Remaking the land: The acclimatization movement and Anglo ideas of nature

Journal of World History

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 303-319

  Dunlap, Thomas R ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLONIALISM; INTRODUCED SPEAES; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS;

EID: 0031431947     PISSN: 10456007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2005.0062     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Geoffrey C. Bolton, Britain's Legacy Overseas (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 5.
2. Alfred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Geoffrey C. Bolton, Britain's Legacy Overseas (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 5.
3. On this process, see Crosby, Ecological Imperialism; and Charles Elton, The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (London: Meuthuen, 1958). A recent Australian discussion that suggests some further dimensions is R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, eds., The Ecology of Biological Invasion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
4. On this process, see Crosby, Ecological Imperialism; and Charles Elton, The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (London: Meuthuen, 1958). A recent Australian discussion that suggests some further dimensions is R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, eds., The Ecology of Biological Invasion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
5. On this process, see Crosby, Ecological Imperialism; and Charles Elton, The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants (London: Meuthuen, 1958). A recent Australian discussion that suggests some further dimensions is R. H. Groves and J. J. Burdon, eds., The Ecology of Biological Invasion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
6. Christopher Lever, Naturalized Mammals of the World (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1985); and Lever, Naturalized Birds of the World (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1987). These two books contain basic information on all species mentioned here.
7. Christopher Lever, Naturalized Mammals of the World (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1985); and Lever, Naturalized Birds of the World (Harlow, Essex: Longman, 1987). These two books contain basic information on all species mentioned here.
8. Alfred Crosby, The Columbian Exchange (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973).
9. Richard Grove, Green Imperialism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Lucille Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion: The Role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens (New York: Academic Press, 1979).
10. Richard Grove, Green Imperialism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995); and Lucille Brockway, Science and Colonial Expansion: The Role of the British Royal Botanic Gardens (New York: Academic Press, 1979).
11. Geoffrey Blainey, The Tyranny of Distance, rev. ed. (South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1982). On plant transport and technology, see Lynn Barber, The Heyday of Natural History, 1820-1870 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1980), pp. 11-14. See also Robert Dixon, "Nostalgia and Patriotism in Colonial Australia," in Studies from Terra Australis to Australia, edited by John Hardy and Alan Frost, Occasional Paper 6 (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1989), pp. 211-17.
12. Geoffrey Blainey, The Tyranny of Distance, rev. ed. (South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1982). On plant transport and technology, see Lynn Barber, The Heyday of Natural History, 1820-1870 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1980), pp. 11-14. See also Robert Dixon, "Nostalgia and Patriotism in Colonial Australia," in Studies from Terra Australis to Australia, edited by John Hardy and Alan Frost, Occasional Paper 6 (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1989), pp. 211-17.
13. Geoffrey Blainey, The Tyranny of Distance, rev. ed. (South Melbourne: Macmillan, 1982). On plant transport and technology, see Lynn Barber, The Heyday of Natural History, 1820-1870 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1980), pp. 11-14. See also Robert Dixon, "Nostalgia and Patriotism in Colonial Australia," in Studies from Terra Australis to Australia, edited by John Hardy and Alan Frost, Occasional Paper 6 (Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities, 1989), pp. 211-17.
14. The basic guide is Christopher Lever, They Dined on Eland (London: Quiller, 1992). I thank Lever for loaning me a copy of the manuscript in 1990. On France, see Michael A. Osborne, "The Société Zoologique d'Acclimatization and the New French Empire," Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1987 . See also Osborne, Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); and Osborne, "A Collaborative Dimension of European Empire," in International Science and National Scientific Identity, edited by R. W. Home and Sally Gregory Kohlstedt (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1991), pp. 97-119. On Australia, see Eric C. Rolls, They All Ran Wild (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1979), pp. 271-73; and for detail Linden Gillbank, "The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria," Victorian Historical Journal 51 (1980): 255-70; and Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-74.
15. The basic guide is Christopher Lever, They Dined on Eland (London: Quiller, 1992). I thank Lever for loaning me a copy of the manuscript in 1990. On France, see Michael A. Osborne, "The Société Zoologique d'Acclimatization and the New French Empire," Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1987 . See also Osborne, Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); and Osborne, "A Collaborative Dimension of European Empire," in International Science and National Scientific Identity, edited by R. W. Home and Sally Gregory Kohlstedt (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1991), pp. 97-119. On Australia, see Eric C. Rolls, They All Ran Wild (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1979), pp. 271-73; and for detail Linden Gillbank, "The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria," Victorian Historical Journal 51 (1980): 255-70; and Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-74.
16. The basic guide is Christopher Lever, They Dined on Eland (London: Quiller, 1992). I thank Lever for loaning me a copy of the manuscript in 1990. On France, see Michael A. Osborne, "The Société Zoologique d'Acclimatization and the New French Empire," Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1987 . See also Osborne, Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); and Osborne, "A Collaborative Dimension of European Empire," in International Science and National Scientific Identity, edited by R. W. Home and Sally Gregory Kohlstedt (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1991), pp. 97-119. On Australia, see Eric C. Rolls, They All Ran Wild (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1979), pp. 271-73; and for detail Linden Gillbank, "The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria," Victorian Historical Journal 51 (1980): 255-70; and Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-74.
17. The basic guide is Christopher Lever, They Dined on Eland (London: Quiller, 1992). I thank Lever for loaning me a copy of the manuscript in 1990. On France, see Michael A. Osborne, "The Société Zoologique d'Acclimatization and the New French Empire," Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1987 . See also Osborne, Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); and Osborne, "A Collaborative Dimension of European Empire," in International Science and National Scientific Identity, edited by R. W. Home and Sally Gregory Kohlstedt (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1991), pp. 97-119. On Australia, see Eric C. Rolls, They All Ran Wild (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1979), pp. 271-73; and for detail Linden Gillbank, "The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria," Victorian Historical Journal 51 (1980): 255-70; and Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-74.
18. The basic guide is Christopher Lever, They Dined on Eland (London: Quiller, 1992). I thank Lever for loaning me a copy of the manuscript in 1990. On France, see Michael A. Osborne, "The Société Zoologique d'Acclimatization and the New French Empire," Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1987 . See also Osborne, Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); and Osborne, "A Collaborative Dimension of European Empire," in International Science and National Scientific Identity, edited by R. W. Home and Sally Gregory Kohlstedt (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1991), pp. 97-119. On Australia, see Eric C. Rolls, They All Ran Wild (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1979), pp. 271-73; and for detail Linden Gillbank, "The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria," Victorian Historical Journal 51 (1980): 255-70; and Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-74.
19. The basic guide is Christopher Lever, They Dined on Eland (London: Quiller, 1992). I thank Lever for loaning me a copy of the manuscript in 1990. On France, see Michael A. Osborne, "The Société Zoologique d'Acclimatization and the New French Empire," Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1987 . See also Osborne, Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); and Osborne, "A Collaborative Dimension of European Empire," in International Science and National Scientific Identity, edited by R. W. Home and Sally Gregory Kohlstedt (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1991), pp. 97-119. On Australia, see Eric C. Rolls, They All Ran Wild (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1979), pp. 271-73; and for detail Linden Gillbank, "The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria," Victorian Historical Journal 51 (1980): 255-70; and Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-74.
20. The basic guide is Christopher Lever, They Dined on Eland (London: Quiller, 1992). I thank Lever for loaning me a copy of the manuscript in 1990. On France, see Michael A. Osborne, "The Société Zoologique d'Acclimatization and the New French Empire," Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1987 . See also Osborne, Nature, the Exotic and the Science of French Colonialism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994); and Osborne, "A Collaborative Dimension of European Empire," in International Science and National Scientific Identity, edited by R. W. Home and Sally Gregory Kohlstedt (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1991), pp. 97-119. On Australia, see Eric C. Rolls, They All Ran Wild (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1979), pp. 271-73; and for detail Linden Gillbank, "The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria," Victorian Historical Journal 51 (1980): 255-70; and Gillbank, "The Origins of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria: Practical Science in the Wake of the Gold Rush," Historical Records of Australian Science 6 (December 1986): 359-74.
21. On the American interest, see John C. Phillips, Wild Birds Introduced or Transplanted in North America, U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 61 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1928); T. S. Palmer, "The Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds," in U.S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1898 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899), pp. 87-110; and Gardiner Bump, "The Introduction and Transplantation of Game Birds and Mammals into the State of New York," Transactions of the Fifth North American Wildlife Conference (Washington, D.C.: American Wildlife Institute, 1941), pp. 409-420.
22. On the American interest, see John C. Phillips, Wild Birds Introduced or Transplanted in North America, U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 61 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1928); T. S. Palmer, "The Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds," in U.S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1898 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899), pp. 87-110; and Gardiner Bump, "The Introduction and Transplantation of Game Birds and Mammals into the State of New York," Transactions of the Fifth North American Wildlife Conference (Washington, D.C.: American Wildlife Institute, 1941), pp. 409-420.
23. On the American interest, see John C. Phillips, Wild Birds Introduced or Transplanted in North America, U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 61 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1928); T. S. Palmer, "The Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds," in U.S. Department of Agriculture, Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture for 1898 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899), pp. 87-110; and Gardiner Bump, "The Introduction and Transplantation of Game Birds and Mammals into the State of New York," Transactions of the Fifth North American Wildlife Conference (Washington, D.C.: American Wildlife Institute, 1941), pp. 409-420.
24. Richard Mabey, "Introduction," in Gilbert White, The Natural History of Selbourne (New York: Penguin, 1977), p. viii.
25. Quoted in Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, p. 7. See also F. G. Clark, The Land of Contrarieties (Clayton: Melbourne University Press, 1977), chap. 9. On the attempts to see the land for itself, see Bernard William Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific, 1768-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1960); and Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
26. Quoted in Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, p. 7. See also F. G. Clark, The Land of Contrarieties (Clayton: Melbourne University Press, 1977), chap. 9. On the attempts to see the land for itself, see Bernard William Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific, 1768-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1960); and Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
27. Quoted in Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, p. 7. See also F. G. Clark, The Land of Contrarieties (Clayton: Melbourne University Press, 1977), chap. 9. On the attempts to see the land for itself, see Bernard William Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific, 1768-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1960); and Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
28. Quoted in Crosby, Ecological Imperialism, p. 7. See also F. G. Clark, The Land of Contrarieties (Clayton: Melbourne University Press, 1977), chap. 9. On the attempts to see the land for itself, see Bernard William Smith, European Vision and the South Pacific, 1768-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1960); and Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
29. Quoted in H. J. Frith, Wildlife Conservation, rev. ed. (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1979), p. 138.
30. Lever, Naturalized Birds, deals with these attempts. See relevant species.
31. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind, 3rd ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), chap. 4.
32. Thomas Dunlap, Saving America's Wildlife (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988), chap. 2.
33. Godman's book was printed in Philadelphia by Carey and Lea (1826; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1974); Nuttall's in Cambridge by Hilliard and Brown (1832; reprint, New York, 1974).
34. Phillips, "Wild Birds," pp. 9, 48-49, 57; Palmer, "Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds," p. 107.
35. Phillips, "Wild Birds," pp. 9, 48-49, 57; Palmer, "Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds," p. 107.
36. On the introduction of British standards, see William Henry Herbert (Frank Forester), Complete Manual for Young Sportsmen (1856; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1974). On the rise of hunting, see the journal Forest and Streams, which began publication in 1873.
37. On the introduction of British standards, see William Henry Herbert (Frank Forester), Complete Manual for Young Sportsmen (1856; reprint, New York: Arno Press, 1974). On the rise of hunting, see the journal Forest and Streams, which began publication in 1873.
38. Dunlap, Saving America's Wildlife, chap. 1. On Victorian hunting as empire building, see John A. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature (New York: Manchester University Press, 1988); and Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987).
39. Dunlap, Saving America's Wildlife, chap. 1. On Victorian hunting as empire building, see John A. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature (New York: Manchester University Press, 1988); and Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987).
40. Dunlap, Saving America's Wildlife, chap. 1. On Victorian hunting as empire building, see John A. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature (New York: Manchester University Press, 1988); and Harriet Ritvo, The Animal Estate (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987).
41. Gordon Inglis, Sport and Pastime in Australia (London: Meuthuen, 1912), p. 73; Braeme Caughley, The Deer Wars (Auckland: Heinemann, 1983), pp. 1-10. On New Zealand hunting, see T. E. Donne, The Game Animals of New Zealand (London: John Murray, 1924). The results are now upon the land. Most of Australia's major introduced wild animals are from Britain; in New Zealand half the mammal species come fron these islands, and "all but one of the most widespread and successful introduced species" from Europe (Carolyn King, ed., Handbook of New Zealand Mammals [Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1990], p. 15). King lists forty-six species, including Maori introductions. See also George M. Thomson, The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922). Statistics from Kazimierz Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand (Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1950); and Wodzicki, "Status of Some Exotic Vertebrates in the Ecology of New Zealand," in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, edited by H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (New York: Academic Press, 1965), pp. 432-35.
42. Gordon Inglis, Sport and Pastime in Australia (London: Meuthuen, 1912), p. 73; Braeme Caughley, The Deer Wars (Auckland: Heinemann, 1983), pp. 1-10. On New Zealand hunting, see T. E. Donne, The Game Animals of New Zealand (London: John Murray, 1924). The results are now upon the land. Most of Australia's major introduced wild animals are from Britain; in New Zealand half the mammal species come fron these islands, and "all but one of the most widespread and successful introduced species" from Europe (Carolyn King, ed., Handbook of New Zealand Mammals [Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1990], p. 15). King lists forty-six species, including Maori introductions. See also George M. Thomson, The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922). Statistics from Kazimierz Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand (Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1950); and Wodzicki, "Status of Some Exotic Vertebrates in the Ecology of New Zealand," in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, edited by H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (New York: Academic Press, 1965), pp. 432-35.
43. Gordon Inglis, Sport and Pastime in Australia (London: Meuthuen, 1912), p. 73; Braeme Caughley, The Deer Wars (Auckland: Heinemann, 1983), pp. 1-10. On New Zealand hunting, see T. E. Donne, The Game Animals of New Zealand (London: John Murray, 1924). The results are now upon the land. Most of Australia's major introduced wild animals are from Britain; in New Zealand half the mammal species come fron these islands, and "all but one of the most widespread and successful introduced species" from Europe (Carolyn King, ed., Handbook of New Zealand Mammals [Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1990], p. 15). King lists forty-six species, including Maori introductions. See also George M. Thomson, The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922). Statistics from Kazimierz Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand (Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1950); and Wodzicki, "Status of Some Exotic Vertebrates in the Ecology of New Zealand," in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, edited by H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (New York: Academic Press, 1965), pp. 432-35.
44. Gordon Inglis, Sport and Pastime in Australia (London: Meuthuen, 1912), p. 73; Braeme Caughley, The Deer Wars (Auckland: Heinemann, 1983), pp. 1-10. On New Zealand hunting, see T. E. Donne, The Game Animals of New Zealand (London: John Murray, 1924). The results are now upon the land. Most of Australia's major introduced wild animals are from Britain; in New Zealand half the mammal species come fron these islands, and "all but one of the most widespread and successful introduced species" from Europe (Carolyn King, ed., Handbook of New Zealand Mammals [Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1990], p. 15). King lists forty-six species, including Maori introductions. See also George M. Thomson, The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922). Statistics from Kazimierz Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand (Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1950); and Wodzicki, "Status of Some Exotic Vertebrates in the Ecology of New Zealand," in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, edited by H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (New York: Academic Press, 1965), pp. 432-35.
45. Gordon Inglis, Sport and Pastime in Australia (London: Meuthuen, 1912), p. 73; Braeme Caughley, The Deer Wars (Auckland: Heinemann, 1983), pp. 1-10. On New Zealand hunting, see T. E. Donne, The Game Animals of New Zealand (London: John Murray, 1924). The results are now upon the land. Most of Australia's major introduced wild animals are from Britain; in New Zealand half the mammal species come fron these islands, and "all but one of the most widespread and successful introduced species" from Europe (Carolyn King, ed., Handbook of New Zealand Mammals [Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1990], p. 15). King lists forty-six species, including Maori introductions. See also George M. Thomson, The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922). Statistics from Kazimierz Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand (Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1950); and Wodzicki, "Status of Some Exotic Vertebrates in the Ecology of New Zealand," in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, edited by H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (New York: Academic Press, 1965), pp. 432-35.
46. Gordon Inglis, Sport and Pastime in Australia (London: Meuthuen, 1912), p. 73; Braeme Caughley, The Deer Wars (Auckland: Heinemann, 1983), pp. 1-10. On New Zealand hunting, see T. E. Donne, The Game Animals of New Zealand (London: John Murray, 1924). The results are now upon the land. Most of Australia's major introduced wild animals are from Britain; in New Zealand half the mammal species come fron these islands, and "all but one of the most widespread and successful introduced species" from Europe (Carolyn King, ed., Handbook of New Zealand Mammals [Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1990], p. 15). King lists forty-six species, including Maori introductions. See also George M. Thomson, The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922). Statistics from Kazimierz Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand (Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1950); and Wodzicki, "Status of Some Exotic Vertebrates in the Ecology of New Zealand," in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, edited by H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (New York: Academic Press, 1965), pp. 432-35.
47. Gordon Inglis, Sport and Pastime in Australia (London: Meuthuen, 1912), p. 73; Braeme Caughley, The Deer Wars (Auckland: Heinemann, 1983), pp. 1-10. On New Zealand hunting, see T. E. Donne, The Game Animals of New Zealand (London: John Murray, 1924). The results are now upon the land. Most of Australia's major introduced wild animals are from Britain; in New Zealand half the mammal species come fron these islands, and "all but one of the most widespread and successful introduced species" from Europe (Carolyn King, ed., Handbook of New Zealand Mammals [Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1990], p. 15). King lists forty-six species, including Maori introductions. See also George M. Thomson, The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922). Statistics from Kazimierz Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand (Wellington: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1950); and Wodzicki, "Status of Some Exotic Vertebrates in the Ecology of New Zealand," in The Genetics of Colonizing Species, edited by H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (New York: Academic Press, 1965), pp. 432-35.
48. Reproductions of Landseer's most popular paintings are common in the Anglo world (his Stag at Bay furnished the logo for the Hartford Insurance Company). On his work and career, see Campbell Lennie, Landseer: The Victorian Paragon (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976); and Richard Ormond, Sir Edwin Landseer (New York: Rizzoli, 1981).
49. Reproductions of Landseer's most popular paintings are common in the Anglo world (his Stag at Bay furnished the logo for the Hartford Insurance Company). On his work and career, see Campbell Lennie, Landseer: The Victorian Paragon (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1976); and Richard Ormond, Sir Edwin Landseer (New York: Rizzoli, 1981).
50. Quoted in Donne, Game Animals of New Zealand, pp. xii, xiii.
51. New Zealand Statutes, Turnball Library, Wellington.
52. Philip Holden, The Deerstalkers (Auckland: Hodder and Stoughton, 1987), provides a history of the sport. On deer ecology and control, see Caughley, The Deer Wars.
53. Philip Holden, The Deerstalkers (Auckland: Hodder and Stoughton, 1987), provides a history of the sport. On deer ecology and control, see Caughley, The Deer Wars.
54. On the societies, see Lever, They Dined on Eland. The acclimatization societies remain the fish and game authorities in New Zealand, and they retained the name until 1992.
55. Lever, They Dined on Eland, discusses the societies in detail. Fascination with exotic game continues. See Elizabeth Cary Mungall and William J. Sheffield, Exotics on the Range (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1994). Any garden catalog will yield evidence of interest in exotic plants.
56. Lever, They Dined on Eland, discusses the societies in detail. Fascination with exotic game continues. See Elizabeth Cary Mungall and William J. Sheffield, Exotics on the Range (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1994). Any garden catalog will yield evidence of interest in exotic plants.
57. Thomson, Naturalisation of Animals and Plants, p. 25. See also Wodzicki, "Status of Some Exotic Vertebrates."
58. Thomson, Naturalisation of Animals and Plants, p. 25. See also Wodzicki, "Status of Some Exotic Vertebrates."
59. New South Wales Royal Commission (Rabbits), 1889, Progress Report (Sydney: Government Printer, 1889), p. xxxi. The quotation is from Palmer, "Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds," p. 93. The case is still a classic; see "Editor's Introduction," in The European Rabbit, edited by Harry V. Thompson and Carolyn M. King (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. xiii-xv.
60. New South Wales Royal Commission (Rabbits), 1889, Progress Report (Sydney: Government Printer, 1889), p. xxxi. The quotation is from Palmer, "Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds," p. 93. The case is still a classic; see "Editor's Introduction," in The European Rabbit, edited by Harry V. Thompson and Carolyn M. King (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. xiii-xv.
61. New South Wales Royal Commission (Rabbits), 1889, Progress Report (Sydney: Government Printer, 1889), p. xxxi. The quotation is from Palmer, "Danger of Introducing Noxious Animals and Birds," p. 93. The case is still a classic; see "Editor's Introduction," in The European Rabbit, edited by Harry V. Thompson and Carolyn M. King (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. xiii-xv.
62. On the early part of this process, see Alan Frost, "Going Away, Coming Home," in Studies from Terra Australis to Australia, pp. 219-31. More generally, see Richard White, Inventing Australia (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), pp. 117-19. On kangaroos, see R. M. Younger, Kangaroo Images through the Ages (Melbourne: Hutchinson, 1988). On New Zealand, see Ross Galbreath, "Colonisation, Science, and Conservation," Ph.D. diss., Univeristy of Waikato, 1989.
63. On the early part of this process, see Alan Frost, "Going Away, Coming Home," in Studies from Terra Australis to Australia, pp. 219-31. More generally, see Richard White, Inventing Australia (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), pp. 117-19. On kangaroos, see R. M. Younger, Kangaroo Images through the Ages (Melbourne: Hutchinson, 1988). On New Zealand, see Ross Galbreath, "Colonisation, Science, and Conservation," Ph.D. diss., Univeristy of Waikato, 1989.
64. On the early part of this process, see Alan Frost, "Going Away, Coming Home," in Studies from Terra Australis to Australia, pp. 219-31. More generally, see Richard White, Inventing Australia (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), pp. 117-19. On kangaroos, see R. M. Younger, Kangaroo Images through the Ages (Melbourne: Hutchinson, 1988). On New Zealand, see Ross Galbreath, "Colonisation, Science, and Conservation," Ph.D. diss., Univeristy of Waikato, 1989.
65. On the early part of this process, see Alan Frost, "Going Away, Coming Home," in Studies from Terra Australis to Australia, pp. 219-31. More generally, see Richard White, Inventing Australia (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), pp. 117-19. On kangaroos, see R. M. Younger, Kangaroo Images through the Ages (Melbourne: Hutchinson, 1988). On New Zealand, see Ross Galbreath, "Colonisation, Science, and Conservation," Ph.D. diss., Univeristy of Waikato, 1989.
66. On the deep levels of popular construction of nature, see Scott Atran, Cognitive Foundations of Natural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 15-80.
67. Suzanne Zeller, Inventing Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978). On taxonomy, see Atran, Cognitive Foundations.
68. Suzanne Zeller, Inventing Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978). On taxonomy, see Atran, Cognitive Foundations.
69. Thompson and King, The European Rabbit, provide brief overviews for each country, including illustrative figures. On the early policies, see David Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (Sydney: Government Printer, 1928). More extensive and candid is his five-volume, unpublished "Report on the Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (1925-1926)," Mitchell Library, Sydney. The best popular source is Rolls, They All Ran Wild. On the beginning of scientific investigation, see Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand, p. 127; and Francis Ratcliffe, The Rabbit Problem (Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1951).
70. Thompson and King, The European Rabbit, provide brief overviews for each country, including illustrative figures. On the early policies, see David Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (Sydney: Government Printer, 1928). More extensive and candid is his five-volume, unpublished "Report on the Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (1925-1926)," Mitchell Library, Sydney. The best popular source is Rolls, They All Ran Wild. On the beginning of scientific investigation, see Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand, p. 127; and Francis Ratcliffe, The Rabbit Problem (Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1951).
71. Thompson and King, The European Rabbit, provide brief overviews for each country, including illustrative figures. On the early policies, see David Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (Sydney: Government Printer, 1928). More extensive and candid is his five-volume, unpublished "Report on the Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (1925-1926)," Mitchell Library, Sydney. The best popular source is Rolls, They All Ran Wild. On the beginning of scientific investigation, see Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand, p. 127; and Francis Ratcliffe, The Rabbit Problem (Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1951).
72. Thompson and King, The European Rabbit, provide brief overviews for each country, including illustrative figures. On the early policies, see David Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (Sydney: Government Printer, 1928). More extensive and candid is his five-volume, unpublished "Report on the Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (1925-1926)," Mitchell Library, Sydney. The best popular source is Rolls, They All Ran Wild. On the beginning of scientific investigation, see Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand, p. 127; and Francis Ratcliffe, The Rabbit Problem (Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1951).
73. Thompson and King, The European Rabbit, provide brief overviews for each country, including illustrative figures. On the early policies, see David Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (Sydney: Government Printer, 1928). More extensive and candid is his five-volume, unpublished "Report on the Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (1925-1926)," Mitchell Library, Sydney. The best popular source is Rolls, They All Ran Wild. On the beginning of scientific investigation, see Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand, p. 127; and Francis Ratcliffe, The Rabbit Problem (Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1951).
74. Thompson and King, The European Rabbit, provide brief overviews for each country, including illustrative figures. On the early policies, see David Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (Sydney: Government Printer, 1928). More extensive and candid is his five-volume, unpublished "Report on the Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (1925-1926)," Mitchell Library, Sydney. The best popular source is Rolls, They All Ran Wild. On the beginning of scientific investigation, see Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand, p. 127; and Francis Ratcliffe, The Rabbit Problem (Melbourne: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 1951).
75. This section is based on research in the statutes of the various Australian states. I relied on the National Library, Canberra, for information on the Northern Territory, South Australia, and West Australia, and on the state libraries of New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria, and Queensland for their statutes. This analysis necessarily ignores some variations that are of interest to historians.
76. This became notorious in the annals of rabbit control. See, for example, James Matthams, The Rabbit Pest in Australia (Melbourne: Specialty Press, 1921), p. 25.
77. On these measures, see Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales; and Stead, "Report on the Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (1925-1926)."
78. On these measures, see Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales; and Stead, "Report on the Rabbit Menace in New South Wales (1925-1926)."
79. Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales, discusses these reactions at length. On economics, see Ratcliffe, The Rabbit Problem, pp. 3-4.
80. Stead, The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales, discusses these reactions at length. On economics, see Ratcliffe, The Rabbit Problem, pp. 3-4.
81. New South Wales Royal Commission (Rabbits), 1889, Progress Report, p. xxxi.
82. On this work, see Frank N. Genner and Francis N. Ratcliffe, Myxomatosis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965).
83. Royal Commission (Rabbits), 1889, Progress Report, p. xxx; Rolls, They All Ran Wild, pp. 152-55. On a later try, see Lech Paszkowski, "Dr. Jan Danycz and the Rabbits of Australia," Australian Zoologist 15 (August 1969): 109-20.
84. Royal Commission (Rabbits), 1889, Progress Report, p. xxx; Rolls, They All Ran Wild, pp. 152-55. On a later try, see Lech Paszkowski, "Dr. Jan Danycz and the Rabbits of Australia," Australian Zoologist 15 (August 1969): 109-20.
85. Royal Commission (Rabbits), 1889, Progress Report, p. xxx; Rolls, They All Ran Wild, pp. 152-55. On a later try, see Lech Paszkowski, "Dr. Jan Danycz and the Rabbits of Australia," Australian Zoologist 15 (August 1969): 109-20.
86. New South Wales, for instance, had conferences in 1885, 1886, and again in 1895, the last to review the findings of the Royal Commission appointed in 1888 ("The Rabbit Conference, Report of the Proceedings of a Conference Respecting the Rabbit Pest in NSW," report presented to the Parliament [Sydney: Government Printer, 1895]). New Zealanders followed the events. See, for instance, "Destruction of Rabbits," New Zealand Country Journal 13 (May 1889): 209-13. These continue; the accidental outbreak of rabbit calcivirus (late 1995) in South Australia, apparently from an island test site, promises another round.
87. New South Wales, for instance, had conferences in 1885, 1886, and again in 1895, the last to review the findings of the Royal Commission appointed in 1888 ("The Rabbit Conference, Report of the Proceedings of a Conference Respecting the Rabbit Pest in NSW," report presented to the Parliament [Sydney: Government Printer, 1895]). New Zealanders followed the events. See, for instance, "Destruction of Rabbits," New Zealand Country Journal 13 (May 1889): 209-13. These continue; the accidental outbreak of rabbit calcivirus (late 1995) in South Australia, apparently from an island test site, promises another round.
88. "Rabbit Destruction," Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Western Australia 14 (20 October 1906): 281-84.
89. Rolls, They All Ran Wild, 163.
90. "Rabbit Extermination," Webster's Tasmanian Agricultural and Machinery Gazette, reprinted in New Zealand Country Journal 13 (March 1889): 119-20. Stead's blast is in The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales.
91. "Rabbit Extermination," Webster's Tasmanian Agricultural and Machinery Gazette, reprinted in New Zealand Country Journal 13 (March 1889): 119-20. Stead's blast is in The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales.
92. "Rabbit Extermination," Webster's Tasmanian Agricultural and Machinery Gazette, reprinted in New Zealand Country Journal 13 (March 1889): 119-20. Stead's blast is in The Rabbit Menace in New South Wales.
93. For an overview, see John A. Gibb and J. Morgan Williams, "The Rabbit in New Zealand," in The European Rabbit, ed. Thompson and King, p. 162.
94. Andrew Hill Clark, The Invasion of New Zealand (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1949), pp. 267-71; Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand, pp. 127-29; Thomson, Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand, pp. 85-95.
95. Andrew Hill Clark, The Invasion of New Zealand (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1949), pp. 267-71; Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand, pp. 127-29; Thomson, Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand, pp. 85-95.
96. Andrew Hill Clark, The Invasion of New Zealand (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1949), pp. 267-71; Wodzicki, Introduced Mammals of New Zealand, pp. 127-29; Thomson, Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand, pp. 85-95.
97. Quoted in Glabreath, "Colonisation, Science, and Conservation," p. 131; Gibb and Williams, "The Rabbit in New Zealand," p. 174. A full account is Carolyn King, Immigrant Killers (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1984).
98. Quoted in Glabreath, "Colonisation, Science, and Conservation," p. 131; Gibb and Williams, "The Rabbit in New Zealand," p. 174. A full account is Carolyn King, Immigrant Killers (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1984).
99. Quoted in Glabreath, "Colonisation, Science, and Conservation," p. 131; Gibb and Williams, "The Rabbit in New Zealand," p. 174. A full account is Carolyn King, Immigrant Killers (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1984).
100. Thomson, Naturalisation of Plants and Animals, p. 70; H. Guthrie-Smith, Tutira (London: Blackwood, 1921), p. 334.
101. Thomson, Naturalisation of Plants and Animals, p. 70; H. Guthrie-Smith, Tutira (London: Blackwood, 1921), p. 334.
102. On the balance of nature, see Donald Worster, Nature's Economy (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1977); and Frank Egerton, "Changing Concepts of the Balance of Nature," Quarterly Review of Biology 48 (June 1983): 320-50. On predation and concepts of it, see Paul Errington, Of Predation and Life (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1967). The comment on confusion of fact and effects is on p. 235.
103. On the balance of nature, see Donald Worster, Nature's Economy (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1977); and Frank Egerton, "Changing Concepts of the Balance of Nature," Quarterly Review of Biology 48 (June 1983): 320-50. On predation and concepts of it, see Paul Errington, Of Predation and Life (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1967). The comment on confusion of fact and effects is on p. 235.
104. On the balance of nature, see Donald Worster, Nature's Economy (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1977); and Frank Egerton, "Changing Concepts of the Balance of Nature," Quarterly Review of Biology 48 (June 1983): 320-50. On predation and concepts of it, see Paul Errington, Of Predation and Life (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1967). The comment on confusion of fact and effects is on p. 235.
105. Stanley Paul Young and Hartley H. T. Jackson, The Clever Coyote (1951; reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978); Dunlap, Saving America's Wildlife, chaps. 4, 8, 9.
106. Stanley Paul Young and Hartley H. T. Jackson, The Clever Coyote (1951; reprint, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1978); Dunlap, Saving America's Wildlife, chaps. 4, 8, 9.
107. On the period to the nineteenth century, see Clarence Glacken, Traces on the Rhodian Shore (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967).
108. Keith Sinclair, A History of New Zealand (Auckland: Penguin, 1988), pp. 91-100; Ross Gibson, The Diminishing Paradise (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1984), pp. 57-139.
109. Keith Sinclair, A History of New Zealand (Auckland: Penguin, 1988), pp. 91-100; Ross Gibson, The Diminishing Paradise (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1984), pp. 57-139.
110. See, for example, Doug Owram, Promise of Eden: The Canadian Expansionist Movement and the Idea of the West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980).
111. Harry M. Butterfield, "Dates of Introduction of Trees and Shrubs to California," copy of MS, 1964, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; cited in Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 217. See also Woodbridge Metcalf, Introduced Trees of Central California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968). On eucalypts, which were popular worldwide, see Robert Fyfe Zacharin, Emigrant Eucalypts (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1978).
112. Harry M. Butterfield, "Dates of Introduction of Trees and Shrubs to California," copy of MS, 1964, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; cited in Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 217. See also Woodbridge Metcalf, Introduced Trees of Central California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968). On eucalypts, which were popular worldwide, see Robert Fyfe Zacharin, Emigrant Eucalypts (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1978).
113. Harry M. Butterfield, "Dates of Introduction of Trees and Shrubs to California," copy of MS, 1964, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; cited in Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 217. See also Woodbridge Metcalf, Introduced Trees of Central California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968). On eucalypts, which were popular worldwide, see Robert Fyfe Zacharin, Emigrant Eucalypts (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1978).
114. Harry M. Butterfield, "Dates of Introduction of Trees and Shrubs to California," copy of MS, 1964, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; cited in Steven Stoll, "Insects and Institutions," Agricultural History 69 (spring 1995): 217. See also Woodbridge Metcalf, Introduced Trees of Central California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968). On eucalypts, which were popular worldwide, see Robert Fyfe Zacharin, Emigrant Eucalypts (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1978).
115. David Fairchild, The World Was My Garden (New York: Scribner's, 1938), deals with many of these efforts. See also the annual reports of the secretary of agriculture (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office) for the second half of the nineteenth century.
116. King, Handbook of New Zealand Mammals; Caughley, Deer Wars, pp. 2-10.
117. King, Handbook of New Zealand Mammals; Caughley, Deer Wars, pp. 2-10.
118. On exotic game, see Mungall and Sheffield, Exotics on the Range. On the rustlers, you will have to trust me or look through back issues of the Austin American-Statesman.
119. In Canada, see W. F. Lothian, A History of Canada's National Parks, 4 vols. (Ottawa: Environment Canada and predecessor agencies, 1977-87), 4:18-19; Acts and Legislation, Box 1, and Transplantation of Exotic Wildlife, box 43, in RG 109, Records of the Canadian Wildlife Service, Public Archives Canada, Ottawa; memo of Hoyes Lloyd, 7 September 1923, box 35, RG 84, Records of the Dominion Park Service, Public Archives Canada, Ottawa. In the United States an early example is U.S. Congress, Senate, Special Committe on the Conservation of Wildlife Resources, Status of Wildlife in the United States, Senate Report 1203, 70th Cong., 3d sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1940), pp. 352, 362. In Australia, see Arthur Bentley, An Introduction to the Deer of Australia with Special Reference to Victoria, 2nd ed. (Melbourne: Forests Commission, Victoria, 1978), p. 21. In New Zealand, see Holden, The Deerstalkers, pp. 33, 35. A recent example is the campaign now (1995-96) being waged to eliminate introduced mountain goats from the Olympic Range in western Washington state.
120. In Canada, see W. F. Lothian, A History of Canada's National Parks, 4 vols. (Ottawa: Environment Canada and predecessor agencies, 1977-87), 4:18-19; Acts and Legislation, Box 1, and Transplantation of Exotic Wildlife, box 43, in RG 109, Records of the Canadian Wildlife Service, Public Archives Canada, Ottawa; memo of Hoyes Lloyd, 7 September 1923, box 35, RG 84, Records of the Dominion Park Service, Public Archives Canada, Ottawa. In the United States an early example is U.S. Congress, Senate, Special Committe on the Conservation of Wildlife Resources, Status of Wildlife in the United States, Senate Report 1203, 70th Cong., 3d sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1940), pp. 352, 362. In Australia, see Arthur Bentley, An Introduction to the Deer of Australia with Special Reference to Victoria, 2nd ed. (Melbourne: Forests Commission, Victoria, 1978), p. 21. In New Zealand, see Holden, The Deerstalkers, pp. 33, 35. A recent example is the campaign now (1995-96) being waged to eliminate introduced mountain goats from the Olympic Range in western Washington state.
121. In Canada, see W. F. Lothian, A History of Canada's National Parks, 4 vols. (Ottawa: Environment Canada and predecessor agencies, 1977-87), 4:18-19; Acts and Legislation, Box 1, and Transplantation of Exotic Wildlife, box 43, in RG 109, Records of the Canadian Wildlife Service, Public Archives Canada, Ottawa; memo of Hoyes Lloyd, 7 September 1923, box 35, RG 84, Records of the Dominion Park Service, Public Archives Canada, Ottawa. In the United States an early example is U.S. Congress, Senate, Special Committe on the Conservation of Wildlife Resources, Status of Wildlife in the United States, Senate Report 1203, 70th Cong., 3d sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1940), pp. 352, 362. In Australia, see Arthur Bentley, An Introduction to the Deer of Australia with Special Reference to Victoria, 2nd ed. (Melbourne: Forests Commission, Victoria, 1978), p. 21. In New Zealand, see Holden, The Deerstalkers, pp. 33, 35. A recent example is the campaign now (1995-96) being waged to eliminate introduced mountain goats from the Olympic Range in western Washington state.
122. In Canada, see W. F. Lothian, A History of Canada's National Parks, 4 vols. (Ottawa: Environment Canada and predecessor agencies, 1977-87), 4:18-19; Acts and Legislation, Box 1, and Transplantation of Exotic Wildlife, box 43, in RG 109, Records of the Canadian Wildlife Service, Public Archives Canada, Ottawa; memo of Hoyes Lloyd, 7 September 1923, box 35, RG 84, Records of the Dominion Park Service, Public Archives Canada, Ottawa. In the United States an early example is U.S. Congress, Senate, Special Committe on the Conservation of Wildlife Resources, Status of Wildlife in the United States, Senate Report 1203, 70th Cong., 3d sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1940), pp. 352, 362. In Australia, see Arthur Bentley, An Introduction to the Deer of Australia with Special Reference to Victoria, 2nd ed. (Melbourne: Forests Commission, Victoria, 1978), p. 21. In New Zealand, see Holden, The Deerstalkers, pp. 33, 35. A recent example is the campaign now (1995-96) being waged to eliminate introduced mountain goats from the Olympic Range in western Washington state.
123. Ernest Callenbach, Ecotopia (Berkeley: Banyan Tree, 1975).
124. See, for example, F. W. Hutton and James Drummond, The Animals of New Zealand, rev. ed. (Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1905), p. 24.
125. On the evolving, complex relationships between native and exotic, see Thomson, Naturalisation of Plants and Animals;
126. Guthrie-Smith, Tutira; and King, Handbook of New Zealand Mammals.
127. Russell Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1958), is the start of a literature on this subject. See also Frost, "Going Away, Coming Home." See the articles by Carl Berger, "The True North, Strong and Free," and Cole Harris, "The Myth of the Land in Canadian Nationalism," both in Nationalism in Canada, edited by Peter Russell (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 3-26 (quotation on p. 15) and pp. 134-60, respectively.
128. Russell Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1958), is the start of a literature on this subject. See also Frost, "Going Away, Coming Home." See the articles by Carl Berger, "The True North, Strong and Free," and Cole Harris, "The Myth of the Land in Canadian Nationalism," both in Nationalism in Canada, edited by Peter Russell (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 3-26 (quotation on p. 15) and pp. 134-60, respectively.
129. Russell Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1958), is the start of a literature on this subject. See also Frost, "Going Away, Coming Home." See the articles by Carl Berger, "The True North, Strong and Free," and Cole Harris, "The Myth of the Land in Canadian Nationalism," both in Nationalism in Canada, edited by Peter Russell (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 3-26 (quotation on p. 15) and pp. 134-60, respectively.
130. Russell Ward, The Australian Legend (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1958), is the start of a literature on this subject. See also Frost, "Going Away, Coming Home." See the articles by Carl Berger, "The True North, Strong and Free," and Cole Harris, "The Myth of the Land in Canadian Nationalism," both in Nationalism in Canada, edited by Peter Russell (Toronto: McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 3-26 (quotation on p. 15) and pp. 134-60, respectively.
131. Guthrie-Smith, Tutira, p. vii.
132. J. A. Gibb and J. E. C. Flux, "Mammals," in The Natural History of New Zealand: An Ecological Survey, edited by Gordon R. William (Wellington: Reed, 1973), p. 365; King, Handbook of New Zealand Mammals, p. 9.
133. J. A. Gibb and J. E. C. Flux, "Mammals," in The Natural History of New Zealand: An Ecological Survey, edited by Gordon R. William (Wellington: Reed, 1973), p. 365; King, Handbook of New Zealand Mammals, p. 9.