메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 278, Issue 5346, 1997, Pages 2092-2097

Transcription regulation by initiating NTP concentration: rRNA synthesis in bacteria

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE; RIBOSOME RNA;

EID: 0031443321     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.278.5346.2092     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (303)

References (95)
  • 2
    • 0001140586 scopus 로고
    • M. Schaechter, O. Maaloe, N. O. Kjeldgaard, J. Gen. Microbiol. 19, 592 (1958); O. Maaloe and N. O. Kjeldgaard, Control of Macromolecular Synthesis: A Study of DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis in Bacteria (Benjamin, New York, 1966).
    • (1958) J. Gen. Microbiol. , vol.19 , pp. 592
    • Schaechter, M.1    Maaloe, O.2    Kjeldgaard, N.O.3
  • 5
    • 0028804889 scopus 로고
    • R. L. Gourse, T. Gaal, M. S. Bartlett, J. A. Appleman, W. Ross, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 50, 645 (1996); C. Condon, C. Squires, C. L. Squires, Microbiol. Rev. 59, 623 (1995); J. Keener and M. Nomura, in (1), pp. 1417-1431.
    • (1995) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.59 , pp. 623
    • Condon, C.1    Squires, C.2    Squires, C.L.3
  • 6
    • 0029820872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Keener and M. Nomura, in (1), pp. 1417-1431
    • R. L. Gourse, T. Gaal, M. S. Bartlett, J. A. Appleman, W. Ross, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 50, 645 (1996); C. Condon, C. Squires, C. L. Squires, Microbiol. Rev. 59, 623 (1995); J. Keener and M. Nomura, in (1), pp. 1417-1431.
  • 7
    • 0017086309 scopus 로고
    • Most models for rRNA regulation have focused on proposed direct or indirect effects of ppGpp [A. A. Travers, Nature 263, 641 (1976); J. Ryals, R. Little, H. Bremer, J. Bacteriol. 151, 1261 (1982); A. G. Marr, ibid. 55, 316 (1991)].
    • (1976) Nature , vol.263 , pp. 641
    • Travers, A.A.1
  • 8
    • 0020415822 scopus 로고
    • Most models for rRNA regulation have focused on proposed direct or indirect effects of ppGpp [A. A. Travers, Nature 263, 641 (1976); J. Ryals, R. Little, H. Bremer, J. Bacteriol. 151, 1261 (1982); A. G. Marr, ibid. 55, 316 (1991)].
    • (1982) J. Bacteriol. , vol.151 , pp. 1261
    • Ryals, J.1    Little, R.2    Bremer, H.3
  • 9
    • 0025331254 scopus 로고
    • Most models for rRNA regulation have focused on proposed direct or indirect effects of ppGpp [A. A. Travers, Nature 263, 641 (1976); J. Ryals, R. Little, H. Bremer, J. Bacteriol. 151, 1261 (1982); K. F. Jensen and S. Pedersen, Microbiol. Rev. 54, 89 (1990); K. F. Jensen and S. Pedersen, Microbiol. Rev. 54, 89 (1990);
    • (1990) Microbiol. Rev. , vol.54 , pp. 89
    • Jensen, K.F.1    Pedersen, S.2
  • 10
    • 0025825078 scopus 로고
    • Most models for rRNA regulation have focused on proposed direct or indirect effects of ppGpp [A. A. Travers, Nature 263, 641 (1976); J. Ryals, R. Little, H. Bremer, J. Bacteriol. 151, 1261 (1982); K. F. Jensen and S. Pedersen, Microbiol. Rev. 54, 89 (1990); A. G. Marr, ibid. 55, 316 (1991)]. A. G. Marr, ibid. 55, 316 (1991)]. J. M. Zengel and L. Lindahl, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 47, 331 (1994).
    • (1991) J. Bacteriol. , vol.55 , pp. 316
    • Marr, A.G.1
  • 12
    • 0028251157 scopus 로고
    • M. Nomura, R. L. Gourse, G. Baughman, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 53, 75 (1984); J. M. Zengel and L. Lindahl, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 47, 331 (1994). J. M. Zengel and L. Lindahl, Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 47, 331 (1994).
    • (1994) Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. , vol.47 , pp. 331
    • Zengel, J.M.1    Lindahl, L.2
  • 14
    • 0027761839 scopus 로고
    • W. Ross et al., Science 262, 1407 (1993).
    • (1993) Science , vol.262 , pp. 1407
    • Ross, W.1
  • 15
    • 0028230951 scopus 로고
    • L. Rao et al., J. Mol. Biol. 235, 1421 (1994).
    • (1994) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.235 , pp. 1421
    • Rao, L.1
  • 17
    • 0030045015 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. E. Blatter, W. Ross, H. Tang, R. L. Gourse, R. H. Ebright, Cell 78, 889 (1994); T. Gaal et al., Genes Dev. 10, 16 (1996). T. Gaal et al., Genes Dev. 10, 16 (1996).
    • (1996) Genes Dev. , vol.10 , pp. 16
    • Gaal, T.1
  • 23
    • 2642626305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. Cashel, D. R. Gentry, V. J. Hernandez, D. Vinella, in (1), pp. 1458-1496
    • M. Cashel, D. R. Gentry, V. J. Hernandez, D. Vinella, in (1), pp. 1458-1496.
  • 26
    • 2642668157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 32P]CTP.
  • 28
    • 2642661141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NTP for ATP was about 500 μM at 100 mM KCl.
  • 29
    • 2642693378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in (1), ed. 1, 1987, pp. 1190-1219
    • 600≈ 0.5) and treated with formaldehyde, and NTPs were extracted from unwashed cells with KOH [R. Little and H. Bremer, Anal. Biochem. 126, 381 (1983)] and measured by HPLC (C-18 Alltech nucleoside/nucleotide column) as recommended by the manufacturer. β-Ga-lactosidase activities were measured as described (54) from the same cultures.
    • Bachmann, B.J.1
  • 30
    • 0027251266 scopus 로고
    • 600≈ 0.5) and treated with formaldehyde, and NTPs were extracted from unwashed cells with KOH [R. Little and H. Bremer, Anal. Biochem. 126, 381 (1983)] and measured by HPLC (C-18 Alltech nucleoside/nucleotide column) as recommended by the manufacturer. β-Ga-lactosidase activities were measured as described (54) from the same cultures.
    • (1993) J. Bacteriol. , vol.175 , pp. 3401
    • Jensen, K.F.1
  • 31
    • 0017883344 scopus 로고
    • + derivative of MG1655 [B. J. Bachmann, in (1), ed. 1, 1987, pp. 1190-1219; K. F. Jensen, J. Bacteriol. 175, 3401 (1993)]. Cells were grown in C medium [M. Alper and B. Ames, J. Bacteriol. 133, 149 (1978) [M. Alper and B. Ames, J. Bacteriol. 133, 149 (1978)
    • (1978) J. Bacteriol. , vol.133 , pp. 149
    • Alper, M.1    Ames, B.2
  • 32
    • 0020215198 scopus 로고
    • and measured by HPLC (C-18 Alltech nucleoside/nucleotide column) as recommended by the manufacturer. β-Ga-lactosidase activities were measured as described (54) from the same cultures
    • NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
    • (1983) Anal. Biochem. , vol.126 , pp. 381
    • Little, R.1    Bremer, H.2
  • 34
    • 0039247210 scopus 로고
    • NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
    • (1961) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.236 , pp. 515
    • Franzen, J.S.1    Binkley, S.B.2
  • 35
    • 0040975048 scopus 로고
    • NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
    • (1964) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.86 , pp. 229
    • Smith, R.C.1    Maaloe, O.2
  • 36
    • 0015799563 scopus 로고
    • NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
    • (1973) Eur. J. Biochem. , vol.36 , pp. 422
    • Bagnara, A.S.1    Finch, L.R.2
  • 37
    • 2042478614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Neuhard and P. Nygaard, in (1), ed. 1, 1987, pp. 445-473
    • Earlier studies also indicated that ATP concentration increased with growth rate [F. C. Neidhardt and D. G. Fraenkel, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 26, 63 (1961); J. S. Franzen and S. B. Binkley, J. Biol. Chem. 236, 515 (1961); R. C. Smith and O. Maaloe, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 86, 229 (1964); A. S. Bagnara and L. R. Finch, Eur. J. Biochem. 36, 422 (1973)). ATP and GTP concentrations in vivo were estimated to be about 3.0 mM and 1 mM, respectively [J. Neuhard and P. Nygaard, in (1), ed. 1, 1987, pp. 445-473], [J. Neuhard and P. Nygaard, in (1), ed. 1, 1987, pp. 445-473], W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
  • 39
    • 0018676768 scopus 로고
    • NTP reported here for rrn P1 promoters [W. R. McClure, C. L. Cech, D. E. Johnston, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 8941 (1978); W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)]. W. C. Nierman and M. J. Chambertin, ibid. 254, 7921 (1979)].
    • (1979) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.254 , pp. 7921
    • Nierman, W.C.1    Chambertin, M.J.2
  • 42
    • 0026088724 scopus 로고
    • 4. The rrnB P1 promoter-lacZ fusion in RLG3493 indicated that rrn P1 activity increased under pyrimidine-limiting conditions. However, pyrimidine-limited cells do not overproduce full-length rRNA (24) [U. Vogel, S. Pedersen, K. F. Jensen, J. Bacteriol. 173, 1168 (1991)], possibly because of compensating effects on other aspects of the rRNA transcription process.
    • (1991) J. Bacteriol. , vol.173 , pp. 1168
    • Vogel, U.1    Pedersen, S.2    Jensen, K.F.3
  • 43
    • 2642630394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • M. T. Record Jr., W. S. Reznikoff, M. L. Craig, K. L. McQuade, P. J. Schlax, in (1), pp. 792-820
    • M. T. Record Jr., W. S. Reznikoff, M. L. Craig, K. L. McQuade, P. J. Schlax, in (1), pp. 792-820.
  • 45
    • 0021911806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unpublished data
    • M. E. Mulligan, J. Brosius, W. R. McClure, J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3529 (1985); M. S. Bartlett, M. M. Barker, R. L. Gourse, unpublished data. M. S. Bartlett, M. M. Barker, R. L. Gourse, unpublished data.
    • Bartlett, M.S.1    Barker, M.M.2    Gourse, R.L.3
  • 49
    • 0026781861 scopus 로고
    • K. L. Ohlsen and J. D. Gralla, Mol. Microbiol. 6, 2243 (1992); J. Biol. Chem. 267, 19813 (1992); J. Biol. Chem. 267, 19813 (1992);
    • (1992) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.267 , pp. 19813
  • 50
    • 0026759339 scopus 로고
    • K. L. Ohlsen and J. D. Gralla, Mol. Microbiol. 6, 2243 (1992); J. Biol. Chem. 267, 19813 (1992); J. Bacteriol. 174, 6071 (1992). J. Bacteriol. 174, 6071 (1992). J. Villemain, R. Guajardo, R. Sousa, J. Mol. Biol., 273, 958 (1997).
    • (1992) J. Bacteriol. , vol.174 , pp. 6071
  • 52
    • 0031567783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stabilization of promoter open complexes by NTPs has also been reported by others (K. L. McQuade, E. Courtenay, P. E. Schlax, O. V. Tsodikov, M. T. Record Jr., unpublished data; J. Villemain, R. Guajardo, R. Sousa, J. Mol. Biol., 273, 958 (1997). J. Villemain, R. Guajardo, R. Sousa, J. Mol. Biol., 273, 958 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.273 , pp. 958
    • Villemain, J.1    Guajardo, R.2    Sousa, R.3
  • 53
    • 2642699558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 32P]UTP to initiate a single round of transcription. Transcripts were resolved on 5.5% polyacrylamide-7 M urea gels and quantified by phosphorimaging.
  • 55
    • 2642668156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • NTP = 360 μM) at 170 mM KCl (20)]. Relative to wild-type rrnB P1, the C-1T mutant rrnB P1 promoter (-46 to +1; plasmid pRLG2295) required about one-tenth the amount of ATP for maximal transcription initiation, only slightly more ATP than was needed by the RNA I promoter at each solution condition (19).
  • 56
    • 2642692362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 32P]CTP. Plasmid DNA in Fig. 5F (pRLG589) contained the rrnB P1 (-88 to +50) promoter. The mutant RNAP also made less stable complexes with non-rRNA promoters, indicating that the mutation does not identify a site of interaction with DNA specific to rrn P1 promoters (33).
  • 58
    • 0015522050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. Lund and N. O. Kjeldgaard, Eur. J. Biochem. 28, 316 (1972); J. R. Cole, C. L. Olsson, J. W. B. Hershey, M. Grunberg-Manago, M. Nomura, J. Mol. Biol. 198, 383 (1987); M. Yamagishi, H. A. deBoer, M. Nomura, ibid., p. 547.
    • (1972) Eur. J. Biochem. , vol.28 , pp. 316
    • Lund, E.1    Kjeldgaard, N.O.2
  • 59
    • 0017711713 scopus 로고
    • E. Lund and N. O. Kjeldgaard, Eur. J. Biochem. 28, 316 (1972); V. Shen and H. Bremer, J. Bacteriol. 130, 1109 (1977); V. Shen and H. Bremer, J. Bacteriol. 130, 1109 (1977); M. Yamagishi, H. A. deBoer, M. Nomura, ibid., p. 547.
    • (1977) J. Bacteriol. , vol.130 , pp. 1109
    • Shen, V.1    Bremer, H.2
  • 60
    • 0023646046 scopus 로고
    • E. Lund and N. O. Kjeldgaard, Eur. J. Biochem. 28, 316 (1972); V. Shen and H. Bremer, J. Bacteriol. 130, 1109 (1977); J. R. Cole, C. L. Olsson, J. W. B. Hershey, M. Grunberg-Manago, M. Nomura, J. Mol. Biol. 198, 383 (1987); J. R. Cole, C. L. Olsson, J. W. B. Hershey, M. Grunberg-Manago, M. Nomura, J. Mol. Biol. 198, 383 (1987);
    • (1987) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.198 , pp. 383
    • Cole, J.R.1    Olsson, C.L.2    Hershey, J.W.B.3    Grunberg-Manago, M.4    Nomura, M.5
  • 61
    • 0015522050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E. Lund and N. O. Kjeldgaard, Eur. J. Biochem. 28, 316 (1972); V. Shen and H. Bremer, J. Bacteriol. 130, 1109 (1977); J. R. Cole, C. L. Olsson, J. W. B. Hershey, M. Grunberg-Manago, M. Nomura, J. Mol. Biol. 198, 383 (1987); M. Yamagishi, H. A. deBoer, M. Nomura, ibid., p. 547. M. Yamagishi, H. A. deBoer, M. Nomura, ibid., p. 547.
    • J. Mol. Biol. , pp. 547
    • Yamagishi, M.1    DeBoer, H.A.2    Nomura, M.3
  • 64
    • 0026056115 scopus 로고
    • A. Bock and F. C. Neidhardt, J. Bacteriol. 92, 470 (1966); M. Singer et al., ibid. 173, 6249 (1991). M. Singer et al., ibid. 173, 6249 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Bacteriol. , vol.173 , pp. 6249
    • Singer, M.1
  • 68
    • 2642696460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The top (nontemplate) strand base is indicated, but either the top or bottom strand base could be the crucial determinant.
  • 70
    • 0002069988 scopus 로고
    • R. Losick and M. Chamberlin, Eds. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
    • H. Kupper, R. Contreras, H. G. Khorana, A. Landy, in RNA Polymerase, R. Losick and M. Chamberlin, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1976), pp. 473-484; L. Nilsson and V. Emilsson, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9460 (1994); W. Ross, J. Salomon, W. M. Holmes, R. L. Gourse, unpublished data.
    • (1976) RNA Polymerase , pp. 473-484
    • Kupper, H.1    Contreras, R.2    Khorana, H.G.3    Landy, A.4
  • 71
    • 0027415689 scopus 로고
    • H. Kupper, R. Contreras, H. G. Khorana, A. Landy, in RNA Polymerase, R. Losick and M. Chamberlin, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1976), pp. 473-484; K. B. Rowley, R. M. Elford, I. Roberts, W. M. Holmes, J. Bacteriol. 175, 1309 (1993); K. B. Rowley, R. M. Elford, I. Roberts, W. M. Holmes, J. Bacteriol. 175, 1309 (1993); W. Ross, J. Salomon, W. M. Holmes, R. L. Gourse, unpublished data.
    • (1993) J. Bacteriol. , vol.175 , pp. 1309
    • Rowley, K.B.1    Elford, R.M.2    Roberts, I.3    Holmes, W.M.4
  • 72
    • 0028228490 scopus 로고
    • H. Kupper, R. Contreras, H. G. Khorana, A. Landy, in RNA Polymerase, R. Losick and M. Chamberlin, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1976), pp. 473-484; K. B. Rowley, R. M. Elford, I. Roberts, W. M. Holmes, J. Bacteriol. 175, 1309 (1993); L. Nilsson and V. Emilsson, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9460 (1994); L. Nilsson and V. Emilsson, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9460 (1994);
    • (1994) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.269 , pp. 9460
    • Nilsson, L.1    Emilsson, V.2
  • 73
    • 2642590670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • unpublished data
    • H. Kupper, R. Contreras, H. G. Khorana, A. Landy, in RNA Polymerase, R. Losick and M. Chamberlin, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 1976), pp. 473-484; K. B. Rowley, R. M. Elford, I. Roberts, W. M. Holmes, J. Bacteriol. 175, 1309 (1993); L. Nilsson and V. Emilsson, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9460 (1994); W. Ross, J. Salomon, W. M. Holmes, R. L. Gourse, unpublished data. W. Ross, J. Salomon, W. M. Holmes, R. L. Gourse, unpublished data.
    • Ross, W.1    Salomon, J.2    Holmes, W.M.3    Gourse, R.L.4
  • 75
    • 0026567323 scopus 로고
    • H. R. Wilson, C. D. Archer, J. Liu, C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Bacteriol. 174, 514 (1992); C. Liu, L. S. Heath, C. L. Turnbough Jr., Genes Dev. 8, 2904 (1994); J. P. Donahue and C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18185 (1994); A.-H. T. Tu and C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Bacteriol. 179, 6665 (1997).
    • (1992) J. Bacteriol. , vol.174 , pp. 514
    • Wilson, H.R.1    Archer, C.D.2    Liu, J.3    Turnbough Jr., C.L.4
  • 76
    • 0020698921 scopus 로고
    • H. R. Wilson, C. D. Archer, J. Liu, C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Bacteriol. 174, 514 (1992); C. L. Turnbough Jr., K. L. Hicks, J. P. Donahue, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 368 (1983); C. L. Turnbough Jr., K. L. Hicks, J. P. Donahue, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 368 (1983); J. P. Donahue and C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18185 (1994); A.-H. T. Tu and C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Bacteriol. 179, 6665 (1997).
    • (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.80 , pp. 368
    • Turnbough Jr., C.L.1    Hicks, K.L.2    Donahue, J.P.3
  • 77
    • 0028027955 scopus 로고
    • H. R. Wilson, C. D. Archer, J. Liu, C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Bacteriol. 174, 514 (1992); C. L. Turnbough Jr., K. L. Hicks, J. P. Donahue, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 368 (1983); C. Liu, L. S. Heath, C. L. Turnbough Jr., Genes Dev. 8, 2904 (1994); C. Liu, L. S. Heath, C. L. Turnbough Jr., Genes Dev. 8, 2904 (1994); A.-H. T. Tu and C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Bacteriol. 179, 6665 (1997).
    • (1994) Genes Dev. , vol.8 , pp. 2904
    • Liu, C.1    Heath, L.S.2    Turnbough Jr., C.L.3
  • 78
    • 0028229547 scopus 로고
    • H. R. Wilson, C. D. Archer, J. Liu, C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Bacteriol. 174, 514 (1992); C. L. Turnbough Jr., K. L. Hicks, J. P. Donahue, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 368 (1983); C. Liu, L. S. Heath, C. L. Turnbough Jr., Genes Dev. 8, 2904 (1994); J. P. Donahue and C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18185 (1994); J. P. Donahue and C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18185 (1994);
    • (1994) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.269 , pp. 18185
    • Donahue, J.P.1    Turnbough Jr., C.L.2
  • 79
    • 0001612470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H. R. Wilson, C. D. Archer, J. Liu, C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Bacteriol. 174, 514 (1992); C. L. Turnbough Jr., K. L. Hicks, J. P. Donahue, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 368 (1983); C. Liu, L. S. Heath, C. L. Turnbough Jr., Genes Dev. 8, 2904 (1994); J. P. Donahue and C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18185 (1994); A.-H. T. Tu and C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Bacteriol. 179, 6665 (1997). A.-H. T. Tu and C. L. Turnbough Jr., J. Bacteriol. 179, 6665 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Bacteriol. , vol.179 , pp. 6665
    • Tu, A.-H.T.1    Turnbough Jr., C.L.2
  • 80
    • 2642692360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. Ninfa, in (1). pp. 1246-1262.
    • A. Ninfa, in (1). pp. 1246-1262.
  • 82
    • 2642663139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • This probably explains why the growth rate regulation-defective mutant RNAPs are not lethal to the cell and reduce the growth rate by only about 25%.
  • 84
    • 0026409841 scopus 로고
    • Because salt concentration and degree of supercoiling modulate rRNA transcription efficiency in vitro (28, 29), it is possible that changes in the internal ionic environment or in chromosomal supercoiling could contribute to regulation of rRNA transcription. However, the media used in our studies to vary growth rates did not systematically alter the ionic environment, and changes in the external ionic environment have much less effect on protein-DNA interactions in vivo than observed in vitro [S. Cayley, B. Lewis, H. Guttman, M. T. Record Jr., J. Mol. Biol. 222, 281 (1991)].
    • (1991) J. Mol. Biol. , vol.222 , pp. 281
    • Cayley, S.1    Lewis, B.2    Guttman, H.3    Record Jr., M.T.4
  • 85
    • 0023430342 scopus 로고
    • Because salt concentration and degree of supercoiling modulate rRNA transcription efficiency in vitro (28, 29), it is possible that changes in the internal ionic environment or in chromosomal supercoiling could contribute to regulation of rRNA transcription. However, the media used in our studies to vary growth rates did not systematically alter the ionic environment, and changes in the external ionic environment have much less effect on protein-DNA interactions in vivo than observed in vitro [S. Cayley, B. Lewis, H. Guttman, M. T. Record Jr., J. Mol. Biol. 222, 281 (1991)]. Similarly, the extent of supercoiling does not correlate in a systematic manner with growth rate [V. L. Balke and J. D. Gralla, J. Bacteriol. 169, 4499 (1987)]. Similarly, the extent of supercoiling does not correlate in a systematic manner with growth rate [V. L. Balke and J. D. Gralla, J. Bacteriol. 169, 4499 (1987)].
    • (1987) J. Bacteriol. , vol.169 , pp. 4499
    • Balke, V.L.1    Gralla, J.D.2
  • 91
    • 0012193842 scopus 로고
    • D. H. Hamer and M. Rosenberg, Eds. Liss, New York
    • J. A. Appleman, T. Gaal, R. L. Gourse, unpublished data; P. Sarmientos, S. Contente, G. Chinali, M. Cashel, in Gene Expression, D. H. Hamer and M. Rosenberg, Eds. (Liss, New York, 1983), pp. 65-74. P. Sarmientos, S. Contente, G. Chinali, M. Cashel, in Gene Expression, D. H. Hamer and M. Rosenberg, Eds. (Liss, New York, 1983), pp. 65-74. E. Lund and J. E. Dahlberg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 5480 (1979).
    • (1983) Expression , pp. 65-74
    • Sarmientos, P.1    Contente, S.2    Chinali, G.3    Cashel, M.4    Gene, I.5
  • 93
    • 2642634445 scopus 로고
    • H. A. deBoer and M. Nomura, J. Biol. Chem. 254, 5609 (1979); E. Lund and J. E. Dahlberg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 5480 (1979). E. Lund and J. E. Dahlberg, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 5480 (1979).
    • (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , vol.76 , pp. 5480
    • Lund, E.1    Dahlberg, J.E.2
  • 95
    • 2642637582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Supported by NIH grants GM37048 (R.L.G.) and GM29466 (C.L.T.). We thank R. Landick for RNAP; V. J. Hernandez for VH1000; T. Record and K. McQuade for sharing ideas and for communicating results; A. Grossman, R. Landick, and N. Shimamoto for helpful discussions; J. Southworth for technical assistance; and A. Appleman, M. Dreyfus, D. Dubnau, K. McQuade, R. Mooney, M. Nomura, R. Schleif, M. Springer, C. Squires, and T. Record for comments on the manuscript.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.