'Zhenskoe obrazovanie v Uzbekistane', Kommunistka, Moscow, 8, 1928, pp 82-83; M. V. Vagabov, op cit, p 59.
16. A. Smirnova, 'Zhenskoe obrazovanie v Uzbekistane', Kommunistka, Moscow, 8, 1928, pp 82-83; M. V. Vagabov, op cit, p 59.
17. M. A. Bikzhanova, op cit, p 45.
18. S. Anissimova, op cit, p 56.
19. M. A Usmanov, Islom, spravochnik (Tashkent: Uzbek sovet ènciklopedijasi boš redadakciasi, 3rd edn, 1989), p 223.
20. M. V. Vagabov, op cit, p 106.
21. A. Bennigsen and C. Lemercier-Quelquejay, 'L'Islam dans les républiques musulmanes soviétiques', pp 144-165, in O. Carre, L'Islam dans le monde aujourd'hui (Paris: PUF, 1982).
22. A. Kh. Khashimov, Formirovanie novykh semejno-bylovykh otnoshenij u narodov Srednej Azii (Dushanbe: Ifron, 1972), p 87.
23. Central Asia is Sunni Muslim of the Hanafite rite. Although there is no clergy in Sunni Islam, Soviet and Russian sources use the expression 'Muslim clergy' (musul'manskoe dukhovenstvo) to indicate the class of religious practitioners.
24. N. Khanykov, Opisanie Bukharskovo khanstva, St Petersburg, Isd. tipografii Imperatorskoj Akademii Nauk, 1843, pp 189-193.
25. K. E. Bendrikov, Ocherki po istorii narodnovo obrazovanija v Turkestane, Moscow, Znanie, 1960, cited by M. A. Ayubdzhanova, Zhenskii vopros v Turkestane: 1865-1917 (Tashkent: Tacgu, 1964), p 18.
26. K. E. Bendrikov, Ocherki po istorii narodnovo obrazovanija v Turkestane, Moscow, Znanie, 1960, cited by M. A. Ayubdzhanova, Zhenskii vopros v Turkestane: 1865-1917 (Tashkent: Tacgu, 1964), p 18.
27. V. Nalivkine, M. Nalivikina, Ocherk byta zhenshchin osedlogo tuzemnogo naselenija Fergany, (Kazan: Tipografija Imperastorskogo Universiteta, 1886), pp 59-60.
28. A. L. Troitskaya, 'Zhenskij zikr v starom Tashkente', in Sb. muzeja antropologii i ètnografii, Vol VII (Leningrad: AN SSSR, 1929), pp 71-99.
29. The word comes from old uzbek (chagatay), turkic language which uses Arabic script; it means a religious 'schoolteacher'. In the modern language which uses Cyrillic script, the religious meaning has been overshadowed.
30. G. Kerimov, Uchenie islama o gosudarstvoj politike (Moscow: Znanie, 1988), p 44.
31. Idem.
32. See A. Bennigssen, 'La Stratégie islamique du Kremlin', Politique internationale, 34, Winter 1986-1987, pp 53-64.
33. M. Safarov, 'Protivodejstvie!', Kommunist Tadzhikistana, Dushanbe, 23 November 1986, p 2.
34. Kamal Rakhimov, 'Mahallja, nachalo nachal ...', Nauka i Religiya, Moscow, 9, 1989, pp 28-29.
35. Agitator Tadzhikistana, Dushanbe, 19 October, 1986.
36. T. Vasneva, 'Vospityvat' ubezhdennyh ateistov', Agitator Tadzhikistana, Dushanbe, 13 June 1986, pp 24-26.
37. 'Vospityvat' ateistov', Pravda Vostoka, Tashkent, I August 1986, p 1.
38. For the first time since the 1920s, Soviet specialists began asking questions about the nature of Islam in the ex-Soviet Union, and about why it has survived and is experiencing a revival. Literaturnaja Gazeta, Moscow, 20 May 1987, p 12.
39. See Nikita Struve, Rapport secret au comité central sur l'état de l'Eglise en URSS, (Paris: Seuil, 1980).
40. Talib Saïdbaev, Islam, istorija i sovremennost', (Moscow: Znanie, 1985), p 30.
41. Izvestija, Moscow, 14 January 1990, p 1.
42. The Ironis of Uzbekistan number approximately one million. They are a Shi'ite ethnic group, though they have been 'Uzbekified' over the centuries. They are for the most part the descendants of slaves who were captured in the region starting in the 17th century.
43. Most researchers on Central Asia were sent to Russia, especially to Moscow or Leningrad, to present and defend their doctoral dissertations.
44. Izvestija, Moscow, 17 June 1990.
45. Lucien Klimovitch, 'Pod chernoj chadroj', in Nauka i žhizn', Moscow, 1959, p 59.
46. V. Stabiski and V. Khrustalev, 'Ili ustav KPSS ili Koran: dvoedustue', Socalisticheskaja industrija, Moscow, 12 August 1987, p 4.
47. Women's madrasas in fact offered elementary education.
48. Allahudin Mansur, Kur'oni korim uzbekča ižohli tapžima va ižohlar muallifi, (Tashkent: Čulpon, 1992), 541 pp.