Interannual variability of the coupled tropical Pacific Ocean-atmosphere system associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation

Journal of Climate

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 1312-1330

  Zhang, Rong Hua ^a,b   Levitus, Sydney ^a  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; ATMOSPHERE/OCEAN COUPLING; EL NINO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; ENSO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; INTERANNUAL VARIATION; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SST;

PACIFIC, (TROPICAL);

EID: 0031437201     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1312:IVOTCT>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Battisti, D. S., 1989: On the role of off-equatorial oceanic Rossby waves during ENSO. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 551-559.
2. _, and A. Hirst, 1989: Interannual variability in the tropical atmosphere-ocean system: Influence of the basis state, ocean geometry, and nonlinearity. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712.
3. Bjerknes, J., 1969: Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 163-172.
4. Boulanger, J. P., and C. G. Menkes, 1995: Propagation and reflection of long equatorial waves in the Pacific Ocean during the 1992-1993 El Niño. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25 041-25 059.
5. Cane, M. A., and S. E. Zebiak, 1985: A theory for El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. Science, 228, 1085-1087.
6. _, _, and S. C. Dolan, 1986: Experimental forecasts of El Niño. Science, 321, 827-832.
7. Chao, Y., and S. G. H. Philander, 1993: On the structure of the Southern Oscillation. J. Climate, 6, 450-469.
8. Da Silva, M., C. C. Young, and S. Levitus, 1994a: Atlas of surface marine data 1994. Vol. 1, Algorithms and procedures. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6. [Available from NODC/NOAA, E/OC5, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.]
9. _, _, and _, 1994b: Atlas of surface marine data 1994. Vol. 2, Anomalies of directly observed quantities, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 7. [Available from NODC/NOAA, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.]
10. Fu, C.-B., H. F. Diaz, and J. O. Fletcher, 1986: Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the central Pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1716-1738.
11. Graham, N. E., and W. B. White, 1988: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation as a natural oscillator of the tropical Pacific Ocean-atmosphere system. Science, 240, 1293-1302.
12. _, and _, 1991: Comments on "On the role of off-equatorial oceanic Rossby waves during ENSO." J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 453-460.
13. Hirst, A. C., 1986: Unstable and damped equatorial modes in simple coupled ocean-atmosphere models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 606-630.
14. Jin, F.-F., and J. D. Neelin, 1993: Modes of interannual tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction - A unified view. Part I: Numerical results. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3477-3503.
15. Kessler, W. S., 1990: Observations of long Rossby waves in the northern tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5183-5217.
16. _, 1991: Can reflected extra-equatorial Rossby waves drive ENSO. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 444-452.
17. _, and M. J. McPhaden, 1995: Oceanic equatorial waves and the 1991-93 El Niño. J. Climate, 8, 1757-1774.
18. Latif, M., A. Sterl, E. Maier-Reimer, and M. M. Junge, 1993: Climate variability in a coupled GCM. Part I: The tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 6, 5-21.
19. Lau, N.-C., S. G. H. Philander, and M. J. Nath, 1992: Simulation of ENSO-like phenomena with a low resolution coupled GCM of the global ocean and atmosphere. J. Climate, 5, 284-307.
20. Levitus, S., and T. P Boyer, 1994: World Ocean atlas. Vol. 4, Temperature, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, 117 pp. [Available from NODC/NOAA, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.]
21. _, J. Antonov, and T. P. Boyer, 1994a: Interannual variability of temperature at 125 m depth in the North Atlantic Ocean. Science, 266, 96-99.
22. _, T. P. Boyer, and J. Antonov, 1994b: World Ocean atlas. Vol. 5, Interannual variability of upper ocean thermal structure, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 5, 176 pp. [Available from NODC/NOAA, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.]
23. _, R. Gelfeld, T. Boyer, and D. Johnson, 1994c: Results of the NODC Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue Project. Key to Oceanographic Records Documentation 19, 73 pp. [Available from NODC/NOAA, E/OC5, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.]
24. Li, B., and A. J. Clarke, 1994: An examination of some ENSO mechanisms using interannual sea level at the eastern and western equatorial boundaries and the zonally averaged equatorial wind. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 681-690.
25. Mantua, N. J., and D. S. Battisti, 1994: Evidence for the delayed oscillator mechanism for ENSO: The "observed" oceanic Kelvin mode in the far western Pacific. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 691-699.
26. McPhaden, M. J., S. P. Hayes, L. J. Mangum, and J. M. Toole, 1990: Variability in the western equatorial Pacific during the 1986-87 El Niño/Southern Oscillation event. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 190-208.
27. Nagai, T., T. Tokioka, M. Endoh, and Y. Kitamura, 1992: El Niño-Southern Oscillation simulated in an MRI atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model. J. Climate, 5, 1202-1233.
28. Neelin, J. D., 1990: A hybrid coupled general circulation model for El Niño studies. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 674-693.
29. _, and Coauthors, 1992: Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 7, 73-104.
30. Nigam, S., and H.-S. Shen, 1993: Structure of oceanic and atmospheric low-frequency variability over the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. Part I: COADS observations. J. Climate, 6, 657-676.
31. Philander, S. G. H., N.-C. Lau, R. C. Pacanowski, and M. J. Nath, 1989: Two different simulations of Southern Oscillation and El Niño with coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, Ser., 329, 167-178.
32. _, _, _, and _, 1992: Simulation of ENSO with a global atmospheric GCM coupled to a high-resolution, tropical Pacific Ocean GCM. J. Climate, 5, 308-329.
33. Picaut, J., and T. Delcroix, 1995: Equatorial wave sequence associated with warm pool displacements during the 1986-1989 El Niño-La Niña. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18 393-18 408.
34. Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, 1982: Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind stress associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 354-384.
35. _, and J. M. Wallace, 1983: Meteorological aspects of the El Niño/ Southern Oscillation. Science, 222, 1195-1202.
36. Schopf, P. S., and M. J. Suarez, 1988: Vacillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 549-566.
37. Springer, S. R., M. J. McPhaden, and A. J. Busalacchi, 1990: Oceanic heat content variability in the tropical Pacific during the 1982-1983 El Niño. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 22 089-22 101.
38. Tourre, Y. M., and W. B. White, 1995: ENSO signals in global upper ocean temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1317-1332.
39. Wang, B., 1992: The vertical structure and development of the ENSO anomaly mode during 1979-1989. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 698-712.
40. White, W. B., G. Meyers, J. R. Donguy, and S. E. Pazan, 1985: Short-term climatic variability in the thermal structure of the Pacific Ocean during 1979-1982. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 15, 917-935.
41. _, Y. He, and S. E. Pazan, 1989: Off-equatorial westward propagating waves in the tropical Pacific during the 1982-83 and 1986-87 ENSO events. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1397-1406.
42. Woodruff, S. D., R. J. Slutz, R. L. Jenne, and P. M. Steurer, 1987: A Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1250.
43. Wright, P. B., and J. M. Wallace, 1988: Correlation structure of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. J. Climate, 1, 609-625.
44. Wyrtki, K., 1975: El Niño - The dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 572-584.
45. _, 1985: Water displacements in the Pacific and the genesis of El Niño cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7129-7132.
46. Zebiak, S. E., 1989: Ocean content variability and El Niño cycles. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 19, 475-486.
47. _, and M. A. Cane, 1987: A model ENSO. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2262-2278.
48. Zhang, R.-H., and S. Levitus, 1996: Structure and evolution of interannual variability of the tropical Pacific upper ocean temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 20 501-20 524.
49. _, Q.-C. Zeng, G.-Q. Zhou, and X.-Z. Liang, 1995: A coupled general circulation model for the tropical Pacific Ocean and global atmosphere. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 12, 127-142.