Was early modern Japan culturally integrated?

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 547-581

  Berry, Mary Elizabeth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL INTEGRATION; HISTORICAL STUDY; LIEBERMAN,V.; TOKUGAWA PERIOD;

JAPAN;

EID: 0031435760     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x00017066     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Reischauer, in Edwin O. Reischauer and Albert M. Craig, Japan: Tradition and Transformation (Sydney, 1979), p. 86.
2. Tenna gannen koshō-kei Edo kagami, in Hashimoto Hiroshi (ed.), (Kaitei zōhō) Dai bukan, 3 vols (Tokyo, 1965), vol. 1, pp. 156-82.
3. Thomas C. Smith makes this tally in The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan (Stanford, 1959), p. 89. The manual is the Nōgyō znsho, by Miyazaki Antei, in Hirose Hideo et al. (eds), Kinsei kagaku shisō (Tokyo, 1971), vol. 62, pp. 67-165.
4. Thomas C. Smith makes this tally in The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan (Stanford, 1959), p. 89. The manual is the Nōgyō znsho, by Miyazaki Antei, in Hirose Hideo et al. (eds), Kinsei kagaku shisō (Tokyo, 1971), vol. 62, pp. 67-165.
5. Edo soganoko meisho laizen, pt 6, in Edo Sōsho Hangyō-kai, Edo Sōsho (Tokyo, 1916), vols 3-4.
6. For the 1659 catalog, Shidō Bunko (ed.), (Edo jidai) Shorin shuppan shoseki mokuroku shūsei (Tokyo, 1962-64), 4 vols. For discussion, Donald H. Shively, 'Popular Culture,' in John W. Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991), vol. 4, p. 731.
7. For the 1659 catalog, Shidō Bunko (ed.), (Edo jidai) Shorin shuppan shoseki mokuroku shūsei (Tokyo, 1962-64), 4 vols. For discussion, Donald H. Shively, 'Popular Culture,' in John W. Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991), vol. 4, p. 731.
8. Shively, 1991; Susan B. Hanley, 'Tokugawa Society: Material Culture, Standard of Living, and Life-styles,' in Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991) vol, 4, pp. 660-705; and Richard Rubinger, Private Academies of Tokugawa Japan (Princeton, 1982).
9. Shively, 1991; Susan B. Hanley, 'Tokugawa Society: Material Culture, Standard of Living, and Life-styles,' in Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991) vol, 4, pp. 660-705; and Richard Rubinger, Private Academies of Tokugawa Japan (Princeton, 1982).
10. Mizuhara Akito, Edogo, Tōkyōgo, hyōjungo (Tokyo, 1994).
11. Roy Andrew Miller, The Japanese Language (Chicago, 1967); and Nakamoto Masachie, Nihon rettō gengoshi no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1990).
12. Roy Andrew Miller, The Japanese Language (Chicago, 1967); and Nakamoto Masachie, Nihon rettō gengoshi no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1990).
13. The best study in English of the early rice regime is William Wayne Farris, Population, Disease, and Land in Early Japan, 645-900 (Cambridge, MA, 1985).
14. Jeffrey P. Mass, Lordship and Inheritance in Medieval Japan (Stanford, 1989); Murakami Yasusuke, 'Ie Society as a Pattern of Civilization,' in The Journal of Japanese Studies 10, 2: 279-363.
15. Jeffrey P. Mass, Lordship and Inheritance in Medieval Japan (Stanford, 1989); Murakami Yasusuke, 'Ie Society as a Pattern of Civilization,' in The Journal of Japanese Studies 10, 2: 279-363.
16. Janet Goodwin, Alms and Vagabonds: Buddhist Temples and Popular Patronage in ; Medieval Japan (Honolulu, 1994); Barbara Ruch, 'The Other Side of Culture,' in Kozo Yamamura (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1990), vol. 3, pp. 500-43.
17. Janet Goodwin, Alms and Vagabonds: Buddhist Temples and Popular Patronage in ; Medieval Japan (Honolulu, 1994); Barbara Ruch, 'The Other Side of Culture,' in Kozo Yamamura (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1990), vol. 3, pp. 500-43.
18. Studies in English of early Japanese foreign contacts are few. See Robert Borgen, Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court (Cambridge, MA, 1986); and David Pollack, The Fracture of Meaning: Japan's Synthesis of China from the 8th through the 18th Centuries (Princeton, 1986).
19. Studies in English of early Japanese foreign contacts are few. See Robert Borgen, Sugawara no Michizane and the Early Heian Court (Cambridge, MA, 1986); and David Pollack, The Fracture of Meaning: Japan's Synthesis of China from the 8th through the 18th Centuries (Princeton, 1986).
20. See, for example, Carol Gluck, Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period (Princeton, 1985); and Takashi Fujitani, 'Japan's Modern National Ceremonies: A Historical Ethnography,' Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1986. For discussion of the transition, see Marius Jansen and Gilbert Rozman, Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji (Princeton, 1986).
21. See, for example, Carol Gluck, Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period (Princeton, 1985); and Takashi Fujitani, 'Japan's Modern National Ceremonies: A Historical Ethnography,' Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1986. For discussion of the transition, see Marius Jansen and Gilbert Rozman, Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji (Princeton, 1986).
22. See, for example, Carol Gluck, Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period (Princeton, 1985); and Takashi Fujitani, 'Japan's Modern National Ceremonies: A Historical Ethnography,' Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1986. For discussion of the transition, see Marius Jansen and Gilbert Rozman, Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji (Princeton, 1986).
23. The modernization school in Tokugawa studies is best represented in English by Robert Bellah, Tokugawa Religion (Glencoe, 1957); Ronald Dore, Education in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley, 1965); and Thomas C. Smith, 1959.
24. The modernization school in Tokugawa studies is best represented in English by Robert Bellah, Tokugawa Religion (Glencoe, 1957); Ronald Dore, Education in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley, 1965); and Thomas C. Smith, 1959.
25. The modernization school in Tokugawa studies is best represented in English by Robert Bellah, Tokugawa Religion (Glencoe, 1957); Ronald Dore, Education in Tokugawa Japan (Berkeley, 1965); and Thomas C. Smith, 1959.
26. Dore, 1965.
27. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge, 1979); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London, 1974).
28. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge, 1979); Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London, 1974).
29. Lieberman, this volume.
30. Discussions in English of Tokugawa period publishing include Shively, 1991; Henry D. Smith II, 'The History of the Book in Edo and Paris,' in James L. McClain et al. eds), Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca, 1994); David Chibbett, The History of Japanese Printing and Book Illustration (Tokyo, 1977); Katsuhisa Moriya, 'Urban Networks and Information Networks,' in Chie Nakane and Shinzaburo Oishi (eds), Tokugawa Japan (Tokyo, 1990), pp. 97-123; and Peter Kornicki, 'The Publisher's Go-Between: Kashihon'ya in the Meiji Period,' Modern Asian Studies 14, 2: 331-44.
31. Discussions in English of Tokugawa period publishing include Shively, 1991; Henry D. Smith II, 'The History of the Book in Edo and Paris,' in James L. McClain et al. eds), Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca, 1994); David Chibbett, The History of Japanese Printing and Book Illustration (Tokyo, 1977); Katsuhisa Moriya, 'Urban Networks and Information Networks,' in Chie Nakane and Shinzaburo Oishi (eds), Tokugawa Japan (Tokyo, 1990), pp. 97-123; and Peter Kornicki, 'The Publisher's Go-Between: Kashihon'ya in the Meiji Period,' Modern Asian Studies 14, 2: 331-44.
32. Discussions in English of Tokugawa period publishing include Shively, 1991; Henry D. Smith II, 'The History of the Book in Edo and Paris,' in James L. McClain et al. eds), Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca, 1994); David Chibbett, The History of Japanese Printing and Book Illustration (Tokyo, 1977); Katsuhisa Moriya, 'Urban Networks and Information Networks,' in Chie Nakane and Shinzaburo Oishi (eds), Tokugawa Japan (Tokyo, 1990), pp. 97-123; and Peter Kornicki, 'The Publisher's Go-Between: Kashihon'ya in the Meiji Period,' Modern Asian Studies 14, 2: 331-44.
33. Discussions in English of Tokugawa period publishing include Shively, 1991; Henry D. Smith II, 'The History of the Book in Edo and Paris,' in James L. McClain et al. eds), Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era (Ithaca, 1994); David Chibbett, The History of Japanese Printing and Book Illustration (Tokyo, 1977); Katsuhisa Moriya, 'Urban Networks and Information Networks,' in Chie Nakane and Shinzaburo Oishi (eds), Tokugawa Japan (Tokyo, 1990), pp. 97-123; and Peter Kornicki, 'The Publisher's Go-Between: Kashihon'ya in the Meiji Period,' Modern Asian Studies 14, 2: 331-44.
34. Shively, 1991, pp. 726-7.
35. Iida Ryūichi and Tawara Motoaki, Edo-zu no rekishi (Tokyo, 1988), 2 vols. Among the larger and more accessible holders of Tokugawa period maps are the National Diet Library, the Kobe City Museum, the Tenri Library, and the Tokugawa Institute for the History of Forestry (Tokyo).
36. John W. Hall, Nagahara Keiji, and Kozo Yamamura (eds), Japan Before Tokugawa: Political Consolidation and Economic Growth, 1500-1650 (Princeton, 1981); and Mary Elizabeth Berry, The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto (Berkeley, 1994).
37. John W. Hall, Nagahara Keiji, and Kozo Yamamura (eds), Japan Before Tokugawa: Political Consolidation and Economic Growth, 1500-1650 (Princeton, 1981); and Mary Elizabeth Berry, The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto (Berkeley, 1994).
38. Kozo Yamamura, 'Returns on Unification: Economic Growth in Japan 1550-1650,' in Hall, 1981, pp. 327-72; Nagahara Keiji and Kozo Yamamura, 'Shaping the Process of Unification: Technological Progress in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Japan,'Journal of Japanese Studies 14, 1: 77-109; Susan B. Hanley and Kozo Yamamura, Economic and Demographic Change in Preindustrial Japan (Princeton, 1977).
39. Kozo Yamamura, 'Returns on Unification: Economic Growth in Japan 1550-1650,' in Hall, 1981, pp. 327-72; Nagahara Keiji and Kozo Yamamura, 'Shaping the Process of Unification: Technological Progress in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Japan,'Journal of Japanese Studies 14, 1: 77-109; Susan B. Hanley and Kozo Yamamura, Economic and Demographic Change in Preindustrial Japan (Princeton, 1977).
40. Kozo Yamamura, 'Returns on Unification: Economic Growth in Japan 1550-1650,' in Hall, 1981, pp. 327-72; Nagahara Keiji and Kozo Yamamura, 'Shaping the Process of Unification: Technological Progress in Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Japan,'Journal of Japanese Studies 14, 1: 77-109; Susan B. Hanley and Kozo Yamamura, Economic and Demographic Change in Preindustrial Japan (Princeton, 1977).
41. Mary Elizabeth Berry, Hideyoshi (Cambridge, MA, 1982); Asao Naohiro, 'The Sixteenth-century Unification,' in Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991), vol. 4, pp. 40-95.
42. Mary Elizabeth Berry, Hideyoshi (Cambridge, MA, 1982); Asao Naohiro, 'The Sixteenth-century Unification,' in Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991), vol. 4, pp. 40-95.
43. Mark Ravina reviews the arguments over this matter and includes a good bibliography in 'State-Building and Political Economy in Early Modern Japan,' Journal of Asian Studies 54, 4: 997-1022.
44. The classic statement on agrarian taxation in English remains Thomas C. Smith, 'The Land Tax in the Tokugawa Period,' in John W. Hall and Marius B. Jansen (eds), Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan (Princeton, 1968), pp. 283-99. Commerce is explored in William B. Hauser, Economic Institutional Change in Tokugawa Japan (Cambridge, 1974); and John W. Hall, Tanuma Okitsugu (Cambridge, 1955). Also, see Tessa Morris-Suzuki, A History of Japanese Economic Thought (London, 1989).
45. The classic statement on agrarian taxation in English remains Thomas C. Smith, 'The Land Tax in the Tokugawa Period,' in John W. Hall and Marius B. Jansen (eds), Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan (Princeton, 1968), pp. 283-99. Commerce is explored in William B. Hauser, Economic Institutional Change in Tokugawa Japan (Cambridge, 1974); and John W. Hall, Tanuma Okitsugu (Cambridge, 1955). Also, see Tessa Morris-Suzuki, A History of Japanese Economic Thought (London, 1989).
46. The classic statement on agrarian taxation in English remains Thomas C. Smith, 'The Land Tax in the Tokugawa Period,' in John W. Hall and Marius B. Jansen (eds), Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan (Princeton, 1968), pp. 283-99. Commerce is explored in William B. Hauser, Economic Institutional Change in Tokugawa Japan (Cambridge, 1974); and John W. Hall, Tanuma Okitsugu (Cambridge, 1955). Also, see Tessa Morris-Suzuki, A History of Japanese Economic Thought (London, 1989).
47. The classic statement on agrarian taxation in English remains Thomas C. Smith, 'The Land Tax in the Tokugawa Period,' in John W. Hall and Marius B. Jansen (eds), Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan (Princeton, 1968), pp. 283-99. Commerce is explored in William B. Hauser, Economic Institutional Change in Tokugawa Japan (Cambridge, 1974); and John W. Hall, Tanuma Okitsugu (Cambridge, 1955). Also, see Tessa Morris-Suzuki, A History of Japanese Economic Thought (London, 1989).
48. know of no extended modern study of the multiple roles of Tokugawa period samurai and the consequences of maintaining a large elite that was over-educated, under-employed, and poorly paid. For portraits of individual samurai thinkers, see Kate Wildman Nakai, Shogunal Politics: Arai Hakuseki and the Premises of Tokugawa Rule (Cambridge, MA, 1988); and Olof Lidin, Ogyu Sorai's Distinguishing the Way (Tokyo, 1970).
49. know of no extended modern study of the multiple roles of Tokugawa period samurai and the consequences of maintaining a large elite that was over-educated, under-employed, and poorly paid. For portraits of individual samurai thinkers, see Kate Wildman Nakai, Shogunal Politics: Arai Hakuseki and the Premises of Tokugawa Rule (Cambridge, MA, 1988); and Olof Lidin, Ogyu Sorai's Distinguishing the Way (Tokyo, 1970).
50. Wang Yi-T'ung, Official Relations Between China and Japan, 1368-1549 (Cambridge, MA, 1953); Kawazoe Shqji, 'Japan and East Asia,' in Yamamura (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1990), vol. 3, pp. 396-446.
51. Wang Yi-T'ung, Official Relations Between China and Japan, 1368-1549 (Cambridge, MA, 1953); Kawazoe Shqji, 'Japan and East Asia,' in Yamamura (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1990), vol. 3, pp. 396-446.
52. Ronald P. Toby, State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu (Stanford, 1984); Charles R. Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan (Berkeley, 1951); Jurgis Elisonas, 'The Inseparable Trinity: Japan's Relations with China and Korea,' in Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991), vol. 4, pp. 235-300.
53. Ronald P. Toby, State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu (Stanford, 1984); Charles R. Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan (Berkeley, 1951); Jurgis Elisonas, 'The Inseparable Trinity: Japan's Relations with China and Korea,' in Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991), vol. 4, pp. 235-300.
54. Ronald P. Toby, State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu (Stanford, 1984); Charles R. Boxer, The Christian Century in Japan (Berkeley, 1951); Jurgis Elisonas, 'The Inseparable Trinity: Japan's Relations with China and Korea,' in Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991), vol. 4, pp. 235-300.
55. Toby, 1984; Robert LeRoy Innes, 'The Door Ajar: Japan's Foreign Trade in the Seventeenth Century,' Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1980.
56. Conrad Totman, Early Modern Japan (Berkeley, 1993), p. 148.
57. Innes, 1980; Totman, 1993, pp. 140-8.
58. These are the principal subjects of Innes, 1980.
59. The seventeenth-century military historian Yamaga Sokō reconstructs the major battles, with notes on muskets and casualties, in Buke jiki (Tokyo, 1965), pp. 749-1189. For coinage, Kozo Yamamura and Tetsuo Kamiki, 'Silver Mines and Sung Coins,' in J. F. Richards (ed.), Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, 1983), pp. 329-62. For mining and smelting, Kobata Atsushi, Kingin bōeki-shi no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1976).
60. The seventeenth-century military historian Yamaga Sokō reconstructs the major battles, with notes on muskets and casualties, in Buke jiki (Tokyo, 1965), pp. 749-1189. For coinage, Kozo Yamamura and Tetsuo Kamiki, 'Silver Mines and Sung Coins,' in J. F. Richards (ed.), Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, 1983), pp. 329-62. For mining and smelting, Kobata Atsushi, Kingin bōeki-shi no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1976).
61. The seventeenth-century military historian Yamaga Sokō reconstructs the major battles, with notes on muskets and casualties, in Buke jiki (Tokyo, 1965), pp. 749-1189. For coinage, Kozo Yamamura and Tetsuo Kamiki, 'Silver Mines and Sung Coins,' in J. F. Richards (ed.), Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, 1983), pp. 329-62. For mining and smelting, Kobata Atsushi, Kingin bōeki-shi no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1976).
62. Research on such exchange is eloquently called for, and pursued by, Karen Wigen. See 'Mapping Early Modernity: Geographical Meditations on a Comparative Concept,' Early Modern Japan 5, 2: 1-13; The Making of a Japanese Periphery, 1750-1920 (Berkeley, 1995); 'The Geographic Imagination in Early Modern Japanese History,' Journal of Asian Studies 51, 1: 3-29.
63. Research on such exchange is eloquently called for, and pursued by, Karen Wigen. See 'Mapping Early Modernity: Geographical Meditations on a Comparative Concept,' Early Modern Japan 5, 2: 1-13; The Making of a Japanese Periphery, 1750-1920 (Berkeley, 1995); 'The Geographic Imagination in Early Modern Japanese History,' Journal of Asian Studies 51, 1: 3-29.
64. Research on such exchange is eloquently called for, and pursued by, Karen Wigen. See 'Mapping Early Modernity: Geographical Meditations on a Comparative Concept,' Early Modern Japan 5, 2: 1-13; The Making of a Japanese Periphery, 1750-1920 (Berkeley, 1995); 'The Geographic Imagination in Early Modern Japanese History,' Journal of Asian Studies 51, 1: 3-29.
65. George Elison, Deus Destroyed (Cambridge, MA, 1973); Peter Nosco (ed.), Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture (Princeton, 1984).
66. George Elison, Deus Destroyed (Cambridge, MA, 1973); Peter Nosco (ed.), Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture (Princeton, 1984).
67. Elisonas, 1991; Toby, 1984.
68. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, Anti-Foreignism and Western Learning in Early Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA, 1986).
69. Berry, 1982, p. 208.
70. Totman, 1993, pp. 113-14.
71. Boxer, 1951, p. 448; Jurgis Elisonas, 'Christianity and the Daimyo,' in Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991), vol. 4, p. 370.
72. Boxer, 1951, p. 448; Jurgis Elisonas, 'Christianity and the Daimyo,' in Hall (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan (Cambridge, 1991), vol. 4, p. 370.
73. Among the clearest figures are those available for Hideyoshi's first Korean campaign. See Berry, 1982, p. 209.
74. Gilbert Rozman, 'Edo's Importance in the Changing Tokugawa Society,'Journal of Japanese Studies 1, 1: 91-112; Urban Networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan (Princeton, 1974). Also, see n. 24.
75. Gilbert Rozman, 'Edo's Importance in the Changing Tokugawa Society,'Journal of Japanese Studies 1, 1: 91-112; Urban Networks in Ch'ing China and Tokugawa Japan (Princeton, 1974). Also, see n. 24.
76. Thomas C. Smith, Nakahara (Stanford, 1977); Hanley and Yamamura, 1977.
77. Smith, 1959.
78. See, for example, the laws cited by David John Lu, Sources of Japanese History (New York, 1974), vol. 1, pp. 199-232; Tetsuo Najita, Visions of Virtue in Tokugawa Japan (Chicago, 1987), pp. 60-98.
79. See, for example, the laws cited by David John Lu, Sources of Japanese History (New York, 1974), vol. 1, pp. 199-232; Tetsuo Najita, Visions of Virtue in Tokugawa Japan (Chicago, 1987), pp. 60-98.
80. For a census of premodern maps, Nishioka Toranosuke, Nihon shōen ezu shūsei, 2 vols (Tokyo, 1976-77). For further analysis, Kokuritsu Rekishi Minzoku Hakubutsukan (ed.), Shōen ezu to sono sekai (Tokyo. 1993).
81. For a census of premodern maps, Nishioka Toranosuke, Nihon shōen ezu shūsei, 2 vols (Tokyo, 1976-77). For further analysis, Kokuritsu Rekishi Minzoku Hakubutsukan (ed.), Shōen ezu to sono sekai (Tokyo. 1993).
82. Basic surveys with extensive illustrations include Namba Matsutarō et al. (eds), Nihon no kochizu (Tokyo, 1969); Akioka Takejirō (ed.), Nihon kochizu shūsei (Tokyo, 1971); Unno Kazutaka et al. (eds), Nihon kochizu taisei (Tokyo, 1972). Also, see Hugh Cortazzi, Isles of Gold (Tokyo, 1983); J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds), History of Cartography, vol. 2, pt 2: East Asia (Chicago, 1994).
83. Basic surveys with extensive illustrations include Namba Matsutarō et al. (eds), Nihon no kochizu (Tokyo, 1969); Akioka Takejirō (ed.), Nihon kochizu shūsei (Tokyo, 1971); Unno Kazutaka et al. (eds), Nihon kochizu taisei (Tokyo, 1972). Also, see Hugh Cortazzi, Isles of Gold (Tokyo, 1983); J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds), History of Cartography, vol. 2, pt 2: East Asia (Chicago, 1994).
84. Basic surveys with extensive illustrations include Namba Matsutarō et al. (eds), Nihon no kochizu (Tokyo, 1969); Akioka Takejirō (ed.), Nihon kochizu shūsei (Tokyo, 1971); Unno Kazutaka et al. (eds), Nihon kochizu taisei (Tokyo, 1972). Also, see Hugh Cortazzi, Isles of Gold (Tokyo, 1983); J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds), History of Cartography, vol. 2, pt 2: East Asia (Chicago, 1994).
85. Basic surveys with extensive illustrations include Namba Matsutarō et al. (eds), Nihon no kochizu (Tokyo, 1969); Akioka Takejirō (ed.), Nihon kochizu shūsei (Tokyo, 1971); Unno Kazutaka et al. (eds), Nihon kochizu taisei (Tokyo, 1972). Also, see Hugh Cortazzi, Isles of Gold (Tokyo, 1983); J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds), History of Cartography, vol. 2, pt 2: East Asia (Chicago, 1994).
86. Basic surveys with extensive illustrations include Namba Matsutarō et al. (eds), Nihon no kochizu (Tokyo, 1969); Akioka Takejirō (ed.), Nihon kochizu shūsei (Tokyo, 1971); Unno Kazutaka et al. (eds), Nihon kochizu taisei (Tokyo, 1972). Also, see Hugh Cortazzi, Isles of Gold (Tokyo, 1983); J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds), History of Cartography, vol. 2, pt 2: East Asia (Chicago, 1994).
87. Basic surveys with extensive illustrations include Namba Matsutarō et al. (eds), Nihon no kochizu (Tokyo, 1969); Akioka Takejirō (ed.), Nihon kochizu shūsei (Tokyo, 1971); Unno Kazutaka et al. (eds), Nihon kochizu taisei (Tokyo, 1972). Also, see Hugh Cortazzi, Isles of Gold (Tokyo, 1983); J. B. Harley and David Woodward (eds), History of Cartography, vol. 2, pt 2: East Asia (Chicago, 1994).
88. See, for example, illustration 31 in Unno, 1972. National names (including Honchō, Yamato) tend to appear on the coverings of the maps, rather than on their faces. Ezo, or Hokkaido, rarely appears in national maps before the eighteenth century. The indices list both Asian and European countries, sometimes in Chinese characters, sometimes in a phonetic syllabary.
89. These conventions derive from the shogunal surveys. The most important is the identification of daimyo power with an urban headquarters and a productivity figure, rather than with a bounded territory.
90. rely on Denis Wood, The Power of Maps (New York, 1992); and David Turnbull, Maps are Territories: Science is an Atlas (Deakin, Australia, 1989).
91. rely on Denis Wood, The Power of Maps (New York, 1992); and David Turnbull, Maps are Territories: Science is an Atlas (Deakin, Australia, 1989).
92. Ōshikōchi's Dōin's surveys of Edo for the shogunate were printed commercially in the 16705, and atlas versions of the shogunal surveys of the nation were printed by the 16605. Some official urban surveys, particularly of castle fortifications, remained sensitive and did not circulate. Protection of cartographic secrets (such as Inō Tadataka's coastal surveys) was most pronounced in the nineteenth century.
93. See, for example, illustrations 83 and 84 in Unno, 1972.
94. Baba Akiko et al. (eds), Meisho: Hare kūkan no kōzō (Shizen to bunka 27) (Tokyo, 1990).
95. In the various village reports (meisai-chō, fūzoku-chō) that daimyo periodically required from villagers themselves, meisho was one of many standard categories of local description. See Shōji Kichinosuke (ed.), Aizu fūzokuchō, 3 vols (Tokyo, 1979-80).
96. The most helpful survey of the guide literature is Wada Mankichi (Shintei zōhō) Kohan chishi kaidai (Tokyo, 1968).
97. Shinjō Tsunezo, Shaji sankei no shakai keizai-shi teki kenkyū (Tokyo, 1964).
98. Hirano Eiji, Fuji Asama shinkō (Tokyo, 1987); Shinjō, 1964.
99. Asai Ryōi, Edo meisho-ki (Edo Sōsho Hangyō-kai, 1916), vol. 1, pp. 3-5.
100. The most copious and regularly revised directories were versions of the Kyoto Brocade (Kyō habutae) and the Dappled Cloth of Edo (Edo ganoko). See Shinshū Kyoto Shōsho Hangyō-kai (ed.), Shinshū Kyōto sōsho (Kyoto, 1968), vol. 2; and Edo Sōsho Hangyō-kai, 1916, vols 3-4.
101. The most copious and regularly revised directories were versions of the Kyoto Brocade (Kyō habutae) and the Dappled Cloth of Edo (Edo ganoko). See Shinshū Kyoto Shōsho Hangyō-kai (ed.), Shinshū Kyōto sōsho (Kyoto, 1968), vol. 2; and Edo Sōsho Hangyō-kai, 1916, vols 3-4.
102. Edo sōganoko meisho taizen, literally 'The Dappled Cloth of Edo: Encyclopedia of Famous Places,' from Jōkyō 4, in Edo Sōsho Hangyō-kai, 1916, vols. 3-4.