Review of developments in trace‐element fingerprinting of geodynamic settings and their implications for mineral exploration

Australian Journal of Earth Sciences

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 465-487

  Kerrich, R ^a   Wyman, D A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Analytical techniques; Geochemistry; Geodynamics; Mineral exploration; Ore deposits; Trace elements

Indexed keywords

GEOCHEMISTRY; MINERAL EXPLORATION; MINERALIZATION; TECTONIC SETTING; TRACE ELEMENT;

EID: 0031438536     PISSN: 08120099     EISSN: 14400952     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08120099708728327     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. ALABASTER T. & STOREY B. C. 1990. Modified Gulf of California model for South Georgia, north Scotia Ridge, and implications for the Rocas Verdes back-arc basin, southern Andes. Geology 18, 497-500.
2. ANDERS E. & GREVESSE N. 1989. Abundances of the elements: meteoritic and solar. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 197-214.
3. ARNDT N. T. & NESBITT R. W. 1982. Geochemistry of Munro Township basalts. In: Arndt N. T. & Nisbet E. G. eds. Komatiites, pp. 309-329. Allen and Unwin, London.
4. BARLEY M. E. 1986. Incompatible element enrichment in Archaean basalts: a consequence of contamination by older sialic crust rather than mantle heterogeneity. Geology 14, 947-950.
5. BARLEY M. E. & GROVES D. I. 1992. Supercontinent cycles and the distribution of metal deposits through time. Geology 20, 291-294.
6. BARNES S. J., NALDRETT A. J. & GORTON M. P. 1985. The origin of the fractionation of platinum-group elements in terrestrial magmas. Chemical Geology 53, 303-323.
7. BARRIE C. T., GORTON M. P., NALDRETT A. J. & HART T. R. 1991. Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of the Kamiskotia gabbroic complex and related basalts, western Abitibi Subprovince, Ontario, Canada. Precambrian Research 50, 173-199.
8. BARRIE C. T., LUDDEN J. N. & GREEN A. H. 1993. Geochemistry of volcanic rocks associated with Cu-Zn and Ni-Cu deposits in the Abitibi Subprovince. Economic Geology 88, 1341-1358.
9. BERTHINE K. K. & KEENE J. B. 1975. Submarine barite-opal rocks of hydrothermal origin. Science 188, 150-152.
10. BESWICK A. E. 1982. Some geochemical aspects of alteration and genetic relations in komatiitic suite. In: Arndt N. T. & Nisbet E. G. eds. Komatiites, pp. 283-308. Allen and Unwin, London.
11. BESWICK A. E. 1983. Primary fractionation and secondary alteration within an Archean ultramafic lava flow. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 82, 221-231.
12. BILIBAN Y. A. 1968. Metallogenic Provinces and Metallogenic Epochs. Queens College Press, New York.
13. BINNS R. A., SCOTT S. D., BOGDANOV Y. A. et al. 1993. Hydrothermal oxide and gold-rich sulfate deposits of Franklin Seamount, Western Woodlark Basin, Papua New Guinea. Economic Geology 88, 2122-2153.
14. BROUXEL M. & LAPIERRE H. 1988. Geochemical study of an early Paleozoic island-arc-back-arc basin system; Part 1. The Trinity Ophiolite (Northern California). Geological Society of America Bulletin 100, 1111-1119.
15. CAMERON W. E. 1989. Contrasting boninite-tholeiite associations from New Caledonia. In: Crawford A. J. ed. Boninites, pp. 314-338. Unwin Hyman, London.
16. CAMPBELL I. H., COAD P., FRANKLIN J. M. et al. 1982. Rare earth elements in volcanic rocks associated with Cu-Zn massive sulphide mineralization: a preliminary report. National Research Council of Canada 19, 619-623.
17. CAMPBELL I. H., FRANKLIN J. M., GORTON M. P., HART T. R. & SCOTT S. D. 1981. The role of subvolcanic sills in the generation of massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology 76, 2248-2253.
18. CAMPBELL I. H., LESHER C. M., COAD P., FRANKLIN J. M., GORTON M. P. & THURSTON P. C. 1984. Rare-earth element mobility in alteration pipes below massive Cu-Zn-sulfide deposits. Chemical Geology 45, 181-202.
19. CATHLES L. M., GUBER A. L., LENAGH T. C. & DUDAS F. O. 1983. Kuroko-type massive sulfide deposits of Japan; products of an aborted island-arc rift. Economic Geology Monograph 5, 96-114.
20. CATTELL A. & ARNDT N. 1987. Low-and high-alumina komatiites from a late Archean sequence, Newton Township, Ontario. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 97, 218-227.
21. CLEMMY H. & BADHAM N. 1982. Oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere: an evaluation of the geological evidence. Geology 10, 141-146.
22. CLIFT P. D. AND THE ODP LEG 135 SCIENTIFIC PARTY 1995. volcanism and sedimentation in a rifting island-arc terrain: an example from Tonga, SW Pacific. Geological Society of London Special Publication 81, 29-51.
23. CLOOS M. 1993. Lithospheric buoyancy and collisional orogenesis: subduction of oceanic plateaus, continental margins, island arcs, spreading ridges and seamounts. Geological Society of America Bulletin 105, 715-737.
24. COFFIN M. F. & CAHAGAN L. M. 1995. Ontong Java and Kerguelen Plateaux: Cretaceous Icelands? Journal of the Geological Society of London 152, 1047-1052.
25. COLLIER J. & SINHA M. 1990. Seismic images of a magma chamber beneath the Lau Basin back-arc spreading centre. Nature 346, 646-648.
26. COLWELL J. B., SYMONDS P. A. & CRAWFORD A. J. 1994. The nature of the Wallaby (Cuvier) Plateau and other igneous provinces of the West Australian margin. AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics 15, 137-156.
27. COMPSTON W., WILLIAMS I. S., CAMPBELL I. H., & GRESHAM J. J. 1986. Zircon xenocrysts from the Kambalda volcanics: age constraints and direct evidence for older continental crust below the Kambalda-Norseman greenstones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 76, 299-311.
28. CONDIE K. C. 1981. Archean greenstone belts. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
29. CONDIE K. C. 1990. Geochemical characteristics of Precambrian basaltic greenstones. In: Hall R. P. & Highes D. J. eds. Early Precambrian Basic Magmatism, pp. 40-55. Blackie and Son, New York.
30. CONDIE K. C. 1994. Greenstone terranes and supercontinents. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 26, 339.
31. CRAWFORD A. J., FALLON T. J. & GREEN D. H. 1989. Classification, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of boninites. In: Crawford A. J. ed. Boninites, pp. 1-49. Unwin Hyman, London.
32. DAVIS A. S., GUNN S. H., BOHRSON W. A., GRAY L-B. & HEIN J. R. 1995. Chemically diverse, sporadic volcanism at seamounts offshore southern and Baja California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 107, 554-570.
33. DRUMMOND M. S. & DEFANT M. J. 1990. A model for trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite genesis and crustal growth via slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 21503-21521.
34. EISSEN J., LEFÈVRE C, MAILLET P., MORVAN G. & NOHARA M. 1991. Petrology and geochemistry of the central North Fiji Basin spreading centre (Southwest Pacific) between 16°S and 22°S. Marine Geology 98, 201-239.
35. EWART A., BRYAN W. B., CHAPPELL B. W. & RUDNICK R. L. 1994a. 29. Major element, trace element, and isotope (Pb, Sr, and Nd) geochemistry of Site 839 basalts and basaltic andesites: implications for arc volcanism. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 135, 519.
36. EWART A., BRYAN W. B., CHAPPELL B. W. & RUDNICK R. L. 1994b. 24. Regional geochemistry of the Lau-Tonga arc and backarc systems. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 135, 385-425.
37. FEDOROWICH J. S., RICHARDS J. P., JAIN J. C., KERRICH R. & FAN J. 1993. A rapid method for REE and trace-element analysis using laser sampling ICP-MS on direct fusion whole-rock glasses. Chemical Geology 106, 229-249.
38. FOUQUET Y., VON STACKELBERG U., CHARLOU J. L. et al. 1993. Metallogenesis in back-arc environments: the Lau Basin example. Economic Geology 88, 2154-2181.
39. FRYER P., TAYLOR B., LANGMUIR C. H. & HOCHSTAEDTER A. G. 1990. Petrology and geochemistry of lavas from the Sumisu and Torishima backarc rifts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 100, 161-178.
40. GALE G. H. & PEARCE J. A. 1982. Geochemical patterns in Norwegian greenstones. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 19, 385-397.
41. GAMBLE J. A., SMITH I. E. M., MCCULLOCH M. T., GRAHAM I. J. & KOKELAAR B. P. 1993. The geochemistry and petrogenesis of basalts from the Taupo volcanic zone and Kermadec island arc, S.W. Pacific. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 54, 265-290.
42. GAUTIER I., WEIS D., MENNESSIER J-P., VIDAL P., GIRET A. & LOUBET M. 1990. Petrology and geochemistry of the Kerguelen Archipelago basalts (South Indian Ocean): evolution of the mantle sources from ridge to intraplate position. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 100, 59-76.
43. HALL G. E. M. & PLANT J. A. 1992. Analytical errors in the determination of high field strength elements and their implications in tectonic interpretation studies. Chemical Geology 95, 141-156.
44. HAWKESWORTH C. J., GALLAGHER K., HERGT J. M. & MCDERMOTT F. 1993. Mantle and slab contributions in arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 21, 175-204.
45. HAWKINS J. W. 1994. Petrologic synthesis: Lau Basin transect (leg 135). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 135, 879-905.
46. HAWKINS J. W. & ALLAN J. F., 1994. Petrologic evolution of Lau Basin sites 834 through 839. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 135, 427-470.
47. HAWKINS J. W. & HELU S. 1986. Polymetallic sulfide deposit from a 'black smoker' chimney: Lau Basin. EOS 67, 378.
48. HAWKINS J. W., LONSDALE P. F., MACDOUGALL J. D. & VOLPE A. M. 1990. Petrology of the axial ridge of the Mariana Trough backarc spreading center. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 100, 226-250.
49. HAWKINS J. W., PARSON L., ALLAN J. et al. 1994. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 135.
50. HAYMON R. H., FORNARI D. J., EDWARDS M. H., CARBOTTE S., WRIGHT D. & MACDONALD K. C. 1991. Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise crest (9°09'-54'N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fastspreading mid-ocean ridges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 104, 513-534.
51. HELLMAN P. L., SMITH R. E. & HENDERSON P. 1979. The mobility of the rare earth elements: evidence and implications from selected terrains affected by burial metamorphism. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 71, 23-44.
52. HERGT J. M. & FARLEY K. N. 1994. 26. Major elements, trace element, and isotope (Pb, Sr, and Nd) variations in Site 834 basalts: implications for the initiation of backarc opening. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 135, 471-485.
53. HICKEY VARGAS R. 1989. Boninites and tholeiites from DSDP Site 458. Mariana forearc. In: Crawford A. J. ed. Boninites, pp. 339-356. Unwin Hyman, London.
54. HICKEY VARGAS R. 1991. Isotope characteristics of submarine lavas from the Philippine Sea: implications for the origin of arc and basin magmas of the Philippine tectonic plate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 107, 290-304.
55. HILTON D. R., HAMMERSCHMIDT K., LOCK G. & FRIEDRICHSEN H. 1993. Helium and argon isotope systematics of the central Lau Basin and Valu Fa Ridge: evidence of crust/mantle interactions in a back-arc basin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 2819-2841.
56. HOCHSTAEDTER A. G., GILL J. B., KUSAKABE M. et al. 1990. Volcanism in the Sumisu Rift. I. Major element, volatile, and stable isotope geochemistry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 100, 179-194.
57. HODKINSON R. A. & CRONAN D. S. 1994. Variability in the hydrothermal component of the sedimentary sequence in the Lau backarc basin (Sites 834-839). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 135, 75-86.
58. HOFFMAN P. E. 1988. United Plates of America, the Birth of a Craton. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 16, 543-604.
59. HUGHES C. J. 1982. Igneous Petrology. Elsevier, New York.
60. HUMPHRIS S. E. 1984. The mobility of the rare earth elements in the crust. In: Henderson P. ed. Rare Earth Element Geochemistry, pp. 317-342. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
61. HUMPHRIES S. E., THOMPSON G., SCHILLING J-G. & KINGSLEY R. H. 1985. Petrological and geochemical variations along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between 46°S and 32°S: Influence of the Tristan da Cunha mantle plume. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 1445-1464.
62. HUTCHINSON R. W. 1981. Mineral deposits as guides to supracrustal evolution. In: O'Connell R. J. & Fyfe W. S. eds. Evolution of the Earth, pp. 120-140. American Geophysics Union Geodynamics Series 5
63. IKEDA Y. & YUASA M. 1989. Volcanism in nascent back-arc basins behind the Shichito Ridge and adjacent areas in the Izu-Ogasawara arc, northwest Pacific: evidence for mixing between E-type MORB and island arc magmas at the initiation of back-arc rifting. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 101, 377-393.
64. ISHIZUKA H., KAWANOBE Y. & SAKAI H. 1990. Petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks dredged from the Okinawa Trough, an active back-arc basin. Geochemical Journal 24, 75-92.
65. JENNER G. A. 1996. Trace element geochemistry of igneous rocks: geochemical nomenclature and analytical geochemistry. In: Wyman D. A. ed. Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks: Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration, pp. 51-77. Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes 12.
66. JENNER G. A., LONGERICH H. P., JACKSON S. E. & FRYER B. J. 1990. ICP-MS-a powerful tool for high precision traceelement analysis in earth sciences: evidence from analysis of selected USGS reference samples. Chemical Geology 83, 133-148.
67. JENNER G. A., CAWOOD P. A., RAUTENSCHLEIN M. & WHITE W. M. 1987. Composition of back-arc basin volcanics, Valu Fa ridge, Lau basin: evidence for a slab-derived component in their mantle source. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 32, 209-222.
68. JOCHUM K. P., ARNDT A. W. & HOFMANN A. W. 1991. Nb-Th-La in komatiites and basalts: constraints on komatiite petrogenesis and mantle evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 107, 272-289.
69. JOCHUM K. P., SEUFERT H. M. & THIRLWALL M. F. 1990. Multielement analysis of 15 international standard rocks by isotope-dilution spark source mass spectrometry. Geostandards Newsletter 14, 469-473.
70. JOLIVET L., HUCHON P. & RANGIN C. 1989. Tectonic setting of Western Pacific marginal basins. Tectonophysics 160, 23-47.
71. KERRICH R. & KING R. 1993. Hydrothermal zircon and baddeleyite in Val d'Or Archean mesothermal gold deposits: characteristics, compositions and fluid inclusion properties. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, 2334-2351.
72. KERRICH R. & WYMAN D. 1990. Geodynamic setting of mesothermal gold deposits: an association with accretionary tectonic regimes. Geology 18, 882-885.
73. KERRICH R. & WYMAN D. A. 1993. The mesothermal goldlamprophyre association: significance for an accretionary geodynamic setting, supercontinent cycles, and metallogenic processes. Mineralogy and Petrology 51, 147-172.
74. LAFLÈCHE M. R., DUPUY C. & BOUGAULT H. 1992. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Archean mafic volcanic rocks of the southern Abitibi Belt, Quebec. Precambrian Research 57, 207-241.
75. LESHER C. M., GOODWIN A. M., CAMPBELL I. H. & GORTON M. P. 1986. Trace-element geochemistry of ore-associated and barren, felsic metavolcanic rocks in the Superior Province, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, 222-237.
76. LESHER C. M., PHILLIPS G. N., GROVES D. I. & CAMPBELL I. H. 1991. Immobility of REE and most high field-strength elements and first transition series metals during Archaean gold-related hydrothermal alteration of metabasalts at the Hunt Mine, Western Australia. In: Ladeira E. A. ed. Brazil Gold '91; The Economics, Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of Gold Deposits; Proceedings of an International Symposium on the Geology of Gold, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, pp. 327-334. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
77. LONGERICH H. P., JENNER G. A., FRYER B. J. & JACKSON S. E. 1990. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric analysis of geological samples: a critical evaluation based on case studies. Chemical Geology 83, 105-118.
78. LUDDEN J. N. & THOMPSON G. 1978. Behaviour of rare earth elements during submarine weathering of tholeiitic basalt. Nature 274, 147-149.
79. LUDDEN J., GELINAS L. & TRUDEL P. 1982. Archean metavolcanics from the Rouyn-Noranda District, Abitibi greenstone belt, Quebec. 2. Mobility of trace elements and petrogenetic constraints. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 19, 2276-2287.
80. MACLEAN W. H. & KRANIDIOTIS P. 1987. Immobile elements as monitors of mass transfer in hydrothermal alteration: Phelps Dodge massive sulfide deposit, Matagami, Quebec. Economic Geology 82, 951-962.
81. MAHONEY J. J., NEAL C. R., PETTERSON M. G., MCGRAIL B. A., SAUNDERS A. D. & BABBS T. L. 1993. Formation of an oceanic plateau; speculations from field and geophysical observations of the Ontong Java Plateau. EOS 74, 552.
82. MARTIN H. 1993. The mechanisms of petrogenesis of the Archaean continental crust-comparison with modern processes. Lithos 30, 373-388.
83. MARTIN BARAJAS A., STOCK J. M., LAYER P., HAUSBACK B., RENNE P. & LÓPEZ MARTÍNEZ M. 1995. Arc-rift transition volcanism in the Puertecitos Volcanic Province, northeastern Baja California, Mexico. Geological Society of America Bulletin 107, 407-424.
84. MCCULLOCH M. T. & BENNETT V. C. 1994. Progressive growth of the Earth's continental crust and depleted mantle: geochemical constraints. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 4717-4738.
85. MCCULLOCH M. T. & GAMBLE J. A. 1991. Geochemical and geodynamical constraints on subduction zone magmatism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 102, 358-374.
86. MCDONOUGH W. F. & IRELAND T. R. 1993. Intraplate origin of komatiites inferred from trace elements in glass inclusions. Nature 365, 432-534.
87. MCDONOUGH W. F. & SUN S-S. 1995. The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology 120, 223-253.
88. MCLENNAN S. C. & TAYLOR S. R. 1979. The REE mobility associated with uranium mineralization. Nature 282, 247-250.
89. MEYER C. 1988. Ore deposits as guides to geological history of the Earth. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science 16, 147-172.
90. MITCHELL A. H. G. & GARSON M. S. 1981. Mineral Deposits and Global Tectonic Settings Academic Press, London.
91. MONZIER M., DANYUSHEVSKY L. V., CRAWFORD A. J., BELLON H. & COTTON J. 1993. High-Mg andesites from the southern termination of the New Hebrides island arc (SW Pacific). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 57, 193-217.
92. MUECKE G. K., PRIDE C. & SARKAR P. 1979. Rare-earth element geochemistry of regional metamorphic rocks. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 11, 449-464.
93. MURPHY J. B. & NANCE R. D. 1992. Mountain belts and the supercontinent cycle. Scientific American 266, 84-91.
94. NESBITT R. W. & SUN S-S. 1976. Geochemistry of Archean spinifex textured peridotites and magnesian and low magnesian tholeiites. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 31, 433-453.
95. NOHARA M., HIROSE K., EISSEN J., URABE T. & JOSHIMA M. 1994. The North Fiji Basin basalts and their magma sources: Part II. Sr-Nd isotopic and trace element constraints. Marine Geology 116, 179-195.
96. PARSON L. M. & HAWKINS J. W. 1994. Two-stage propagation and the geological history of the Lau backarc basin. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 135, 819-828.
97. PEARCE J. A. 1983. Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In: Hawkesworth C. J. & Norry M. J. eds. Continental basalts and mantle xenoliths, pp. 230-249. Shiva, Nantwich.
98. PEARCE J. A. 1996. A user's guide to basalt discrimination diagrams. In: Wyman D. A. ed. Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks: Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration, pp. 79-113. Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes 12.
99. PEARCE J. A. & PARKINSON I. J. 1993. Trace element models for mantle melting: application to volcanic arc petrogenesis. In: Prichart H. W, Alabaster T., Harris N. B. W. & Neary C. W. eds. Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics, pp. 373-403.
100. PEARCE J. A. & PEATE D. W. 1995. Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Reciew of Earth and Planetary Sciences 23, 251-285.
101. PEARCE J. A., BAKER P. E., HARVEY P. K & LUFF I. W. 1995. Geochemical evidence for subduction fluxes, mantle melting and fractional crystallization beneath the South Sandwich Island Arc. Journal of Petrology 36, 1073-1109.
102. PEARCE J. A., ERNEWEIN M., BLOOMER S. H., PARSON L. M., MURTON B. J. & JOHNSON L. E. 1994. Geochemistry of Lau Basin volcanic rocks. Geological Society of London Special Publication 81, 53-75.
103. POTTS P. J., HAWKESWORTH C. J., VAN CALSTEREN P. & WRIGHT I. P. 1993. Advances in analytical technology and its influence on the development of modern inorganic geochemistry: a historical perspective. In: Prichart H. W., Alabaster T., Harris N. B. W. & Neary C. W. eds. Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics, pp. 501-520. Geological Society of London Special Publication 76.
104. PRICE R. C., JOHNSON L. E. & CRAWFORD A. J. 1990. Basalts of the North Fiji Basin: the generation of back arc basin magmas by mixing of depleted and enriched mantle sources. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 105, 106-121.
105. PRICE R. C., GRAY C. M., WILSON R. E., FREY F. A. & TAYLOR S. R. 1991. The effects of weathering on rare-earth element, Y and Ba abundances in Tertiary basalts from southeastern Australia. Chemical Geology 93, 245-265.
106. ROGERS N. W, MACLEOD C. J. & MURTON B. J. 1989. Petrogenesis of boninitic lavas from the Limassol Forest. In: Crawford A. J. ed. Boninites, pp. 288-313. Unwin Hyman, London.
107. ROLLINSON H. 1993. Using Geochemical Data. Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. Longman, Harlow.
108. RUDNICK R. L. & FOUNTAIN D. M. 1995. Nature and composition of the continental crust: a lower crustal perspective. Review of Geophysics 33, 267-309.
109. SAWKINS F. J. 1990. Metal deposits in relation to plate tectonics. Second Edition. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
110. SCOTT S. D. 1987. Seafloor polymetallic sulfides: scientific curiosities or mines of the future? In: Teleki P. G., Dobson M. R., Moore J. R. & Von Stackelberg U. eds. Marine Minerals, pp. 277-300. NATO ASI Series C 194.
111. SHEN Y., FORSYTH D. W., SCHEIRER D. S. & MACDONALD K. C. 1993. Two forms of volcanism: implications for mantle flow and off-axis crustal production on the west flank of the southern East Pacific Rise. Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 17875-17889.
112. SMELLIE J. L. 1995. Volcanism associated with extension at consuming plate margins. In: Smellie J. L. ed. Volcanism Associated with Extension at Consuming Plate Margins. Geological Society of London Special Publication 81.
113. STANTON R. L. 1972. Ore Petrology. McGraw-Hill, New York.
114. STERN R. J., NAN LIN P-L., MORRIS J. D. et al. 1990. Enriched back-arc basin basalts from the northern Mariana Trough: implications for the magmatic evolution of back-arc basins. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 100, 210-225.
115. STOREY M., KENT R., SAUNDERS A. D. et al. 1992. Lower Cretaceous volcanic rocks along continent margins and their relationship to the Kerguelen Plateau Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Results 120, 33-54.
116. SUN S-S. & MCDONOUGH W. F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts; implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders A. D. & Norry M. J. eds. Magmatism in the ocean basins, pp. 313-345. Geological Society of London Special Publication 42.
117. SUN S-S. & NESBITT R. W. 1978. Geochemical regularities and genetic significance of ophiolitic basalts. Geology 6, 689-693.
118. SUN S-S., NESBITT R. W. & MCCULLOCH M. T. 1989. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Archaean and early Proterozoic siliceous high-magnesian basalts. In: Crawford A. J. ed. Boninites, pp. 148-173. Unwin Hyman, London.
119. SUNKEL G. 1990. Origin of petrological and geochemical variations of the Lau Basin lavas (SW Pacific). Marine Mining 9, 205-234.
120. SWINDEN H. S. 1996. The application of volcanic geochemistry to the metallogeny of volcanic-hosted sulphide deposits in Central Newfoundland. In: Wyman D. A. ed. Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks: Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration, pp. 329-358. Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes 12.
121. SWINDEN H. S., JENNER G. A., FRYER B. J., HERTOGEN J. & RODDICK J. C. 1990. Petrogenesis and paleotectonic history of the Wild Bight Group, and Ordovician rifted island arc in central Newfoundland. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 105, 219-241.
122. TARNEY J. & JONES C. E. 1994. Trace element geochemistry of orogenic igneous rocks and crustal growth models. Journal of the Geological Society of London 151, 855-868.
123. TAYLOR S. R. & MCLENNAN S. M. 1985. The Continental Crust: it's composition and evloution. Blackwell, Oxford.
124. VALUER T. L., JENNER G. A., FREY F. A. et al. 1991. Subalkaline andesite from the Valu Fa Ridge, a back-arc spreading center in southern Lau Basin: petrogenesis, comparative chemistry, and tectonic implications. Chemical Geology 91, 227-256.
125. VALSAMI E. & CANN J. R. 1992. Mobility of rare earth elements in the zones of intense hydrothermal alteration in the Pindos ophiolite, Greece. In: Parson L. M., Murton B. J. & Browning P. eds. Ophiolites and Their Modern Oceanic Analogues, pp. 219-232. Geological Society of London Special Publication 60.
126. VEIZER J., LAZNICKA P. & HJAANSEN S. L. 1989. Mineralization through geological time: recycling perspective. American Journal of Science 289, 484-524.
127. VOLPE A. M., MACDOUGALL J. D. & HAWKINS J. W. 1988. Lau Basin basalts (LBB): trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic evidence for heterogeneity in back-arc basin mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 90, 174-186.
128. VOLPE A. M., MACDOUGALL J. D., LUGMAIR G. W., HAWKINS J. W. & LONSDALE P. 1990. Fine-scale isotopic variation in Mariana Trough basalts: evidence for heterogeneity and a recycled component in backarc basin mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 100, 251-264.
129. WEAVER H. E. & STOREY B. C. 1992. Bimodal magmatism in northeast Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula: geochemical evidence for a Jurassic ensialic back-arc basin. Tectonophysics 205, 239-259.
130. WEAVER B. L. & TARNEY J. 1984. Empirical approach to estimating the composition of the continental crust. Nature 310, 575-577.
131. WEDEPOHL K. H. 1994. The composition of the continental crust. Mineralogical Magazine 58 (Suppl.), 959-960.
132. WINDLEY B. F. 1984. The Evolving Continents. Second Edition John Wiley, New York.
133. WOOD D. A., JORON J-L., MARSH N. G., TARNEY J. & TREUIL M. 1980. Major-and trace-element variations in basalts from the north Philippine Sea drilled during deep sea drilling project Leg 58: a comparative study of back-arc-basin basalts with lava series from Japan and mid-ocean ridges. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 58, 873-894.
134. WYMAN D. A. & KERRICH R. 1989. Archean lamprophyres of the Superior Province, Canada: distribution, petrology, and geochemical characteristics. Journal of Geophysical Research 94, 4667-4696.
135. XIE Q. & KERRICH R. 1994. Silicate-perovskite and majorite signature komatiites from the Archean Abitibi Greenstone Belt: implications for early mantle differentiation and stratification. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 15 799-15 812.
136. XIE Q., KERRICH R. & FAN J. 1993. HFSE/REE fractionations recorded in three komatiite-basalt sequences, Archean Abitibi greenstone belt: implications for multiple plume sources and depths. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 4111-4118.
137. ZINDLER A. & HART S. R. 1986. Chemical geodynamics. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 14, 493-571.