Radical nationalist parties and movements in contemporary Ukraine before and after independence: The right and its politics, 1989-1994

Nationalities Papers

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 211-242

  Kuzio, Taras ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE; NATIONALISM; POLITICAL IDEOLOGY; RIGHT WING POLITICS;

UKRAINE;

EID: 0031438514     PISSN: 00905992     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00905999708408500     Document Type: Article

References (222)

1. See the L'viv ideological conference of SNUM in Molod Ukrainy, 18 June 1991 and the statement by the L'viv oblast SNUM "The Democrats have betrayed Ukraine," in Napriam, No. 5, 1991.
2. See the L'viv ideological conference of SNUM in Molod Ukrainy, 18 June 1991 and the statement by the L'viv oblast SNUM "The Democrats have betrayed Ukraine," in Napriam, No. 5, 1991.
3. Za vilnu Ukrainu, 20 February 1992.
4. See the draft programe of the Organisation for the Liberation of Ukraine in Samostiina Ukraina, No. 2, April 1990.
5. Text entitled "The Ukrainian National-Radical Party," by Evhen Baltserowycz, a L'viv-based analyst of the Ukrainian Republican Party, in the possession of the author.
6. See Alexander J. Motyl, The Turn to the Right: The Ideological Origins of Ukrainian Nationalism, 1919-1929. East European Monographs (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980).
7. See John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism (Littleton, CO: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1980).
8. See Mykhailo Sosnovsky, Dmytro Dontsov. Politychnyj Portret. Shevchenko Scientific Society, Vol. 33 (New York: Trident International, Inc., 1974).
9. See Taras Kuzio, "OUN v Ukraini, Dmytro Dontsov i zakordonna chastyna OUN," Suchasnist, No. 12, December 1992, pp. 33-38.
10. See Peter J. Potichnyj and Yevhen Shtendera, Political Thought of the Ukrainian Underground, 1943-1951 (Edmonton: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, 1986).
11. See Ivan L. Rudnytsky, "The Political Thought of Soviet Ukrainian Dissent," Journal of Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 5, No. 11, Fall 1981, pp. 3-16.
12. See V. Haynes, "Postmortem of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group," Journal of Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 7, No. 15, Winter 1983, pp. 102-113.
13. See Taras Kuzio and Andrew Wilson, Ukraine: Perestroika to Independence (London: Macmillan, 1993), chapters 3-5.
14. See Taras Kuzio and Roman Solchanyk, "Democratic Political Blocs in Ukraine," RFE/RL Research Report, Vol. 2, No. 16, 16 April 1993.
15. These included DSU, UNS, UNRP, UNP and SNUM. See Za vilnu Ukrainu, 19 March 1991.
16. V. Korobeynyk, a leading member of the Party of Democratic Revival of Ukraine, claimed that the organisations involved in the UNA had an "openly fascist orientation." See Ukrainski Visti, 5 May 1991. This is why the PDVU, and the New Ukraine bloc, of which it was the main member, refused to join the Anti-Imperial, Anti-Communist Front, established in January 1993 to oppose the revival of communism in Ukraine because the UNA had joined it. Oksana Khomchuk argues that the radical right in Ukraine cannot be labelled as "fascist" because they are primarily statists, aiming to preserve the unity and independence of Ukraine on Ukrainian "ethnic territory." See her, "The Far Right in Russia and Ukraine," The Harriman Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, July 1995. They are, therefore, very different from the radical right in Russia.
17. V. Korobeynyk, a leading member of the Party of Democratic Revival of Ukraine, claimed that the organisations involved in the UNA had an "openly fascist orientation." See Ukrainski Visti, 5 May 1991. This is why the PDVU, and the New Ukraine bloc, of which it was the main member, refused to join the Anti-Imperial, Anti-Communist Front, established in January 1993 to oppose the revival of communism in Ukraine because the UNA had joined it. Oksana Khomchuk argues that the radical right in Ukraine cannot be labelled as "fascist" because they are primarily statists, aiming to preserve the unity and independence of Ukraine on Ukrainian "ethnic territory." See her, "The Far Right in Russia and Ukraine," The Harriman Review, Vol. 8, No. 2, July 1995. They are, therefore, very different from the radical right in Russia.
18. Oleh Vitovych, "Not Nazism, But a Change in Orientation," Biblioteka Ukrainskoi Natsionalistychnoi Spilky. Zbirka Stattyi, July 1990, "Chastyna 1," 1991. But the L'viv-based UNA newspaper Holos Natsii, No. 6, February 1993 includes at least one article by Benito Mussolini.
19. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 4, November 1991.
20. Zamkova Hora, No. 10, 1992.
21. Copies of all three leaflets are in the posession of the author. See also the UNS bulletin directed towards military officers entitled Kapitulatsiya, no date.
22. Natsionalist, No. 7, 1992.
23. See the article by Anatol Bedriy entitled "The enemies of Ukraine are also in Ukraine!" in Natsionalist, No. 2, 1992; and Anatoliy Shcherbatiuk, "Fifth Columnists," Nezaboryma Natsiia, No. 1, January 1994 on the pro-Russian separatist and Cossack groups active in Ukraine.
24. See the article by Anatol Bedriy entitled "The enemies of Ukraine are also in Ukraine!" in Natsionalist, No. 2, 1992; and Anatoliy Shcherbatiuk, "Fifth Columnists," Nezaboryma Natsiia, No. 1, January 1994 on the pro-Russian separatist and Cossack groups active in Ukraine.
25. On UNSO see Holos Ukrainy, 7 March, 13 May, 26 June and 3 July; Nezavisimost, 26 June 1992.
26. On UNSO see Holos Ukrainy, 7 March, 13 May, 26 June and 3 July; Nezavisimost, 26 June 1992.
27. Natsionalist, No. 2, 1992; and Nash Klych, Nos. 2-3, 1992.
28. Natsionalist, No. 2, 1992; and Nash Klych, Nos. 2-3, 1992.
29. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 4, November 1991.
30. Natsionalist, No. 7, 1992.
31. Moloda Halychyna, 30 April 1991. See the critique by Taras Chornovil of the integral nationalists in Moloda Ukraina, No. 12, 1990; and the criticism in Holos Ukrainy, 22 April 1992, both of which insinuate that either the security forces and/or Russia support these structures.
32. Moloda Halychyna, 30 April 1991. See the critique by Taras Chornovil of the integral nationalists in Moloda Ukraina, No. 12, 1990; and the criticism in Holos Ukrainy, 22 April 1992, both of which insinuate that either the security forces and/or Russia support these structures.
33. Moloda Halychyna, 30 April 1991. See the critique by Taras Chornovil of the integral nationalists in Moloda Ukraina, No. 12, 1990; and the criticism in Holos Ukrainy, 22 April 1992, both of which insinuate that either the security forces and/or Russia support these structures.
34. Natsionalist, No. 1, February 1991. This was formerly the organ of "Young Nationalists" but then became the journal of the Club in Support of Dmytro Dontsov (the leading pre-war Ukrainian integral nationalist thinker). The Club is a collective member of the UNA.
35. Natsionalist, No. 7, 1992.
36. See the interview with Slavko Artymenko in Ukrainsky Obrii, no date, 1991.
37. See the comment by Shukhevych: "The activities of the L'viv oblast council are not in the interests of Ukraine," Moloda hvardiya, 14 May 1991.
38. Napriam, No. 5, 1991.
39. See the article "Ukrainian Perspective: Monarchy or Republic?" by Les Bondarenko, a leading member of the SUM, in Nova Ukraina, No. 3, December 1991.
40. See Vasyl Barliadianu in Derzhavnist, No. 1, 1991.
41. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 2, September 1991. See also the map in Ukrainsky Chas, No. 1, December 1991.
42. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 2, September 1991. See also the map in Ukrainsky Chas, No. 1, December 1991.
43. Napriam, No. 5, 1991.
44. See his speech to a meeting of "Supporters of Nationalism," Kyiv, 11 October 1991 (Neskorena Natsiya, No. 4, November 1991).
45. Pravda Ukrainy, 20 June 1991.
46. Do Natsii (Nezalezhny Natsionalistychny Vydanniu), No. 2, 1990. UNS organs, such as Zamkova Hora, often publish information on military knives, molotov cocktails and weapons.
47. Nash Klych, Nos. 2-3, 1992.
48. Zamkova Hora, Nos. 1 and 19, 1992.
49. Zamkova Hora, No. 1, 1992.
50. An exception was the arrest of two members of the UNA in Odesa on charges of calling for a "religious war against Muscovites and Yids." See Robitnycha Hazeta, 24 March 1992.
51. Nova Ukraina, No. 3, December 1991.
52. Sobornist, No. 3, May 1992.
53. Korchynsky believes that the two enemies of Ukrainian nationalism are "the ideologies of cosmopolitanism and democracy." See Kyivsky Klub, No. 1, 1992; and Natsionalist, No. 7, 1992.
54. Korchynsky believes that the two enemies of Ukrainian nationalism are "the ideologies of cosmopolitanism and democracy." See Kyivsky Klub, No. 1, 1992; and Natsionalist, No. 7, 1992.
55. A survey of Ukrainian attitudes towards other nationalities showed that only 3% of Kyivites harboured anti-Russian attitudes, while 51% expressed warm views. See Ukrainsky Ohliadach, No. 1, January 1992.
56. Nash Klych, No. 1, 1991.
57. Zamkova Hora, No. 10, 1992; and Vizti z Ukrainy, No. 35, 1992.
58. Zamkova Hora, No. 10, 1992; and Vizti z Ukrainy, No. 35, 1992.
59. See Za vilnu Ukrainy, 26 September; Molod Ukrainy, 29 September; and Holos Ukrainy, 31 October 1992.
60. See Za vilnu Ukrainy, 26 September; Molod Ukrainy, 29 September; and Holos Ukrainy, 31 October 1992.
61. See Za vilnu Ukrainy, 26 September; Molod Ukrainy, 29 September; and Holos Ukrainy, 31 October 1992.
62. Pravda Ukrainy, 2 March; and Narodna Armiya, 18 March 1993.
63. Pravda Ukrainy, 2 March; and Narodna Armiya, 18 March 1993.
64. On the congress and resolutions see Ukrainske Slovo, Kyiv, 21 May, 28 May and 4 June 1993.
65. See Rozbudova Derzhavy, No. 8, 1993.
66. Radio Ukraine, 19 October 1992. The UNA described the KUN as "uniting former democrats from the URP, Rukh, coupled with a section of the diaspora which ties itself to the activities of the OUN, but to which they have no relation to the armed struggle of the 1940s and 1950s ..." Holos Natsii, No. 6, February 1993.
67. Radio Ukraine, 19 October 1992. The UNA described the KUN as "uniting former democrats from the URP, Rukh, coupled with a section of the diaspora which ties itself to the activities of the OUN, but to which they have no relation to the armed struggle of the 1940s and 1950s ..." Holos Natsii, No. 6, February 1993.
68. Shilakh Peremohy, 8 March; and Narodaya Armiya, 3 April 1992.
69. Shilakh Peremohy, 8 March; and Narodaya Armiya, 3 April 1992.
70. Privately Roman Koval was also pessimistic about "a fertile ground" being found for Ukrainian nationalism in Ukraine. Conversations with Koval, Kyiv, August 1992 and September 1995.
71. Samostiina Ukraina, No. 5, 10 February 1993.
72. Za vilnu Ukrainu, 24 April 1993.
73. Ukrainske Slovo, Kyiv, 11 May 1993.
74. Conversation with Zvarych, Kyiv, 29 September 1995. Zvarych believed that the OUNvU was a "ridiculous" invention.
75. Konferentsiia Ukrainskyh Natsionalistiv. Vybrani Materialy (Kyiv: Ukrainian Information Service, 1992).
76. Kyivska Pravda, 29 January 1993.
77. On the July 1993 congress of the KUN see Narodna Armiya, 8 July 1993 and Slava Stetsko, Petro Duzhy et al., eds, Materialy Pershoho Kongresu Ukrainskykh Natsionalistiv (Kyiv: Kongres Ukrainskykh Natsionalistiv, 1995).
78. On the July 1993 congress of the KUN see Narodna Armiya, 8 July 1993 and Slava Stetsko, Petro Duzhy et al., eds, Materialy Pershoho Kongresu Ukrainskykh Natsionalistiv (Kyiv: Kongres Ukrainskykh Natsionalistiv, 1995).
79. The program of the congress was published in Shliakh Peremohy, 26 June 1993.
80. Vechirnyi Kyiv, 14 May 1994.
81. Visnyk UNP, No. 4. The program was published in Shlaikh Peremohy, 21 October 1990. The socio-economic and political conceptions of the UNP are outlined in Ukrainsky Chas, Vol. 1, No. 8, 1991, pp. 23-31.
82. Visnyk UNP, No. 4. The program was published in Shlaikh Peremohy, 21 October 1990. The socio-economic and political conceptions of the UNP are outlined in Ukrainsky Chas, Vol. 1, No. 8, 1991, pp. 23-31.
83. Visnyk UNP, No. 4. The program was published in Shlaikh Peremohy, 21 October 1990. The socio-economic and political conceptions of the UNP are outlined in Ukrainsky Chas, Vol. 1, No. 8, 1991, pp. 23-31.
84. See the report on the establishment of Kharkiv branch in Visti Slobozhanshina, No. 1, June-July 1990.
85. Moloda Halychyna, 10 April 1990.
86. The Ukrainian Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, Summer 1990, pp. 79-82.
87. Visnyk UNP, No. 4.
88. Op. cit.,
89. Visnyk UNP, No. 3, September 1990.
90. Informatsiiny Bulletin UNP, No. 3.
91. Visnyk UNP, No. 1, June 1990.
92. Interview with Pryhodko in The Ukrainian Weekly, 21 October 1990.
93. H. Pryhodko, "The Present Situation in Ukraine," The Ukrainian Review, Vol. 38, No. 4, Winter 1990, p. 84.
94. Ratusha, 14-15 June 1991.
95. Moloda Halychyna, 10 April 1990.
96. Shliakh Peremohy, 22 and 29 April 1990; The Ukrainian Review, Vol. 38, No. 2, Summer 1990, pp. 71-79.
97. Shliakh Peremohy, 22 and 29 April 1990; The Ukrainian Review, Vol. 38, No. 2, Summer 1990, pp. 71-79.
98. Prohrama Vseukrainskoho politychnoho obiednannia Derzhavna Samnostijnist Ukrainy (Kyiv-L'viv: DSU, 1990). See also Homin Voli, 26 January; and Za nezalezhnist, 2 March 1991. The statute is published in the same issue of Homin Voli; and Za nezalezhnist, 23 March 1991.
99. Prohrama Vseukrainskoho politychnoho obiednannia Derzhavna Samnostijnist Ukrainy (Kyiv-L'viv: DSU, 1990). See also Homin Voli, 26 January; and Za nezalezhnist, 2 March 1991. The statute is published in the same issue of Homin Voli; and Za nezalezhnist, 23 March 1991.
100. Prohrama Vseukrainskoho politychnoho obiednannia Derzhavna Samnostijnist Ukrainy (Kyiv-L'viv: DSU, 1990). See also Homin Voli, 26 January; and Za nezalezhnist, 2 March 1991. The statute is published in the same issue of Homin Voli; and Za nezalezhnist, 23 March 1991.
101. Statut i Prohrama DSU (Kyiv-L'viv, 1992). See also the appeal dated April-May 1991 in Shliakh Peremohy, 11 August 1991.
102. Statut i Prohrama DSU (Kyiv-L'viv, 1992). See also the appeal dated April-May 1991 in Shliakh Peremohy, 11 August 1991.
103. Narodna Armiya, 18 December 1992. The congress speeches and resolutions are printed in Neskorena Natsia, No. 1, 1993. A critical account is given in Holos Ukrainy, 23 December 1992.
104. Narodna Armiya, 18 December 1992. The congress speeches and resolutions are printed in Neskorena Natsia, No. 1, 1993. A critical account is given in Holos Ukrainy, 23 December 1992.
105. Narodna Armiya, 18 December 1992. The congress speeches and resolutions are printed in Neskorena Natsia, No. 1, 1993. A critical account is given in Holos Ukrainy, 23 December 1992.
106. Vechirnyi Kyiv, 30 March 1993.
107. See the interview with Kandyba in Za vilnu Ukrainu, 16 May 1991; and "Who are We?" in Neskorena Natsiya, No. 2, 1992.
108. See the interview with Kandyba in Za vilnu Ukrainu, 16 May 1991; and "Who are We?" in Neskorena Natsiya, No. 2, 1992.
109. Zahrava, No. 1, 20 April 1991.
110. Za vilnu Ukrainu, 26 December 1991.
111. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 7, April 1992. Supporters of the DSU, like the OUNr, are critically disposed towards the democratisation of the OUN which took place at its third extraordinary congress in 1943 in Ukraine. Different attitudes towards this democratization led to the second split in the OUN in 1954 in the emigration. See the article by Stanislav Ishenko in Napriam, No. 5, 1991.
112. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 7, April 1992. Supporters of the DSU, like the OUNr, are critically disposed towards the democratisation of the OUN which took place at its third extraordinary congress in 1943 in Ukraine. Different attitudes towards this democratization led to the second split in the OUN in 1954 in the emigration. See the article by Stanislav Ishenko in Napriam, No. 5, 1991.
113. Krasivskyi was imprisoned in the 1960s and 1970s for organising the Ukrainian National Front, which also followed in the traditions of the OUN and was primarily based in western Ukraine.
114. Moloda Halychyna, 18 September 1990.
115. As Stanislav Ishenko pointed out, although the DSU was the closest in Ukraine to the traditions of the OUNr, nevertheless, "you have to renew it, modernise nationalist ideology and raise its level of activity." This was a major cause in the split between the émigré OUNr, its traditionalist allies (DSU) and the UNA. See Napriam, No. 9, 1991.
116. Holos Ukrainy, 4 July 1991. Accordng to Zvarych, the OUNr cut off its contacts and financial assistance to the UMPA/UNA in September 1991 because it no longer complied with the ideological tenets of the émigré OUNr. The OUNr did not, therefore, back the presidential campaign of Shushkevych launched by the UNA. Conversation with Zvarych, Kyiv, 29 September 1995.
117. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 2, September 1991.
118. Zamkova Hora, No. 18, 1992.
119. See the speech by the leader of the DSU, Ivan Kandyba, at the inaugural congress of the UKRP, in Neskorena Natsiya, No. 11, June 1992.
120. Visti UMA, No. 7, 25 October 1990.
121. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 3, 1992.
122. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 3, 1992. The URP constantly criticised the slogan "Ukraine for Ukrainians!" promoted by integral nationalists. See L'vivski Novyny, No. 21, 21 May 1991.
123. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 3, 1992. The URP constantly criticised the slogan "Ukraine for Ukrainians!" promoted by integral nationalists. See L'vivski Novyny, No. 21, 21 May 1991.
124. Moloda Halychyna, 18 September 1990.
125. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 2, September 1991.
126. Zahrava, No. 1, April 1991.
127. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 1, 1992; Derzhavnist, No. 2, April-June 1992, pp. 33-36; and Ukrainian Reporter, Vol. 2, Nos. 7-8, July-August 1992. All subsequent quotations are taken from this text.
128. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 1, 1992; Derzhavnist, No. 2, April-June 1992, pp. 33-36; and Ukrainian Reporter, Vol. 2, Nos. 7-8, July-August 1992. All subsequent quotations are taken from this text.
129. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 1, 1992; Derzhavnist, No. 2, April-June 1992, pp. 33-36; and Ukrainian Reporter, Vol. 2, Nos. 7-8, July-August 1992. All subsequent quotations are taken from this text.
130. See the interview with Zelenchuk in Halychyna, 22 July 1990.
131. See interview with Kandyba in Visnyk UNP, No. 1, June 1990.
132. Moloda Halychyna, 18 September 1990.
133. Za vilnu Ukrainu, 26 December 1991.
134. See the interview with Yaroslav Prypin, head of the DSU in Sambir, L'viv oblast in Sambirsky Visti, 12 March 1991.
135. Originally, Kandyba had planned to simply re-name the DSU as the "OUN" but this had been opposed by those who had a continued interest in the DSU's further existence.
136. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 16, November 1993.
137. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 19, December 1993.
138. Molod Ukrainy, 10 April 1991.
139. By April 1991, they claimed to have registered 2.8 million people.
140. Klych Ukrainy, No. 1, 1991.
141. Open letter to the leadership of Rukh by P. Kahuy dated 5 February 1991, in the possession of the author.
142. Visti UMA, No. 4, 3 October 1990. Stepan Khmara, then joint deputy head of the Ukrainian Republican Party, believed that only 20 deputies of the People's Council were in favour of independence. The remainder had become "collaborators," little different from the Communist "Group of 239." See Visti UMA, No. 6, 19 October 1990.
143. Visti UMA, No. 4, 3 October 1990. Stepan Khmara, then joint deputy head of the Ukrainian Republican Party, believed that only 20 deputies of the People's Council were in favour of independence. The remainder had become "collaborators," little different from the Communist "Group of 239." See Visti UMA, No. 6, 19 October 1990.
144. Visnyk Rukhu, No. 6.
145. The Ukrainian Weekly, 21 October 1990.
146. H. Pryhodko, "Three Months of Ukrainian Statehood." Unpublished text, in the posession of the author.
147. Ukrainski Novyny, Warsaw, No. 261, 14 October 1990.
148. News from Ukraine, No. 31, 1990.
149. Visnyk UNP, No. 3, September 1990.
150. Ratusha, 18 October 1990.
151. Visti UMA, No. 3, 27 September 1990.
152. The Ukrainian Review, Vol. 38, No. 4, Winter 1990, p. 65.
153. Visti UMA, No. 4, October 1990.
154. Shliakh Peremohy, 11 October 1990; and Visti UMA, No. 5, 10 October 1990.
155. Shliakh Peremohy, 11 October 1990; and Visti UMA, No. 5, 10 October 1990.
156. At both the second and third sessions of the UMPA the UN Declaration of Human Rights was called a "document foreign to us." See Za vilnu Ukrainu, 5 July 1991.
157. Ukrainsky Novyny, No. 309, 30 December 1990.
158. Ratusha and Moloda Halychyna, 10 January 1991.
159. Radio Kyiv, 1 February 1991.
160. Visti z Ukrainy, No. 2, 1991.
161. Visti UMA, No. 3, April 1991.
162. Za vilnu Ukrainu, 17 April 1991. See also Visti UMA, No. 3, April 1991; and Shliakh Peremohy, 21 April 1991.
163. Za vilnu Ukrainu, 17 April 1991. See also Visti UMA, No. 3, April 1991; and Shliakh Peremohy, 21 April 1991.
164. Za vilnu Ukrainu, 17 April 1991. See also Visti UMA, No. 3, April 1991; and Shliakh Peremohy, 21 April 1991.
165. Holos Ukrainy, 4 July 1991.
166. The Ukrainian Review, Vol. 38, No. 4, Winter 1990, p. 53.
167. In fact, such a conference took place in May 1991 and led to the creation of VOST, but it allied itself with Rukh-not the UMPA. See Ukrainian Reporter, Vol. 1, No. 10, May 1991.
168. Visti UMA, No. 3, April 1991.
169. Ukrainian News, Kyiv, No. 35, 1992. The only organisation which came out in support of the strikers was the New Ukraine bloc. See Ukrainian News, Kyiv, No. 36, 1992.
170. Ukrainian News, Kyiv, No. 35, 1992. The only organisation which came out in support of the strikers was the New Ukraine bloc. See Ukrainian News, Kyiv, No. 36, 1992.
171. Zamkova Hora, No. 8, 1992.
172. Vechirnyi Kyiv, 14 May 1992.
173. Zamkova Hora, No. 19, 1991.
174. Vechirnyi Kyiv, 17 September 1992.
175. Andrij Shkil, head of L'viv oblast UNA and editor of Holos Natsii, at a meeting in Stryj attended by the author on 21 May 1995.
176. Holos Natsii, Nos. 3-4, January 1993.
177. Reuters, 30 December 1994.
178. See his speech in Holos Ukrainy, 21 May 1994.
179. Andrij Shkil, head of L'viv oblast UNA and editor of Holos Natsii, at a meeting in Stryj attended by the author on 21 May 1995.
180. Holos Natsii, No. 7, February 1993.
181. The Guardian, 21 March 1994.
182. Za vilnu Ukrainu, 16 February 1993.
183. Za vilnu Ukrainu, 15 Febrary 1994.
184. Holos Natsii, No. 9, February 1994.
185. Conversation with Koval, Kyiv, 1 October 1995.
186. Conversation with Yuriy Tyma, a UNA member of parliament from Ternopil, in Kyiv, 19 May 1995.
187. Granitsa Rossii, No. 41, December 1995, p. 2.
188. Trudovoi Tyraspol, 17-23 February 1993.
189. Holos Natsii, Nos. 16-17, May 1994.
190. Vechirnyi Kyiv, 1 and 19 November 1994.
191. The remainder of the SNUM and the Association of Ukrainian Youth (SUM) united into one organisation in 1991 and cooperated with the DSU. In the West the SUM belongs to the OUNr orbit.
192. Ratusha, 3-4 July 1991.
193. See two articles by Taras Kuzio, "Ukrainian Paramilitaries," Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol. 4, No. 12, December 1992; and "Paramilitaries in Ukraine," Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1994.
194. See two articles by Taras Kuzio, "Ukrainian Paramilitaries," Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol. 4, No. 12, December 1992; and "Paramilitaries in Ukraine," Jane's Intelligence Review, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1994.
195. Holos, No. 17, 1991.
196. News from Ukraine, No. 41, 1991.
197. See the photograph in Holos Natsii, Nos. 16-17, May 1994.
198. The Washington Times, 25 February 1994.
199. See Holos Ukrainy, 24 and 25 April 1992.
200. See Nezavisimost, 6 March; and Holos Ukrainy, 7 March 1992.
201. See Nezavisimost, 6 March; and Holos Ukrainy, 7 March 1992.
202. Molod Ukrainy, 4 March 1992.
203. Nezavisimost, 26 June; and Holos Ukrainy, 3 July 1992. Korchynsky claimed that the counter-Sobor of those Bishops opposed to Filaret, who formed the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarch), had been funded by the Gorbachov Foundation.
204. Nezavisimost, 26 June; and Holos Ukrainy, 3 July 1992. Korchynsky claimed that the counter-Sobor of those Bishops opposed to Filaret, who formed the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarch), had been funded by the Gorbachov Foundation.
205. Moscow News, No. 33, 1993.
206. Molod Ukrainy, 3 August 1993.
207. Personal Conversation with Yury Mykolsky, deputy head of the UNA, February 1992, L'viv. Mykolsky was expelled from the URP where he had held the position of deputy head of the L'viv oblast branch.
208. Natsionalist, No. 2, 1992.
209. Comments by Korchynskyi in Neskorena Natsiya, No. 2, September 1991.
210. Neskorena Natsiya, No. 2, September 1991.
211. Zamkova Hora, No. 10, 1992; and Visti z Ukrainy, No. 35, 1992.
212. Zamkova Hora, No. 10, 1992; and Visti z Ukrainy, No. 35, 1992.
213. Natsionalist, No. 7, 1992.
214. Zvarych believes these allegations have some truth behind them: "In the previous administration there were some people interested in supporting on a political level the UNA for one reason - when Kravchuk has an extreme right and left he has a better foothold in the centre." Conversation with Zvarych, Kyiv, 29 September 1995. Similar allegations of Soviet and since Russian state funding for the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia have surfaced in the Russian Federation.
215. Ukrainska Dumka (London), 14 May 1992. Serhei Zhizhko argued that the main reason why Ukrainian nationalist groups are still weak is the lack of a Ukrainian national consciousness (Slovo, No. 10, 1992). Slavko Artymenko, meanwhile, argues that there is no civil society and class differentiation of society in Ukraine and, therefore, ethnic nationalism will not have a popular base, while political parties (in contrast to nationalist movements) do not yet have public constituencies. See Ukrainsky Obrii, no date, 1991.
216. Ukrainska Dumka (London), 14 May 1992. Serhei Zhizhko argued that the main reason why Ukrainian nationalist groups are still weak is the lack of a Ukrainian national consciousness (Slovo, No. 10, 1992). Slavko Artymenko, meanwhile, argues that there is no civil society and class differentiation of society in Ukraine and, therefore, ethnic nationalism will not have a popular base, while political parties (in contrast to nationalist movements) do not yet have public constituencies. See Ukrainsky Obrii, no date, 1991.
217. Ratusha, 28 January 1991.
218. See the Ideological Platform of the UNS in Ukrainsky Obrii, No. 6, 1992.
219. Kyivsky Klub, No. 1, 1992; and Natsionalist, No. 7, 1992.
220. Kyivsky Klub, No. 1, 1992; and Natsionalist, No. 7, 1992.
221. Alexander J. Motyl, Dilemmas of Independence. Ukraine After Totalitarianism (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1993), p. 173.
222. Andrew Wilson and Artur Bilous, "Political Parties in Ukraine," Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 45, No. 4, 1993, p. 693.