Chronic sinusitis in children

Acta Oto-Rhino-Laryngologica Belgica

Volumn 51, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 285-304

  Daele, Jacques J ^a  

^a CHR de la Citadelle ^*  (Belgium)

Author keywords

Children; Chronic sinusitis; FESS; Immune defects; Sinusitis; URTI; Viral illness

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; BETA LACTAMASE; DECONGESTIVE AGENT; DEXAMETHASONE; GUAIFENESIN; MUCOLYTIC AGENT; NEOMYCIN; PLACEBO;

ADENOIDECTOMY; ALLERGY; ASTHMA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHRONIC SINUSITIS; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY; ETHMOIDECTOMY; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; LAVAGE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; REVIEW; TONSILLECTOMY; TOPICAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CHILD; CHRONIC DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EIKENELLA CORRODENS; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HAEMOPHILUS INFECTIONS; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HUMANS; IGA DEFICIENCY; IGG DEFICIENCY; MORAXELLA (BRANHAMELLA) CATARRHALIS; NEISSERIACEAE INFECTIONS; PARANASAL SINUSES; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; PEPTOSTREPTOCOCCUS; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RECURRENCE; RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS; SINUSITIS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; VIRUS DISEASES;

EID: 0031442123     PISSN: 00016497     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. ALBEGGER K. W. Banale Entzündungen der Nase und der Nasennebenhöhlen. In : Berendes J., Link J. R., Zöllner F. (Eds), Hals, Nasen-, Ohren-Heilkunde in Praxis und klinik. Band 1, Obere und untere Luftwege. G. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 11.1-11.32, 1979.
2. KALINER M. A. Sinusitis : Bench to bedside. Otolaryng. Head and Neck Surg., 116 : Num 6 part 2, 1997.
3. SCHMOLDT U., TIEDJEN K. U. Zur sinusitis paranasalis bei kindern. HNO, 31 : 311-313, 1983.
4. DE CLEYN K. M., KERSSCHOTE. A., DE CLERCK L. S., ORTMANS P. M., DE SCHEPPER A. M., VAN BEVER H. P., STEVENS W. J. Paranasal sinus pathology in allergic and non allergic respiratory tract disease. Allergy, 41 : 313-318.
5. RACHELEFSKY G. S., KATZ R. M., SIEGEL S.C. Chronic sinusitis in the allergic child. Pediatr. Clin. North. Am. 35 : 1091-1101, 1988.
6. VAN DER VEKEN P., CLEMENT P. A. R., BUISSERET T., DESPRECHINS B., KAUFMAN L. DERDE M. P. CT scan study of the incidence of sinus involvement and nasal anatomic variations in 196 children. Rhinology 28 : 177-184, 1990.
7. WALD E. R., GURERRA N., BYERS C. Upper respiratory tract infection in young children, duration of and frequency of complications. Pediatrics, 87 : 129-33, 1991.
8. WALD E. R. Sinusitis in children. N. Engl. J. Med., 1992, 326 : 319-323.
9. MARESH M. M., WASHBURN A. H. Paranasal sinuses from birth to late adolescence ; size of paranasal sinuses as observed on routine postéroantérior roentgenograms. Am. J. Dis. Child., 60 : 841-861, 1940.
10. CLEMENT P.A.R., VAN CAUWENBERGHE P. Medical and immunological aspects of snusitis in children. Workshop Cottle international rhinology centennial XVI ISIAN, p. 59, 1997.
11. GWALTNEY J. M., PHILLIPS C. D., MILLER R. D., RIKER D. K. Computed tomographic study of the common cold. N. Engl. J. Med., 330 : 25-30, 1994.
12. MANNING S. C., BIOVATE M. J., PHILLIPS D. L. Correlation of clinical sinusitis signs and symptoms to imaging in pediatric patients. Int. J. Ped. ORL, 37 : 65-74, 1996.
13. KENNEDY D. W. First-line management of sinusitis. Otol. Head and Neck Surg., 103 : 845-888, 1990.
14. CLEMENT P. A. R. Management of rhinosinusitis in children. Consensus meeting. Brussels, septembre 13, 1996.
15. SHOPFNER C. E., ROSSI J. O. Roentgen evaluation of the paranasal sinuses in children. A.J.R., 118 : 176-186, 1973.
16. VAN BUCHEM F. L., PEETERS M. F., KNOTTNERUS J. A. Maxillary sinusitis in children. Clin. Otolaryngol., 1992, 17 : 41-53
17. NGUYEN K. L., CORBETT M. L., GARCIA D. P., EBERLY S. M., MASSEY E. N., LE-HT., SHEARER L. T., KARIBO J. M., PENCE H. L. Chronic sinusitis among pediatric patients with chronic respiratory complaints. Journal Allergy, Clin. Immunol., Déc., 92 (6) : 824-830, 1993.
18. DIAMENT M. J. The diagnosis of sinusitis in infants and children ; X-RAY computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 90 : 442-444, 1992.
19. ODITA J. C., AKAMAGUNA A. I., OGISI F. O., AMU O. D., UGBODAGA C. I. Pneumatisation of the maxillary sinus in normal and symptomatic children. Pediatr. Radiol., 16 : 365-367, 1986.
20. UHARI M., LAMRING P., KOUVALAINEM K., AKERBLOM H. Incidence of radiological abnormal- ities in the maxillary sinuses of children. Duodecim, 93 : 327-329, 1977.
21. KOVATCH A. L., WALD E. R., LEDESMA-MEDINA J., CHIPONIS D. M., BEDINGFIELD B., Maxillary sinus radiographs in children with non respiratory complaints. Pediatrics, 73 : 306-308, 1984.
22. RAK K. M., NEWELL JOHN D., YAKES W. F., DAMIANO M. A., L J. M., Paranasal sinuses on M.R. images of the brain ; significance of mucosal thickening. AJR, 156 : 381-384, 1991.
23. WATT-BOOLSEN S., KARLE A., The clinical use of radiological examination of the maxillary sinuses. Clin. Otolayngol., 2 : 41-43, 1977.
24. Me ALISTER W. H., LUSK R., MUNTZ H. R. Comparison of plain radiographs and coronal CT scan in infants and children with recurrent sinusitis. AJR, 153 : 1259-1264, 1989.
25. LUSK R. P., MC ALISTER W. H., HERMANTE WIPPOLD II F. J. Pediatric sinusitis. Raven press 1992, 16-42.
26. APRIL M. M., ZINRESCH S. J., BAROODY F. M., NACTERIO R. M. Coronal CT scan abnormalities in children with chronic sinusitis. Laryngoscope, 103 (9) : 985-900, 1993.
27. LESSERSON J. A., KIESERMAN S. P., FINN D. G. The radiographic incidence of chronic sinus disease in the pediatric population. Laryngoscope, 104 : 159-166, 1994.
28. ZINREICH S. J., BORDERS J. L., EISFLE D. W., MATTOX D. E., LONG M., KENNEDY D. W. The utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of intranasal meningoencephaloceles. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 118 : 1253-1256, 1992.
29. SCOTT C. MANNING. Paranasal sinus disease in children. Current opinion in otolaryngology, 1 : 171-176, 1993.
30. BENSON M. L., OLIVERIO P. J., ZINREICH S. J. Nasal and paranasal sinus imaging. Current opinion in otolaryngology, 3 : 12-20, 1995.
31. FIREMAN P. Diagnosis of sinusitis in children: Emphasis ont the history and physical examination. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 90 : 443-436, 1992.
32. STENFORS L. E., RAISANEN. Abundant attachment of bacteria to nasopharyngeal epithelium in otitis - Prone children. J. Infect. dis., 165 : 1148-1150, 1992.
33. SUBAUSTE M. C., JACOBY D. B., RICHARDS S. M., PROUD D. Infection of a human respiratory epithelial cell line with rhinovirus : induction of cytokine release and modulation of susceptibility to infection by cytokine exposure. J. Clin. Invest., 96 : 549-57, 1995.
34. ELIAS J. A., ZHENG T., EINARSSON O. et al. Epithelial interleukin-11 : regulation by cytokines, respiratory syncytial virus, and retinoic acid. J . Biol. Chem., 269 : 22261-8, 1994.
35. SAKAKURA Y, MAJIMA Y, HARADADT, HATTORIM, UKAI K. Nasal mucociliary transport in chronic sinusitis in children. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., 118 : 1234-1237, 1992.
36. JAIN B, RUBENSTEIN I., ROBBINS R. A., LEISHE K. L., SISSON J. H. Modulation of airway epithelial cell ciliary beat frequency by nitric oxide. Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun., 191 : 83-8, 1993.
37. LUNDBERG J. O., WEITZBERG E., NORDVALL S. L., KUYLENSTICRNA R., LUNDBERG J. M., ALVING K. Primarily nasal origin of exhaled nitric ocide and absence in Kartagner's syndrome. Eur. Respir. J., 7 : 1501-4, 1994.
38. FURUHAWA C. T. The role of allergy in sinusitis in children. J. Allergy clin. Immunol., 90 : 515-517, 1992.
39. LIU C. M., SHUN C. T., SONG H. C., LEE S. Y., HOW S. W. Antigen specific IgE antibody and cytogram in mucosa of the nose and sinus. Rhinology,7 : 111-115, 1993.
40. ZEIGER R. S., HELLER S. Development of nasal basophilic cells and nasal eosinophils from age 4 months to 4 years in children of atopic parents. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 91 : 723-734, 1993.
41. BAROODY F. M., HUGUES C. A., MC DOWELL P. et al. Eosinophilia in chronic childhood sinusitis. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head and Neck Surg., 121 : 1396-1402, 1995.
42. TAKAGI S., NISHIHIRA J., KOYAMA Y., ISHIBASHI T. The pathophysiological roles of heterogeneous eosinophils in allergic rhinitis caused by house dust mites. Biochem. Molec. Biol. Inter., 36 : 1045-1056, 1995.
43. HAMILOS D. L., LEUNG D. Y. M., WOOD R., CUNNINGHAM L. et al. Evidence for distinct cytokine expression in allergic versus nonallergic chronic sinusitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 96 : 537-544, 1995.
44. COOK P. R., MD, MHA. Sinusitis and allergy. Current Opinion in Otolaryngol. & Head and Neck Surg., 5 : 35-39, 1997.
45. DHARAMBIR S. SETHI, M. D., FRCS, and DONALD A. LEOPOLD, MD. Diagnosis and management of chronic recurrent sinusitis and immunoglobulin deficiency. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surg., 3 : 21-25, 1995.
46. SETHI D. S., LOURY M. C., WINKEI STEIN J. A., LEDERMAN H. M. Immunologic abnormalities in patients with chronic recurrent sinusitis refractory to standard management. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. (In press).
47. SETHI D. S., LEDERMAN H. M., WINKELSTEIN J. A., LOURY M. C. Immunologic defects in patients with chronic recurrent sinusitis diagnosis and management. Otolaryngol. Head and Neck Surg. (In press).
48. UMETSU D. T., AMBROSINO D. M., QUINTI I., SIBER G. R. GEHA R. S. Recurrent sinopulmonary infections and impaired antibody response to bacterial capsular polysaccharide antigen in children with selective IgG subclass deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med., 313 : 1247-1251, 1985.
49. SODERSTROM T., SODERSTROM R., AVANZINI A., BRANDTZAEG P., KARLSSON G., HANSON L. A. Immunoglobulin G subclass deficiency. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 82 : 476-480, 1987.
50. 2 subclass deficiency in children with recurrent infections : prospective study. J. Pediatric., 108 : 647-653, 1987.
51. BERGER M. Immunoglobulin G subclass determination in diagnosis and management of antibody deficiency syndromes. J. Pediatr., 110 : 325-328, 1987.
52. STANLEY P. J., CORBO G., COLE P. J. Serum IgG subclasses in chronic and recurrent respiratory infections. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 58 : 703-708, 1984.
53. 2 deficiency. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 86 : 4-10, 1990.
54. SHAPIRO G. G., VIRANT F. S., FURUKAWA C. T., PIERSON W. E., BIERMAN C. W. Immunologic defects in patients with refractory sinusitis, Pediatrics, 87 : 311-316, 1991.
55. 2levels. Ann. Allergy, 72 : 507-514, 1994.
56. HUSTON D. P. O., KAVANAUGH A. F., ROHANE P. W., HUSTON M. M. Immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes and therapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 1991, 87 : 1-17, 1991.
57. 3 deficiency is common bstructive lung disease. Monogr. Allergy, 20 : 106-115, 1986.
58. HAMILOS D. L., YOUNG R. M., PETER J B., AGOPIAN M. S., IKLE D. N., BARKA N. Hypogammaglobulinemia in asthmatic patients. Ann. Allergy, 68 : 272-281, 1992.
59. SCADDING G. K., LUND V. J., DARBY Y. C., NAVAS-ROMERO J., SEYMOUR N., TURNER M. W. IgG subclass levels in chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology, 32 : 15-19, 1994.
60. SILBER G. R., SCHUR P. H., AISENBER A. C., WEITZMAN S. A., SCHIFFMAN G. Correlation between IgG2 concentrations and the antibody response to bacterial polysaccharide antigens. N. Engl. J. Med., 303 : 178-182, 1980.
61. 4 deficiency in IgA deficient patients. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 8 : 705-709, 1989.
62. ROIFMAN C. M., LEDERMAN H. M., LAVI S., STEIN L. D., LEVISON, GELHAND E. W. Benefits of intravenous IgG replacement in hypogammaglobulinemic patients with chronic sinopulmonary disease. Ann. J. Med., 79 : 171-174, 1985.
63. WILLIAMS P., WHITE A., WILSON J. A., YAP P. L. Penetration of administered IgG into the maxillary sinus and long-term clinical effects of intravenous immunoglobulin replacement therapy on sinusitis in primary hypogammaglobulinaemia. Acta Otolaryngol. (Stockh), 111 : 550-555, 1991.
64. POLMAR S. H., The role of immunologist in sinus disease. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 90 : 511-515, 1982.
65. 2sufficient children with recurrent infections and poor response to immunization with Hemophilus influenzae type B capsular polysaccharide antigen. Ann. Allergy, 64 : 21-25, 1990.
66. SHAH U. K., Me GUIRT W. F., FORSENS J., CARADONA D. DWIGHT Jones. Congenital and acquired immunodeficiency in the pediatric patient. Current opinion in Otolaryngol., 2 : 462-467, 1994.
67. CEULERATI N., BORKOWSKY W. Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection : an otolaryngologist's perspective. J. Otolaryngol. 1990, 19 : 182-188.
68. MEITELES L. Z., LUCENTE F. E. Sinus and nasal manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ear, Nose and Throat J., 69 : 454-459, 1990.
69. GODOFSKY E. W., ZINREICH J., AMSTRONG M., LESLIE J. M., WEIKEL C. S. Sinusitis in HIV-infected patients . A clinical and radiographic review. Am. J. Med., 93 : 163-170, 1992.
70. SHAPIRO E. D., MILMOE G. J., WALD E. R., RODNAN J. B., BOWEN A. D. Bacteriology of the maxillary sinuses in patients with cystic fibrosis. J. Infect. Dis., 146 : 589-593, 1982.
71. BROOK I. Bacteriologic features of chronic sinusitis in children. JAMA, 246 : 967-969, 1981.
72. WALD E. R., BYERS C., GUERRA N., CASSELBRANT M., BESTE D. Subacute sinusitis in children. J. Pediatr., 115 : 28-32, 1989.
73. WALD E. R., REILY J. S., CASSELBRANT M. C., CHIPPONIS D. Treatment of acute sinusitis in children : Augmentin vs Cefaclor. Postgrad. Med., sept.-oct., 133-6, 1984.
74. RODRIGUEZ R. S., DE LA TORRE C., SANCHEZ C. et al. Bacteriology and treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis in children. Abstracts of the interscience conference of antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy (328), Los Angeles 1988.
75. WALD E. R., REILY J. S., CASSELBRANT M. et al. Treatment of acute maxillary sinusistis in child- hood. A comparative study of Amoxicilline and Cefaclor. J. Pediat., 104 : 297-302, 1984.
76. FRIEDMAN R., ACKERMAN W., WALD E., CASSELBRANT M., FRIDAY G., FIREMAN P. Asthma and bacterial sinusitis in children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 74 : 185-9, 1984.
77. GOI DENHERSH M. J., RACHELEHSKY G. S., DUPLEY J. et al. The bacteriology of chronic sinus disease in children with respiratory allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 85 : 1030-1039, 1990.
78. WALD E. R., MILMOE G. J., BOWEN A., LEDESMA MEDINA J., SALMON N., BLUESTONE C. D. Acute maxillary sinusitis in children. N. Eng. J. Med., 304 : 749-754, 1981.
79. EVANS F. O. Jr, SYNDOR J. M., MOORE W. E. C. et al. Sinusitis of the maxillary antrum. N. Eng. J. Med. 1975, 293 : 735-739.
80. BROOKS I. Bacteriologic features of chronic sinusitis in children. JAMA, 246 : 967-969, 1981.
81. MUNTZ H. R., LUSK R. P. Bacteriology of the ethmoid bulla in children with chronic sinusitis. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head and Neck Surg., 117 : 179-181, 1991.
82. WALD E. R. Antimicrobial therapy of pediatric patients with sinusitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 90 :469-473, 1992.
83. WALD E. R. Microbiology of acute and chronic sinusitis in children. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 90 . 433-436, 1992.
84. POOLE M. D. Pediatric sinusitis is not a surgical disease. Ear, Nose, Throat J., 71 : 622-623, 1992.
85. LEVINE L. R. Quantitative comparison of adverse reactions to Cefaclor compared with amoxicilline in a surveillance study. J. Pediatr. Infect. Dis., 4 : 358, 1985.
86. SYNDOR A. Jr, GWALTNEY J. M. Jr, COCHETTO D. M., SCHELD W. M. Comparative evaluation for therapy of acute maxillary sinusitis. Ear, Nose, Throat J., 71 : 225, 1992.
87. GEHA R. S. Antibody deficiency syndromes and novel immunodeficiencies. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 7 (suppl. 5) : S57-S560, 1988.
88. RICHARD G. FADAL. Chronic sinusitis, steroid dependent asthma, and IgG subclass and selective antibody deficiencies. Otolaryngol. Head and Neck Surg., 109 : 606-610, 1993.
89. DRUCE H. M. Adjuncts to medical management of sinusitis. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surg., 103 : 880. 1990.
90. WAWROSE S. F., TAMI T. A., AMOILS C. P. The role of guiafenesin in the treatment of sinonasal disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laryngoscope, 102 : 1225-1228, 1992.
91. WAI D E. R. Rhinitis and acute chronic sinusitis. Bluestone C. D. (ed.) : Pediatr. Otolaryngology 3rd ed. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders, vol. 1, 843, 1996.
92. SYKES D. A., WILSON R., CHAN K. L., MACKAY I. S., COLE P. J. Relative importance of antibiotic and improved clearance in topical treatment of chronic mucopurulent rhinosinusitis : a controlled study. Lancet, 2 : 359-60, 1986.
93. BUSINCO L., FIORE L., FREDIANI T., ARTUSO A., DI FAZIO A., BELLIONI P. Clinical and therapeutic aspects on sinusitis in children with bronchial asthma. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 3 : 287-94, 1981.
94. MELTZER E. O., ORGEL H. A., BACKHAUS J. W. et al. Intranasal flunisolide spray as an adjunct to oral antibiotic therapy for sinusitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 92 : 812-23, 1993.
95. STROBER W., SNELLAR M. C. IgA deficiency. Ann. Allergy, 66 : 363-375, 1991.
96. OTTEN F. W. A., VAN AAREM A., GROTE J. J. Long Term Follow-Up of Chronic Therapy Resistant Purulent Rhinitis in Children. Clin. Otolaryngol., 17 : 32-33, 1992.
97. OTTEN F. W. A., GROTE J. J. Treatment of Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis in Children. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol., 15 : 269-278, 1988.
98. LUSK R. P. Chronic sinusitis, surgical management. Bluestone C. D. (ed.) Pediatric Otolaryngology, 3rd ed., Philadelphia. W. B. Saunders, vol. 1 : 859-865, 1996.
99. LUSK R. P. Surgical modalities other than ethmoidectomy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 90 : 538-542, 1992.
100. TAKAHASHI H., HONJO I., FUJITA A. and KURATA K. Effects of adenoidectomy on sinusitis. Acta oto-rhino-laryngologica belgica, 51 : 85-87, 1997.
101. LEE D., RICHARD M., ROSENHELD R. M. Adenoid bacteriology and sinonasal symptoms in children. Otolaryngol. Head and Neck Surgery, vol. 116 : 301-307, 1997.
102. BIRREL J. F. Chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. Arch. Dis. Child., 27 : 1-9, 1952.
103. LUSK R. P. Pediatric sinusitis. Raven Press 1992.
104. CARMACK J. W. Sinusitis in children. Ann. Otol. Rhino. Laryngol., 40 : 515-521, 1931.
105. CROOKS J., SIGNY A. G. Accessory nasal sinusitis in childhood. Arch. Dis. Child., 11 : 281-306, 1936.
106. LUND V. J. Inferior meatal antrostomy. Fundamental consideration of design and function. J. Laryngol. Olol. (suppl.), 15 : 1-18, 1988.
107. LAZAR R. H., YOUNIS R. T., GROSS C. W. Pediatric functional endonasal sinus surgery : review of 210 cases. Head Neck, 14 : 92-98, 1992.
108. TRIGLIA J. M., DESSI P., CANNONI R., PECH A. Intranasal ethmoidectomy in nasal polyposis in children. Indications and results. Int. J. pediatric otorhinoloryngol., 23 : 125-131, 1992.
109. CUYLER J. P. Follow-up of endoscopic sinus surgery on children with cystic fibrosis. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surgery, 118 : 505-506, 1992.
110. GROSS C. W., GURUCHARRI M. J., LAZAR R. H., LONG T. E. Functional endonasal sinus surgery (FESS) in the pediatric age group. Laryngoscope, 99 : 272-275, 1989.
111. LUSK R. P., MUNTZ H. R. Endoscopic sinus surgery in children with chronic sinusitis, a pilot study. Laryngoscope, 100 : 654-658, 1990.
112. DUPLECHAIN J. R., WHITE J. A., MILLER R. H. Pediatri sinusitis. The role of endoscopic sinus surgery in cystic fibrosis and other forms of sinonasal disease. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surgery, 117 : 422, 1991.
113. PARSONS D. S., PHILLIPS S. E. Functional endoscopic surgery in children a retrospective analysis of results. Laryngoscope, 103 : 899, 1993.
114. MO J. D., SHIOO A. S., LIU C. Z., CHANG P. Function endoscopic sinus surgery in children. Chung - Hua - I -Hsuch - Tsa - Chik - Taipei, 49(5) : 343-7, 1992.
115. PARSONS D. S., REUBEN C., SETLIFF, III CHAMBERS D. Special considerations in pediatric functional endoscopie sinus surgery. Operat, Techniques in otolaryngol. Head and Neck Surgery, 51 : 40-42, 1994.
116. DAELE J. J. Sinusitis in the child. Acta ORL belgica, 38 : 315-320, 1984.
117. STAMMBERGER H. Functional endoscopie sinus surgery. Phildelphia B. C., Decker, 1991.
118. CLEMENT P. A. R. Conservative sinusitis treatment in children. Rhinology, suppl. 1 : 77-90, 1981.
119. MAES J. J., CLEMENT P. A. R. The usefulness of irrigation of the maxillary sinus in children with maxillary sinusitis on the basis of the water's X-ray. Rhinology, 25 : 259-264, 1987.
120. KENNEDY D. W., ZINREICH S. J., SHAALAN H., KUHN F., NACTERIO R., LOCH E. ndoscopic, middle meatal antrostomy, theory, technique and patency. Laryngoscope, 97 : 1-9, 1987.
121. MUNTZ H. R., LUSK R. P. Nasal antral windows in children a retrospective study. Laryngoscope, 100 : 643-646, 1990.
122. HARLIN S. L., ANSEL D. G., LANE S. R., MYERS J., KEPHART G. M., GLEICH G. J. A clinical and pathologic study of chronic sinusitis : the role of eosinophil. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 81 : 867-875, 1988.
123. RACHELEFSKY G. S., KATZ R. M., SIEGEL S. C. Chronic sinus disease with associated reactive airway disease in children. Pediatrics, 73 : 526-9, 1984.
124. ZIMMERMAN B., STRINGER D., FEANNY S., et al. Prevalence of abnormalities found by sinus x-rays in childhood asthma : lack of relation to severity of asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 80 (3 Pt 1) : 268-73, 1987.
125. 2 mucin gene expression in the nose and maxillary sinus. Am. J. Otolaryngol., 16 : 391-395, 1995.
126. IWENS P., CLEMENT P. A. R. Sinusitis in allergic patients. Rhinology, 32 : 65-67, 1994.
127. CLEMENT P. A. R., BLILOOS J., KAUFMAN I., LAUWERS L., MAES J. J., VAN DER VEKEN P., ZISIS G. Incidence and etiology of rhinosinusitis in children, Acta Otolaryngol. Belg., 43 : 523-542.
128. KAY A. B. Mechanims and treatment of allergic rhinitis. In Scott Browns Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat, Vol. 4, Butterworth London, pp. 93-114.
129. MYGIND N. Hay Fever. In : Mygind N. (Ed.). Nasal Allergy. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 219-223.
130. FIREMAN P. Allergic Rhinitis. In Bluestone C., Staal S. (Eds), Pediatric Otolaryngology. W. B. Saunders Company St Louis, pp. 709-804.
131. TSUI L. C. The spectrum of cystic fibrosis mutations. Trends-genet., 8 (11) ; 392-8, 1992.
132. WAGNER K., GREIL I., SCHNEDITZ P., ROSENKRANZ W. A new missense mutation G 126 D in exon 4 of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Hum-Hered., 44 (1) : 56-7, 1994.
133. VAN DEN WYNGAART W., VERBUCH H., THEOPOUD H. M. et al. A non comparative study of cefprozil at two dose levels in the treatment of acute uncomplicated bacterial sinusitis. Clin. Ther., 14 : 306, 1992.
134. ROSENFELD R. M. Pilot study of outcomes in pediatric rhinosinusitis. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head, Neck Surg., 121(7) : 729-736, 1995.