Formulation of surface heat flux: Application to BOREAS

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 102, Issue 24, 1997, Pages 29641-29649

  Mahrt, L ^a   Sun, Jielun ^b   MacPherson, J I ^c   Jensen, N O ^d   Desjardins, R L ^e  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^c NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA   (Canada)

^d TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^e AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AERODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE; BOREAL FOREST; BOREAS; BOUNDARY LAYER; MONIN-OBUKHOV THEORY; SURFACE HEAT FLUX;

EID: 0031433680     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/97jd01116     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Beljaars, A. C., The parametrization of surface fluxes in large scale models under free convection, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 255-270, 1995.
2. Beljaars, A. C. M., and A. A. M. Holtslag, Flux parameterization over land surfaces for atmospheric models, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30, 327-341, 1991.
3. Brunet, Y., K. T. Paw U, and L. Prévot, Using the radiative surface temperature in energy budget studies over plant canopies, paper presented at the Fifth International Colloquium on Physical Measurements and Signatures in Remote Sensing, Eur. Space Agency, Courchevel, France, Jan. 1991.
4. Brutsaert, W. H., Evaporation Into the Atmosphere, 299 pp., D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1982.
5. Choudhury, B. J., and J. L. Monteith, A four-layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surfaces, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 114, 373-398, 1988.
6. Choudhury, B. J., R. J. Reginato, and S. B. Idso, An analysis of infrared temperature observations over wheat and calculation of latent heat flux, Agric. For. Meteorol., 37, 75-88, 1986.
7. Dolman, A. J., A multiple-source land surface energy balance model for use in general circulation models, Agric. For. Meteorol., 65, 21-45, 1993.
8. Goward, S. N., K. R. Huemmrich, and R. H. Waring, Visible-near infrared spectral reflectance of landscape components in western Oregon, Remote Sens. Environ., 47, 190-203, 1994.
9. Graetz, R. D., and M. R. Gentle, The relationships between reflectance in the Landsat wavebands and the composition of an Australian semi-arid shrub rangeland, Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., 48, 1721-1730, 1982.
10. Hall, F. G., Y. E. Shimabukuro, and K. F. Huemmrich, Remote sensing of the forest biophysical structure using moisture decomposition and geometric reflectance models, Ecol. Appl., 5, 993-1013, 1995.
11. Huband, N. D. S., and J. L. Monteith, Radiative surface temperature and energy balance of a wheat canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 36, 1-17, 1986.
12. Jensen, N. O., and P. Hummelshøj, Derivation of canopy resistance for water vapour fluxes over a spruce forest, using a new technique for the viscous sublayer resistance, Agric. For. Meteorol., 73, 339-352, 1995.
13. Jones, H. G., Plants and Microclimate, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1983.
14. Kustas, W. P., Estimates of evaporation with a one- and two-layer model of heat transfer over partial canopy cover, J. Appl. Meteorol., 29, 704-715, 1990.
15. Kustas, W. P., and K. S. Humes, Sensible heat flux from remotely sensed data at different resolutions, in Scaling up in Hydrology Using Remote Sensing, pp. 127-146, edited by J. B. Stewart E. T. Engman, R. A. Feddes, and Y. Kerr, John Wiley, New York, 1996.
16. Kustas, W. P., B. J. Choudhury, Y. Inoue, P. J. Pinter, M. S. Moran, R. D. Jackson, and R. J. Reginato, Instantaneous and daily values of the surface energy balance over agricultural fields using remote sensing and a reference field in an arid environment, Remote Sens. Environ. V, 32, 125-141, 1990.
17. Lee, X., and T. A. Black, Atmospheric turbulence within and above a douglas-fir stand, II, Eddy fluxes of sensible heat and water vapour, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 64, 369-390, 1993.
18. Lhomme, J.-P., B. Monteny, M. Amadou, A. Chehbouni, and D. Troufleau, Determination of sensible heat flux over Sahelian fallow savannah using infra-red thermometry, J. Fluid Mech., 68, 93-106, 1994.
19. MacPherson, J. I., NRC Twin Otter operations in BOREAS 1994, Rep. LTR-FR-129, Natl. Res. Council of Can., Ottawa, 1996.
20. Mahrt, L., The bulk aerodynamic formulation over heterogeneous surfaces. Boundary Layer Meteorol., 78, 87-119, 1996.
21. Mahrt, L., and M. Ek, The influence of atmospheric stability on potential evaporation, J. Clem. Appl. Meteorol., 23, 222-234, 1984.
22. Mahrt, L., and J. Sun, Multiple velocity scales in the bulk aerodynamic relationship for spatially averaged fluxes. Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 3032-3041, 1995.
23. McNaughton, K. G., and B. J. J. M. Van Den Hurk, A 'Lagrangian' revision of the resistors in the two-layer model for calculating the energy budget of a plant canopy, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 74, 261-288, 1995.
24. Monteith, J. L., and M. H. Unsworth, Principles of Environmental Physics, 291 pp., Edward Arnold, London, 1990.
25. Norman, J. M., and F. Becker, Terminology in thermal infrared remote sensing of natural surfaces, Agric. For. Meteorol., 77, 153-166, 1995.
26. Norman, J. M., W. P. Kustas, and K. S. Humes, A two-source approach for estimating soil vegetation energy fluxes from observations of directional radiometric surface temperature, Agric. For. Meteorol., 77, 263-293, 1995.
27. Otterman, J., J. Susskind, T. Brakke, D. Kimes, R. Pielke, and T. J. Lee, Inferring the thermal-infrared hemispheric emission from a sparsely-vegetated surface by directional measurements, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 74, 163-180, 1995.
28. Paulson, C. A., The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer, J. Appl. Meteorol., 9, 857-861, 1970.
29. Raupach, M. R., and J. J. Finnigan, Single-layer models of evaporation from plant canopies are incorrect but useful, whereas multilayer models are correct but useless, Aust. J. Plant Phyiol., 15, 705-716, 1988.
30. Sellers, P., and J. L. Dorman, Testing the simple biosphere model (SiB) using point micrometeorological and biophysical data, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 26, 622-651, 1987.
31. Sellers, P., et al., The boreal ecosystem-atmosphere study (BOREAS): An overview and early results from the 1994 field year, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 76, 1549-1577, 1995.
32. Shuttleworth, W. J., and J. S. Wallace, Evaporation from sparse crops - An energy combination theory, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 111, 839-855, 1985.
33. Smith, E. A., et al., Area-averaged surface fluxes and their time-space variability over the FIFE experimental domain. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18,599-18,622, 1992.
34. Stewart, J. B., Turbulent surface fluxes derived from radiometric surface temperature of sparse prairie grass, J. Geophys. Res., 33, 25,429-25,433, 1995.
35. Stewart, J. B., W. P. Kustas, K. S. Humes, W. D. Nichols, M. S. Moran, and H. A. R. de Bruin, Sensible heat flux-radiometric surface temperature relationship for eight semiarid areas, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 1110-1117, 1994.
36. Sun, J., and L. Mahrt, Spatial distribution of surface fluxes estimated from remotely sensed variables, J. Appl. Meteorol., 33, 1341-1353, 1994.
37. Sun, J., and L. Mahrt, Determination of surface fluxes from the surface radiative temperature, J. Atmos. Soc., 52, 1096-1106, 1995a.
38. Sun, J., and L. Mahrt, Relationship of the heat flux to microscale temperature variations: Application to BOREAS, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 76, 291-301, 1995b.
39. Tucker, C. J., Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation, Remote Sens. Environ., 8, 127-150, 1979.
40. Wallace, J. S., Calculating evaporation: Resistance to factors, Agric. For. Meteorol., 73, 353-366, 1995.
41. Yoder, B. J., and R. H. Waring, The normalized difference vegetation index of small douglas-fir canopies with varying chlorophyll concentrations, Remote Sens. Environ., 49, 81-91, 1994.