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M. Cashel, D. R. Gentry, V. J. Hernandez, D. Vinella, in (1), pp. 1458-1496.
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26
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2642668157
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note
-
32P]CTP.
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
2642661141
-
-
note
-
NTP for ATP was about 500 μM at 100 mM KCl.
-
-
-
-
29
-
-
2642693378
-
-
in (1), ed. 1, 1987, pp. 1190-1219
-
600≈ 0.5) and treated with formaldehyde, and NTPs were extracted from unwashed cells with KOH [R. Little and H. Bremer, Anal. Biochem. 126, 381 (1983)] and measured by HPLC (C-18 Alltech nucleoside/nucleotide column) as recommended by the manufacturer. β-Ga-lactosidase activities were measured as described (54) from the same cultures.
-
-
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Bachmann, B.J.1
-
30
-
-
0027251266
-
-
600≈ 0.5) and treated with formaldehyde, and NTPs were extracted from unwashed cells with KOH [R. Little and H. Bremer, Anal. Biochem. 126, 381 (1983)] and measured by HPLC (C-18 Alltech nucleoside/nucleotide column) as recommended by the manufacturer. β-Ga-lactosidase activities were measured as described (54) from the same cultures.
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Jensen, K.F.1
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0017883344
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+ derivative of MG1655 [B. J. Bachmann, in (1), ed. 1, 1987, pp. 1190-1219; K. F. Jensen, J. Bacteriol. 175, 3401 (1993)]. Cells were grown in C medium [M. Alper and B. Ames, J. Bacteriol. 133, 149 (1978) [M. Alper and B. Ames, J. Bacteriol. 133, 149 (1978)
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0020215198
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and measured by HPLC (C-18 Alltech nucleoside/nucleotide column) as recommended by the manufacturer. β-Ga-lactosidase activities were measured as described (54) from the same cultures
-
NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
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Little, R.1
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33
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2042478614
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-
NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
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Neidhardt, F.C.1
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34
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0039247210
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NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
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Franzen, J.S.1
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35
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0040975048
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NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
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Smith, R.C.1
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36
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0015799563
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NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
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Bagnara, A.S.1
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37
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2042478614
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J. Neuhard and P. Nygaard, in (1), ed. 1, 1987, pp. 445-473
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Earlier studies also indicated that ATP concentration increased with growth rate [F. C. Neidhardt and D. G. Fraenkel, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 26, 63 (1961); J. S. Franzen and S. B. Binkley, J. Biol. Chem. 236, 515 (1961); R. C. Smith and O. Maaloe, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 86, 229 (1964); A. S. Bagnara and L. R. Finch, Eur. J. Biochem. 36, 422 (1973)). ATP and GTP concentrations in vivo were estimated to be about 3.0 mM and 1 mM, respectively [J. Neuhard and P. Nygaard, in (1), ed. 1, 1987, pp. 445-473], [J. Neuhard and P. Nygaard, in (1), ed. 1, 1987, pp. 445-473], W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
-
-
-
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39
-
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0018676768
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-
NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)]. W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
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Nierman, W.C.1
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42
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0026088724
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4. The rrnB P1 promoter-lacZ fusion in RLG3493 indicated that rrn P1 activity increased under pyrimidine-limiting conditions. However, pyrimidine-limited cells do not overproduce full-length rRNA (24) [U. Vogel, S. Pedersen, K. F. Jensen, J. Bacteriol. 173, 1168 (1991)], possibly because of compensating effects on other aspects of the rRNA transcription process.
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M. T. Record Jr., W. S. Reznikoff, M. L. Craig, K. L. McQuade, P. J. Schlax, in (1), pp. 792-820
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M. T. Record Jr., W. S. Reznikoff, M. L. Craig, K. L. McQuade, P. J. Schlax, in (1), pp. 792-820.
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45
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0021911806
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unpublished data
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M. E. Mulligan, J. Brosius, W. R. McClure, J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3529 (1985); M. S. Bartlett, M. M. Barker, R. L. Gourse, unpublished data. M. S. Bartlett, M. M. Barker, R. L. Gourse, unpublished data.
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49
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50
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51
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unpublished data
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Stabilization of promoter open complexes by NTPs has also been reported by others (K. L. McQuade, E. Courtenay, P. E. Schlax, O. V. Tsodikov, M. T. Record Jr., unpublished data;
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McQuade, K.L.1
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Tsodikov, O.V.4
Record Jr., M.T.5
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52
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0031567783
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Stabilization of promoter open complexes by NTPs has also been reported by others (K. L. McQuade, E. Courtenay, P. E. Schlax, O. V. Tsodikov, M. T. Record Jr., unpublished data; J. Villemain, R. Guajardo, R. Sousa, J. Mol. Biol., 273, 958 (1997). J. Villemain, R. Guajardo, R. Sousa, J. Mol. Biol., 273, 958 (1997).
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53
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2642699558
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note
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32P]UTP to initiate a single round of transcription. Transcripts were resolved on 5.5% polyacrylamide-7 M urea gels and quantified by phosphorimaging.
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55
-
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2642668156
-
-
note
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NTP = 360 μM) at 170 mM KCl (20)]. Relative to wild-type rrnB P1, the C-1T mutant rrnB P1 promoter (-46 to +1; plasmid pRLG2295) required about one-tenth the amount of ATP for maximal transcription initiation, only slightly more ATP than was needed by the RNA I promoter at each solution condition (19).
-
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-
-
56
-
-
2642692362
-
-
note
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32P]CTP. Plasmid DNA in Fig. 5F (pRLG589) contained the rrnB P1 (-88 to +50) promoter. The mutant RNAP also made less stable complexes with non-rRNA promoters, indicating that the mutation does not identify a site of interaction with DNA specific to rrn P1 promoters (33).
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57
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0003742927
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E. Lund and N. O. Kjeldgaard, Eur. J. Biochem. 28, 316 (1972); V. Shen and H. Bremer, J. Bacteriol. 130, 1109 (1977); J. R. Cole, C. L. Olsson, J. W. B. Hershey, M. Grunberg-Manago, M. Nomura, J. Mol. Biol. 198, 383 (1987); M. Yamagishi, H. A. deBoer, M. Nomura, ibid., p. 547. M. Yamagishi, H. A. deBoer, M. Nomura, ibid., p. 547.
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A. Bock and F. C. Neidhardt, J. Bacteriol. 92, 470 (1966); M. Singer et al., ibid. 173, 6249 (1991). M. Singer et al., ibid. 173, 6249 (1991).
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2642696460
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note
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The top (nontemplate) strand base is indicated, but either the top or bottom strand base could be the crucial determinant.
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Supported by NIH grants GM37048 (R.L.G.) and GM29466 (C.L.T.). We thank R. Landick for RNAP; V. J. Hernandez for VH1000; T. Record and K. McQuade for sharing ideas and for communicating results; A. Grossman, R. Landick, and N. Shimamoto for helpful discussions; J. Southworth for technical assistance; and A. Appleman, M. Dreyfus, D. Dubnau, K. McQuade, R. Mooney, M. Nomura, R. Schleif, M. Springer, C. Squires, and T. Record for comments on the manuscript.
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