Arctic governance: Bringing the high latitudes in from the cold

International Environmental Affairs

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 54-68

  Young, Oran R ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCTIC COUNCIL; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT; REGIONAL PLANNING;

ARCTIC;

EID: 0031439429     PISSN: 10414665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. See Andrew Hurrell, "Explaining the Resurgence of Regionalism in World Politics," Review of International Studies 21 (October 1995): 331-58.
2. For descriptions of some typical examples see Oran R. Young, International Governance: Protecting the Environment in a Stateless Society (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), ch. 3.
3. James K. Sebenius, "Negotiation Arithmetic: Adding and Subtracting Issues and Parties," International Organization 37 (Spring 1983): 281-316.
4. For a general account see Kenneth Sherman, "Large Marine Ecosystems," in Encyclopedia of Earth System Science, vol. 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1992), pp. 653-73; and for a detailed case study of the Bering Sea approached in these terms, consult National Research Council, The Bering Sea Ecosystem (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996).
5. For a general account see Kenneth Sherman, "Large Marine Ecosystems," in Encyclopedia of Earth System Science, vol. 2 (New York: Academic Press, 1992), pp. 653-73; and for a detailed case study of the Bering Sea approached in these terms, consult National Research Council, The Bering Sea Ecosystem (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996).
6. Early discussions typically treated the existing activities of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy, and a new set of activities to be grouped together as the Arctic Sustainable Development Initiative (ASDI), as the twin pillars of the proposed Arctic Council. For a good example, see "Remarks by Assistant Secretary of State Elinor Constable," a statement delivered at the meeting of the U.S. Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee held in Arlington, Virginia, on 31 May 1995.
7. For a well-known discussion of the implications of these divergent perspectives, see Thomas R. Berger, Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland, rev. ed. (Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 1988).
8. For a general account of the role of discourses in international cooperation, see Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). An account that focuses on the Arctic appears in Gail Osherenko, "Human/Nature Relations in the Arctic: Changing Perspectives," Polar Record 167 (1992): 277-84.
9. For a general account of the role of discourses in international cooperation, see Karen T. Litfin, Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994). An account that focuses on the Arctic appears in Gail Osherenko, "Human/Nature Relations in the Arctic: Changing Perspectives," Polar Record 167 (1992): 277-84.
10. Steinar Andresen, "The Effectiveness of the International Whaling Commission," Arctic46 (1993): 108-115.
11. David D. Caron, "The International Whaling Commission and the North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission: The Institutional Risks of Coercion in Consensual Structures," American Journal of International Law 89 (January 1995): 154-74.
12. See also Oran R. Young, "Institutional Linkages in International Society: Polar Perspectives," Global Governance 2 (January-April 1996): 1-23.
13. For a sophisticated account that centers on regulatory regimes see Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995).
14. Another Arctic regime that is largely programmatic in character is the Barents Euro-Arctic Region established in January 1993 under the terms of the Kirkenes Declaration. See Olav Schram Stokke and Ola Tunander, eds., The Barents Region: Cooperation in Arctic Europe (London: Sage, 1994).
15. Pal Prestrud and Ian Stirling, "The International Polar Bear Agreement and the Current Status of Polar Bear Conservation," Aquatic Mammals 20 (1994): 113-24.
16. For a vision of the Arctic Council that is particularly sensitive to these concerns, see Arctic Council Panel, To Establish an International Arctic Council: A Framework Report (Ottawa: Canadian Arctic Resources Committee, 1991).
17. Ibid.
18. See "International Secretariats," Background Paper for the Workshop on International Secretariats held at the Rockefeller Brothers Conference Center in Pocantico, New York, 15-18 June 1995.
19. In effect, this arrangement replicates the system used in the Antarctic Treaty System. For a critical review of the Antarctic experience, see Kurt Messer and Ralk Breth, "Towards Firmer Institutionalization of the ATS? Future Role of the Consultative Meeting and the Issue of a Permanent Secretariat," in The Antarctic Treaty System in World Politics, ed. Arnfinn Jorgensen-Dahl and Willy Østreng (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991), pp. 379-98.
20. For an illustrative bottom-up perspective, see Robert F. Keith, "Arctic Border-lands: Environment and Development Issues in Canadian-American Relations," Behind the Headlines48 (Winter 1990-1991): 1-18.
21. N. Doubleday, "Arctic Whales: Sustaining Indigenous Peoples and Conserving Arctic Resources," in Elephants and Whales: Resources for Whom? ed. Milton M. R. Freeman and Urs P. Kreuter (Basel: Gordan and Breach, 1994), pp. 241-61.
22. Gail Osherenko, "Can Co-management Save Arctic Wildlife?" Environment 30 (July/August 1988): 6-12, 29-34.
23. Finn Lynge, Arctic Wars, Animal Rights, Endangered Peoples (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1992).
24. On the idea of rights as trumps, see Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977). For a discussion of such issues with particular reference to the Arctic, see George Wenzel, Animal Rights, Human Rights: Ecology, Economy and Ideology in the Canadian Arctic (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991).
25. On the idea of rights as trumps, see Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977). For a discussion of such issues with particular reference to the Arctic, see George Wenzel, Animal Rights, Human Rights: Ecology, Economy and Ideology in the Canadian Arctic (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991).
26. Franklyn Griffiths and Oran R. Young, "Sustainable Development and the Arctic," impressions of the co-chairs from the second session of the Working Group on Arctic International Relations, 20-24 April 1989.
27. Fikret Berkes, Peter George, and Richard J. Preston, "Co-management: The Evolution in Theory and Practice of the Joint Administration of Living Resources," Alternatives 18 (September-October 1991): 12-18.
28. The concept of subsidiarity is discussed in Konrad von Moltke, "The Maastricht Treaty and the Winnipeg Principles on Trade and Sustainable Development," paper prepared for the International Institute for Sustainable Development, April 1995.
29. International Arctic Science Committee, "Effects of Increased Ultraviolet Radia-tion in the Arctic: An Interdisciplinary Report on the State of Knowledge and Research Needed," IASC Report No. 2, 1995.
30. On the case of the Northern Sea Route, see Hiromitsu Kitagawa, ed., Northern Sea Route; Future and Perspective: The Proceedings of INSROP Symposium Tokyo '95 (Tokyo: Ship and Ocean Foundation, 1996).
31. Oran R. Young and F. Stuart Chapin III, "Anthropogenic Impacts on Biodiversity in the Arctic," in Arctic and Alpine Biodiversity: Patterns, Causes and Ecosystem Consequences, ed. F. Stuart Chapin III and Christian Korner (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1995), pp. 183-96.