Mild traumatic brain injury: A primer for understanding its impact on employee return to work

AAOHN Journal

Volumn 45, Issue 12, 1997, Pages 635-645

  Hayden, Mary Ellen ^a  

^a Pate Rehabilitation   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL FEATURE; FOLLOW UP; HEAD INJURY; HUMAN; INJURY SCALE; JOB ANALYSIS; JOB PERFORMANCE; NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATION; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; REVIEW; UNCONSCIOUSNESS;

EID: 0031440627     PISSN: 08910162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/216507999704501203     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Borczuk P. (1995). Predictors of intracranial injury in patients with mild head trauma. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 25, 731-736.
2. Brown, S.J., Fann, J.R., & Grant, I. (1994). Postconcussional disorder: Time to acknowledge a common source of neurobehavioral morbidity. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 6, 15-22.
3. Capruso, D.X, & Levin, H.S. (1992). Cognitive impairment following closed head injury. Neurologic Clinics, 10, 879-893.
4. Cicerone, K.D., & Kalmar, K. (1995). Persistent postconcussion syndrome: The structure of subjective complaints after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 10(3), 1-17.
5. Cremona-Meteyard, S.L., & Geffen, G.M. (1994). Persistent visuospatial attention deficits following mild head injury in Australian rules football players. Neuropsychologia, 32, 649-662.
6. Davis, E.M. (1990). Mild to moderate brain injury: A silent epidemic. Trial, 109-114.
7. Dikmen, S., Reitan, R.M., Temkin, N.R., & Machamer, J.E. (1992). Minor and severe head injury emotional sequelae. Brain Injury, 6, 477-478.
8. Dixon, C.E., Taft, W.C., & Hayes, R.L. (1993). Mechanisms of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8(3), 1-12.
9. Eslinger, P.J., Grattan, L.M., & Geder, L. (1996). Neurologic and neuropsychological aspects of frontal lobe impairments in postconcussive syndrome. In M. Rizzo & D. Tranel (Eds.). Head injury and postconcussive syndrome (pp. 415-440). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
10. Evans, R.W. (1992). The postconcussion syndrome and the sequelae of mild head injury. Neurologic Clinics, 10, 815-847.
11. Ewing, R., McCarthy, D., Gronwall, D., & Wrightson, P. (1980). Persisting effects of minor head injury observable during hypoxic stress. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 2, 147-155.
12. Faden, A.I., Demediuk, P., Panter, S.S., & Vink, R. (1989). The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury. Science, 244, 798-800.
13. Forster, M.J., & Lal, H. (1991). Autoimmunity and cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease. In R. Ader, D.L. Felten, & N. Cohen (Eds.). Psychoneuroimmunology (2nd ed., pp. 709-748). San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
14. Frankowski, R.F., Annegers, J.F., & Whitman, S. (1985). Epidemiological and descriptive studies - Part 1: The descriptive epidemiology of head trauma in the United States. In D.P. Becker & J.T. Povlishock (Eds.). Central nervous system status report (pp. 33-43). Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health.
15. Gfeller, J.D., Chibnall, J.T., & Duckro, P.N. (1994). Postconcussion symptoms and cognitive functioning in posttraumatic headache patients. Headache, 34, 503-507.
16. Gronwall, D. (February 23, 1993). PreConference Institute on Brain Injury and Rehabilitation Intemational Neuropsychological Society 21st Annual Meeting; Galveston, TX.
17. Gualtieri, C.T. (1995). The problem of mild brain injury. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurology, 8, 127-136.
18. Hayes, R.L. (1996). Neurochemical changes in traumatic brain injury. In H.S. Levin, A.L. Benton, J.P. Muizelaar, & H.M. Eisenberg (Eds.). Catastrophic brain injury (pp. 183-207). New York: Oxford University Press.
19. High, W.M., Jr., Levin, H.S., & Gary, H.E., Jr. (1990). Recovery of orientation following closed-head injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 12, 703-714.
20. Ingram, C.R., Phegan, K.J., & Blumenthal, H.T. (1974). Significance of an aging-linked neuron binding gamma globulin fraction of human sera. Journal of Gerontology, 29(1), 20-27.
21. Jennett, B., & Teasdale, G. (1981). Management of head injuries. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
22. Jones, R.D., Andersen, S.W., Cole, T., & Hathaway-Nepple, J. (1996). Neuropsychological sequelae of traumatic brain injury. In M. Rizo & D. Tranel (Eds.), Head injury and postconcussive syndrome (pp. 395-414). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
23. Katayama, Y., Becker, D.P., Tamura, T., & Hovda, D.A. (1990). Massive increases in extracellular potassium and indiscriminant release of glutamate following concussive brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery, 73, 889-900.
24. Kay, T., Harrington, D.E., Adams, R., Andersen, T., Berrol, S., Cicerone, K., Dahlberg, C., Gerber, D., Goka, R., Harley, P., Hilt, J., Hom, L., Lehmkuhl, D., & Malec, J. (1993). Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8(3), 86-87.
25. Kay, T., Newman, B., Cavallo, M., Ezrachi, O., & Resnick, M. (1992). Toward a neuropsychological model of functional disability after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology, 6, 371-384.
26. Kraus, J.F., & Nourjah, P. (1989). The epidemiology of mild head injury. In H.S. Levin, H.M. Eisenberg, & A.L. Benton (Eds.). Mild head injury (pp. 8-22). New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Kulmala, H.K., Boja, J.W., Albrecht, J.W., & Hutton, J.T. (1987). Brain reactive antibodies and the blood-brain barrier observations in aging rodents and the effects of peripheral kainic acid. Experiments in Aging Research, 13, 67-72.
28. Levin, H.S., High, W.M., Meyers, C.A., Von Laufen, A., Hayden, M.E., & Eisenberg, H.M. (1985). Impairment of remote memory after closed head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery. and Psychiatry, 48, 556-563.
29. Levin, H.S., Mattis, S., Ruff, R.M., Eisenberg, H.M., Marshall, L.F., Tabaddor, K., High, W.M., Jr., & Frankowski, R.F. (1987). Neurobehavioral outcome following minor head injury: a three-center study. Journal of Neurosurgery, 66, 234-243.
30. Liguori, G., Foggia, L., Buonaguro, A., et al. (1989). EEG findings in minor head trauma as a clue for indication to CT scan. Child's Nervous System, 5, 160-162.
31. Lucchelli, F., Muggia, S., & Spinnler, H. (1995). The 'Petites Madeleines' phenomenon in two amnesic patients: Sudden recovery of forgotten memories. Brain, 118, 167-183.
32. MacFlynn, G., Montgomery, E.A., Fenton, G.W., & Rutherford, W. (1984). Measurement of reaction time following minor head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 47, 1326-1331.
33. Martin, R.C. (February 8-11, 1995). Paper presented at the International Neuropsychological Society 23rd Annual Meeting; Seattle, WA.
34. Mendez, M.F. (1995). The neuropsychiatric aspects of boxing. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 25, 249-262.
35. Miller, H. (1961). Accident neurosis. British Medical Journal, 1, 919-925, 992-998.
36. Moss, N.E., Crawford, S., & Wade, D.T. (1994). Post-concussion symptoms: Is stress a mediating factor? Clinical Rehabilitation, 8, 149-156.
37. Nandy, K. (1972a). Brain-reactive antibodies in mouse serum as a function of age. Journal of Gerontology, 27, 173-177.
38. Nandy, K. (1972b). Brain-reactive antibodies in serum of germ-free mice. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 1, 133-138.
39. Nandy, K. (1972c). Neuronal degeneration in aging and after experimental injury. Experimental Gerontology, 7, 303-311.
40. Nandy, K. (1978). Brain-reactive antibodies in aging and senile dementia. In R. Katzman, R.K. Terry, & K.L. Bick (Eds.). Alzheimer's disease: Senile dementia and related disorders (Aging, Vol. 7), (pp. 503-512). New York: Raven Press.
41. Nandy, K. (1985). Immunopathology of aging and dementia. In J.T. Hutton & A.D. Kenny (Eds.). Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (pp. 293-305). New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.
42. Nilsson, P., Hillered, L., Ponten, U., & Ungerstedt, U. (1990). Changes in cortical extracellular levels of enery-related metabolites and amino acids following concussive brain injury in rats. The Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, 10, 631-637.
43. Pouplard, A., Emile, J., Pouplard, F.,& Hurez, D. (1979). Parkinsonism and autoimmunity: Antibody against human sympathetic ganglion cells in Parkinson's disease. Advances in Neurology, 24, 321-326.
44. Povlishock, J.T., & Cobum, T.H. (1989). Morphopathological change associated with mild head injury. In H.S. Levin, H.M. Eisenberg, & A.L. Benton (Eds.). Mild head injury (pp. 37-53). New York: Oxford University Press.
45. Rasmusson, D.X., Brandt, J., Martin, D.B., & Folstein, M.F. (1995). Head injury as a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Injury, 9, 213-219.
46. Resnick, C. (1994). Head injury: review of an international issue. International Social Work, 37, 213-220.
47. Rimel, R.W., Giordani, B., Barth, J.T., Boll, T.J., & Jane, J.A. (1981). Disability caused by minor head injury. Neurosurgery, 9, 221-228.
48. Rubin, A.M., Woolley, S.M., Dailey, V.M., & Goebel, J.A. (1995). Postural stability following mild head or whiplash injuries. The American Journal of Otology, 16, 216-221.
49. Ruff, R.M., Levin, H.S., & Marshall, L.F. (1986). Neurobehavioral methods of assessment and the study of outcome in minor head injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 1(2), 43-52.
50. Ruff, R. M., Levin, H. S., Mattis, S., High, W. M., Jr., Marshall, L.F., Eisenberg, H. M., & Tabaddor, K. (1989). Recovery of memory after mild head injury a three center study. In H.S. Levin, H.M. Eisenberg, & A.L. Benton (Eds.). Mild head injury (pp. 176-188). New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Russell, W.R. (1932). Cerebral involvement in head injury. A study based on the examination of two hundred cases. Brain, 55, 549-603.
52. Russell, W.R., & Nathan, P.W. (1946). Traumatic amnesia. Brain, 69, 280-300.
53. Schiffer, R.B., & Hoffman, S.A. (1991). Behavioral sequelae of autoimmune disease. In R. Ader, D.L. Felten, & N. Cohen (Eds.). Psychoneuroimmunology (2nd ed., pp. 1037-1066). San Diego: Academic Press, Inc.
54. Sekino, H., Nakamura, N., Yuki, K., Satoh, J., Kikuchi, K., & Sanada, S. (1981). Brain lesions detected by CT scans in cases of minor head injuries. Neurologia Medico-Chirurgia (Tokyo), 21, 677-683.
55. Solomon, G.F. (1981). Immunologic abnormalities in mental illness. In R. Ader (Ed.), Psychoneuroimmunology. (pp. 259-278). Orlando: Academic Press, Inc.
56. Stein, S.C., Spettell, C., Young, G., & Ross, S.E. (1993). Limitations of neurological assessment in mild head injury. Brain Injury, 7, 425-430.
57. Strauss, I., & Savitsky, N. (1934). Head injury: Neurologic and psychiatric aspects. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 31, 893-955.
58. Swedlow, P.E., Botscheller, M.L., Marion, D.W., Sciabassi, R.J., & Palmer, A.M. (1992). Controlled cortical impact induces sustained elevations in the extracellular concentrations of excitatory amino acids. The Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 18, 172.
59. Symonds, C. (1962). Concussion and its sequelae. Lancet, 1(7219), 1-5.
60. Szymanski, H.V., & Linn, R. (1992). A review of the postconcussion syndrome. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 22, 357-375.
61. Tanno, H., Nockels, R.P., Pitts, L.H., & Noble, L.J. (1992). Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier after fluid percussive brain injury in the rat. Part 1: distribution and time course of protein extravasation. Journal of Neurotrauma, 9, 21-31.
62. Tanno, H., Nockels, R.P., Pitts, L.H., & Noble, L.J. (1993). Immunolocalization of heat shock protein after fluid percussive brain injury and relationship to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow Metabolism, 13, 116-124.
63. Tebano, M.T., Cameroni, M., Gallozi, G., et al. (1988). EEG spectral analysis after minor head injury in man. Electroencephalography and Clinincal Neurophysiology, 70, 185-189.
64. Tippin, J., & Yamada, T. (1996). The electrophysiologic evaluation of head-injured patients: Value and limitations. In M. Rizo & D. Tranel (Eds.). Head injury and postconcussive syndrome. (pp. 119-138). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
65. Torner, J.C., & Schootman, M. (1996). Epidemiology of closed head injury. In M. Rizzo & D. Tranel (Eds.). Head injury and postconcussive syndrome (pp. 1946). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
66. Troncoso, J.C., & Gordon, B. (1996). Neuropathology of closed head injury. In M. Rizzo & D. Tranel (Eds.), Head injury and postconcussive syndrome (pp. 47-56). New York: Churchill Livingstone.
67. Varney, N.R., & Shepherd, J.S. (1991). Minor head injury and the postconcussive syndrome. In J. Dywan, R.D. Kaplan, & F.J. Pirozollo (Eds.), Neuropsychology and the law (pp. 24-38). New York Springer-Verlag.
68. Wrightson, P., & Gronwall, D. (1981). Time off work and symptoms after minor head injury. Injury, 12, 445-454.
69. Young, W. (1992). Role of calcium in central nervous system injuries. Journal of Neurotrauma, 9 (Suppl 1), (NIH CNS Trauma Status Report 1991), S9-S25.
70. Zasler, N.D. (1993). Mild traumatic brain injury: Medical assessment and intervention. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8(3), 13-29.