The Comstock urban network

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 66, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 337-362

  Moehring, Eugene ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

URBAN HISTORY; URBANISATION;

USA;

EID: 0031431746     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3640201     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. See, for instance, William Issel and Robert W. Cherny, San Francisco, 1865-1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development (Berkeley, 1986); Robert M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); E. Kimbark MacColl, Merchants, Money, and Power: The Portland Establishment, 1843-1913 (Portland, Ore., 1988); Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis (Niwot, Colo., 1990); Thomas G. Alexander and James B. Allen, Mormons & Gentiles: A History of Salt Lake City (Boulder, Colo., 1984); Mel Scott, The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective (Berkeley, 1959); John Reps, Cities of the American West: A History of Frontier Urban Planning (Princeton, N.J., 1979).
2. See, for instance, William Issel and Robert W. Cherny, San Francisco, 1865-1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development (Berkeley, 1986); Robert M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); E. Kimbark MacColl, Merchants, Money, and Power: The Portland Establishment, 1843-1913 (Portland, Ore., 1988); Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis (Niwot, Colo., 1990); Thomas G. Alexander and James B. Allen, Mormons & Gentiles: A History of Salt Lake City (Boulder, Colo., 1984); Mel Scott, The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective (Berkeley, 1959); John Reps, Cities of the American West: A History of Frontier Urban Planning (Princeton, N.J., 1979).
3. See, for instance, William Issel and Robert W. Cherny, San Francisco, 1865-1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development (Berkeley, 1986); Robert M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); E. Kimbark MacColl, Merchants, Money, and Power: The Portland Establishment, 1843-1913 (Portland, Ore., 1988); Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis (Niwot, Colo., 1990); Thomas G. Alexander and James B. Allen, Mormons & Gentiles: A History of Salt Lake City (Boulder, Colo., 1984); Mel Scott, The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective (Berkeley, 1959); John Reps, Cities of the American West: A History of Frontier Urban Planning (Princeton, N.J., 1979).
4. See, for instance, William Issel and Robert W. Cherny, San Francisco, 1865-1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development (Berkeley, 1986); Robert M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); E. Kimbark MacColl, Merchants, Money, and Power: The Portland Establishment, 1843-1913 (Portland, Ore., 1988); Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis (Niwot, Colo., 1990); Thomas G. Alexander and James B. Allen, Mormons & Gentiles: A History of Salt Lake City (Boulder, Colo., 1984); Mel Scott, The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective (Berkeley, 1959); John Reps, Cities of the American West: A History of Frontier Urban Planning (Princeton, N.J., 1979).
5. See, for instance, William Issel and Robert W. Cherny, San Francisco, 1865-1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development (Berkeley, 1986); Robert M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); E. Kimbark MacColl, Merchants, Money, and Power: The Portland Establishment, 1843-1913 (Portland, Ore., 1988); Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis (Niwot, Colo., 1990); Thomas G. Alexander and James B. Allen, Mormons & Gentiles: A History of Salt Lake City (Boulder, Colo., 1984); Mel Scott, The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective (Berkeley, 1959); John Reps, Cities of the American West: A History of Frontier Urban Planning (Princeton, N.J., 1979).
6. See, for instance, William Issel and Robert W. Cherny, San Francisco, 1865-1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development (Berkeley, 1986); Robert M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); E. Kimbark MacColl, Merchants, Money, and Power: The Portland Establishment, 1843-1913 (Portland, Ore., 1988); Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis (Niwot, Colo., 1990); Thomas G. Alexander and James B. Allen, Mormons & Gentiles: A History of Salt Lake City (Boulder, Colo., 1984); Mel Scott, The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective (Berkeley, 1959); John Reps, Cities of the American West: A History of Frontier Urban Planning (Princeton, N.J., 1979).
7. See, for instance, William Issel and Robert W. Cherny, San Francisco, 1865-1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development (Berkeley, 1986); Robert M. Fogelson, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 (Cambridge, Mass., 1967); E. Kimbark MacColl, Merchants, Money, and Power: The Portland Establishment, 1843-1913 (Portland, Ore., 1988); Stephen J. Leonard and Thomas J. Noel, Denver: Mining Camp to Metropolis (Niwot, Colo., 1990); Thomas G. Alexander and James B. Allen, Mormons & Gentiles: A History of Salt Lake City (Boulder, Colo., 1984); Mel Scott, The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective (Berkeley, 1959); John Reps, Cities of the American West: A History of Frontier Urban Planning (Princeton, N.J., 1979).
8. William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991), xiv.
9. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xiii; William G. Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), 166, 169; for references to capitalism and Native Americans, see 31, 35, 47, 49, 64.
10. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xiii; William G. Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), 166, 169; for references to capitalism and Native Americans, see 31, 35, 47, 49, 64.
11. Dean L. May, Three Frontiers: Family, Land, and Society in the American West, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994), 85, 90-97.
12. Carl Abbott, "Regional City and Network City: Portland and Seattle in the Twentieth Century," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIII (1992), 293-319, esp. 297, 302.
13. Earl Pomeroy, The Pacific Slope: A History of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah, and Nevada (New York, 1965), 120-164.
14. Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987); Limerick, et al., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991); Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991). See also Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), for a discussion of how metropolitan capitalist actions helped colonize native populations and establish chains of dependency. For an early discussion of how core and periphery relate to urban centers and the American West, see William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 174-175.
15. Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987); Limerick, et al., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991); Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991). See also Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), for a discussion of how metropolitan capitalist actions helped colonize native populations and establish chains of dependency. For an early discussion of how core and periphery relate to urban centers and the American West, see William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 174-175.
16. Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987); Limerick, et al., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991); Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991). See also Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), for a discussion of how metropolitan capitalist actions helped colonize native populations and establish chains of dependency. For an early discussion of how core and periphery relate to urban centers and the American West, see William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 174-175.
17. Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987); Limerick, et al., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991); Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991). See also Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), for a discussion of how metropolitan capitalist actions helped colonize native populations and establish chains of dependency. For an early discussion of how core and periphery relate to urban centers and the American West, see William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 174-175.
18. Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987); Limerick, et al., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991); Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991). See also Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), for a discussion of how metropolitan capitalist actions helped colonize native populations and establish chains of dependency. For an early discussion of how core and periphery relate to urban centers and the American West, see William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 174-175.
19. The most informative primary sources for tracing town founding and network formation are contemporary books, newspapers, and directories. For early coverage of settlements in western Nevada, see Myron Angel, ed., History of Nevada (Oakland, Calif., 1883), 31-75. Many of the chapters in this book were written by contemporaries who were often residents. See also Eliot Lord, Comstock Miners and Mining (1881; Berkeley, 1959), 56-60. For a modern overview of the Comstock, see Rodman M. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848-1880 (New York, 1963), 56-86.
20. The most informative primary sources for tracing town founding and network formation are contemporary books, newspapers, and directories. For early coverage of settlements in western Nevada, see Myron Angel, ed., History of Nevada (Oakland, Calif., 1883), 31-75. Many of the chapters in this book were written by contemporaries who were often residents. See also Eliot Lord, Comstock Miners and Mining (1881; Berkeley, 1959), 56-60. For a modern overview of the Comstock, see Rodman M. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848-1880 (New York, 1963), 56-86.
21. The most informative primary sources for tracing town founding and network formation are contemporary books, newspapers, and directories. For early coverage of settlements in western Nevada, see Myron Angel, ed., History of Nevada (Oakland, Calif., 1883), 31-75. Many of the chapters in this book were written by contemporaries who were often residents. See also Eliot Lord, Comstock Miners and Mining (1881; Berkeley, 1959), 56-60. For a modern overview of the Comstock, see Rodman M. Paul, Mining Frontiers of the Far West, 1848-1880 (New York, 1963), 56-86.
22. Walter Van Tilburg Clark, ed., The Journals of Alfred Doten, 1849-1903 (3 vols., Reno, 1973), I, 716; Dan DeQuille, The Big Bonanza... (1876; Reno, 1974), 161.
23. Walter Van Tilburg Clark, ed., The Journals of Alfred Doten, 1849-1903 (3 vols., Reno, 1973), I, 716; Dan DeQuille, The Big Bonanza... (1876; Reno, 1974), 161.
24. Wells Drury, An Editor on the Comstock (New York, 1936), 9; DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 100; Angel, History of Nevada, 578-579; Stanley W. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps (Berkeley, 1970), 31.
25. Wells Drury, An Editor on the Comstock (New York, 1936), 9; DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 100; Angel, History of Nevada, 578-579; Stanley W. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps (Berkeley, 1970), 31.
26. Wells Drury, An Editor on the Comstock (New York, 1936), 9; DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 100; Angel, History of Nevada, 578-579; Stanley W. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps (Berkeley, 1970), 31.
27. Wells Drury, An Editor on the Comstock (New York, 1936), 9; DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 100; Angel, History of Nevada, 578-579; Stanley W. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps (Berkeley, 1970), 31.
28. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
29. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
30. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
31. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
32. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
33. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
34. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
35. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
36. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
37. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
38. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31. From the toll road list prepared by David Beito and David Anderson as well as my own research, the following citations cover Comstock-era toll roads: for American Flat, Silver City, and Virginia City, see the Gold Hill Daily News, Feb. 1, March 5, June 11, July 6, 1864; for Devil's Gate, ibid., May 5, 1865; for Dayton and Virginia City, Daily Territorial Enterprise, Oct. 24, 1863; for Dayton to Como, Gold Hill Daily News, Sept. 25, 1865; for the Geiger Toll Road, Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; for Steamboat Springs to Virginia City, ibid., April 14, 1860; for the Washoe Turnpike, Gold Hill Daily News, Jan. 18, 1865. See also the map on the front inside-cover of Miriam Michelson, The Wonderlode of Silver and Gold (Boston, 1934); and Angel, Nevada, 380. Omnibus service is treated in DeQuille, Big Bonanza, 161.
39. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31, 75; Lord, Comstock Miners, 33, 233-234; Angel, History of Nevada, 498, 502, 568.
40. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31, 75; Lord, Comstock Miners, 33, 233-234; Angel, History of Nevada, 498, 502, 568.
41. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 31, 75; Lord, Comstock Miners, 33, 233-234; Angel, History of Nevada, 498, 502, 568.
42. N. A. Hummel, General History and Resources of Washoe County, Nevada (Reno, 1888), 5-10, 15-16.
43. John F. Ulhorn, The Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, Embracing a General Directory of Residents of Virginia City, Gold Hill, Silver City, Dayton, Carson, Franktown, Washoe City and Reno together with a Business Directory... (Sacramento, 1873), 395-415; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 16, 47; Angel, History of Nevada, 562.
44. John F. Ulhorn, The Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, Embracing a General Directory of Residents of Virginia City, Gold Hill, Silver City, Dayton, Carson, Franktown, Washoe City and Reno together with a Business Directory... (Sacramento, 1873), 395-415; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 16, 47; Angel, History of Nevada, 562.
45. John F. Ulhorn, The Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, Embracing a General Directory of Residents of Virginia City, Gold Hill, Silver City, Dayton, Carson, Franktown, Washoe City and Reno together with a Business Directory... (Sacramento, 1873), 395-415; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 16, 47; Angel, History of Nevada, 562.
46. Lord, Comstock Miners, 122; Hummel, General History, 8-10.
47. Lord, Comstock Miners, 122; Hummel, General History, 8-10.
48. Hummel, General History, 9; Angel, History of Nevada, 380-382; Lord, Comstock Miners, 258-259.
49. Hummel, General History, 9; Angel, History of Nevada, 380-382; Lord, Comstock Miners, 258-259.
50. Hummel, General History, 9; Angel, History of Nevada, 380-382; Lord, Comstock Miners, 258-259.
51. May, Three Frontiers, 98-101.
52. Angel, History of Nevada, 31, 382; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 55-59, 81, 86.
53. Angel, History of Nevada, 31, 382; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 55-59, 81, 86.
54. Hummel, General History, 5.
55. Ibid., 11, 12, 14, 17-18; Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; Angel, History of Nevada, 634-636; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 30, 32, 37, 39, 40. The growth of farming in contiguous valleys can be gauged by the number of farms and production levels in each county. See U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on the Productions of Agriculture as Returned at the Ninth Census (Washington, D.C., 1870), III, 202-203; U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on Productions of Agriculture as Returned by the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C., 1880), III, 126.
56. Ibid., 11, 12, 14, 17-18; Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; Angel, History of Nevada, 634-636; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 30, 32, 37, 39, 40. The growth of farming in contiguous valleys can be gauged by the number of farms and production levels in each county. See U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on the Productions of Agriculture as Returned at the Ninth Census (Washington, D.C., 1870), III, 202-203; U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on Productions of Agriculture as Returned by the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C., 1880), III, 126.
57. Ibid., 11, 12, 14, 17-18; Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; Angel, History of Nevada, 634-636; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 30, 32, 37, 39, 40. The growth of farming in contiguous valleys can be gauged by the number of farms and production levels in each county. See U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on the Productions of Agriculture as Returned at the Ninth Census (Washington, D.C., 1870), III, 202-203; U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on Productions of Agriculture as Returned by the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C., 1880), III, 126.
58. Ibid., 11, 12, 14, 17-18; Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; Angel, History of Nevada, 634-636; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 30, 32, 37, 39, 40. The growth of farming in contiguous valleys can be gauged by the number of farms and production levels in each county. See U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on the Productions of Agriculture as Returned at the Ninth Census (Washington, D.C., 1870), III, 202-203; U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on Productions of Agriculture as Returned by the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C., 1880), III, 126.
59. Ibid., 11, 12, 14, 17-18; Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; Angel, History of Nevada, 634-636; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 30, 32, 37, 39, 40. The growth of farming in contiguous valleys can be gauged by the number of farms and production levels in each county. See U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on the Productions of Agriculture as Returned at the Ninth Census (Washington, D.C., 1870), III, 202-203; U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on Productions of Agriculture as Returned by the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C., 1880), III, 126.
60. Ibid., 11, 12, 14, 17-18; Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 30, 1864; Angel, History of Nevada, 634-636; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 30, 32, 37, 39, 40. The growth of farming in contiguous valleys can be gauged by the number of farms and production levels in each county. See U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on the Productions of Agriculture as Returned at the Ninth Census (Washington, D.C., 1870), III, 202-203; U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office, Report on Productions of Agriculture as Returned by the Tenth Census (Washington, D.C., 1880), III, 126.
61. Gold Hill Daily News, Oct. 20, 22, 1863; Lord, Comstock Miners, 85-86; Angel, History of Nevada, 499; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 35, 39, 71, 77; Hummel, General History, 17, passim.
62. Gold Hill Daily News, Oct. 20, 22, 1863; Lord, Comstock Miners, 85-86; Angel, History of Nevada, 499; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 35, 39, 71, 77; Hummel, General History, 17, passim.
63. Gold Hill Daily News, Oct. 20, 22, 1863; Lord, Comstock Miners, 85-86; Angel, History of Nevada, 499; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 35, 39, 71, 77; Hummel, General History, 17, passim.
64. Gold Hill Daily News, Oct. 20, 22, 1863; Lord, Comstock Miners, 85-86; Angel, History of Nevada, 499; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 35, 39, 71, 77; Hummel, General History, 17, passim.
65. Gold Hill Daily News, Oct. 20, 22, 1863; Lord, Comstock Miners, 85-86; Angel, History of Nevada, 499; Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 35, 39, 71, 77; Hummel, General History, 17, passim.
66. Angel, History of Nevada, 550-551; Guy Louis Rocha, "The Forgotten Paternity of Carson City" (1994), 2-9, Nevada State Library and Archives, Reno.
67. Angel, History of Nevada, 550-551; Guy Louis Rocha, "The Forgotten Paternity of Carson City" (1994), 2-9, Nevada State Library and Archives, Reno.
68. David F. Myrick, The Railroads of Nevada and Eastern California (2 vols., Berkeley, 1962), I, 150.
69. William D. Rowley, Reno: Hub of the Washoe Country (Woodland Hills, Calif., 1984), 22-25; Ulhorn, Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, 395-415; Sanborn Map Company, Nevada Maps: Cities & Towns, 1885-1906 (San Pablo, Calif., 1979), Jan. 1885, pp. 1-5, April 1890, pp. 1-10, April 1899, pp. 1-18; Myrick, Railroads, 13.
70. William D. Rowley, Reno: Hub of the Washoe Country (Woodland Hills, Calif., 1984), 22-25; Ulhorn, Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, 395-415; Sanborn Map Company, Nevada Maps: Cities & Towns, 1885-1906 (San Pablo, Calif., 1979), Jan. 1885, pp. 1-5, April 1890, pp. 1-10, April 1899, pp. 1-18; Myrick, Railroads, 13.
71. William D. Rowley, Reno: Hub of the Washoe Country (Woodland Hills, Calif., 1984), 22-25; Ulhorn, Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, 395-415; Sanborn Map Company, Nevada Maps: Cities & Towns, 1885-1906 (San Pablo, Calif., 1979), Jan. 1885, pp. 1-5, April 1890, pp. 1-10, April 1899, pp. 1-18; Myrick, Railroads, 13.
72. William D. Rowley, Reno: Hub of the Washoe Country (Woodland Hills, Calif., 1984), 22-25; Ulhorn, Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, 395-415; Sanborn Map Company, Nevada Maps: Cities & Towns, 1885-1906 (San Pablo, Calif., 1979), Jan. 1885, pp. 1-5, April 1890, pp. 1-10, April 1899, pp. 1-18; Myrick, Railroads, 13.
73. Russell R. Elliott, Nevada's Twentieth-Century Mining Boom: Tonopah, Goldfield, Ely (Reno, 1966), 7, 30.
74. For information on the extent and configuration of California urban networks west of the Comstock and for the Comstock network itself, see Sterling Holdredge, State, Territorial and Ocean Guide Book of the Pacific... (San Francisco, 1865), especially the stage line maps throughout and the map between pp. 52 and 53 for California; for stage line service schedules within the Comstock network, see 107-112. For an explanation of central place theory, see Leslie J. King, Central Place Theory (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1984), 20-46. For a listing of goods and services in Comstock towns, see Ulhorn, Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, 395-415. As with all directories for substantial urban areas, this source lacks a complete listing, especially for Chinese-owned businesses.
75. For information on the extent and configuration of California urban networks west of the Comstock and for the Comstock network itself, see Sterling Holdredge, State, Territorial and Ocean Guide Book of the Pacific... (San Francisco, 1865), especially the stage line maps throughout and the map between pp. 52 and 53 for California; for stage line service schedules within the Comstock network, see 107-112. For an explanation of central place theory, see Leslie J. King, Central Place Theory (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1984), 20-46. For a listing of goods and services in Comstock towns, see Ulhorn, Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, 395-415. As with all directories for substantial urban areas, this source lacks a complete listing, especially for Chinese-owned businesses.
76. For information on the extent and configuration of California urban networks west of the Comstock and for the Comstock network itself, see Sterling Holdredge, State, Territorial and Ocean Guide Book of the Pacific... (San Francisco, 1865), especially the stage line maps throughout and the map between pp. 52 and 53 for California; for stage line service schedules within the Comstock network, see 107-112. For an explanation of central place theory, see Leslie J. King, Central Place Theory (Beverly Hills, Calif., 1984), 20-46. For a listing of goods and services in Comstock towns, see Ulhorn, Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, 395-415. As with all directories for substantial urban areas, this source lacks a complete listing, especially for Chinese-owned businesses.
77. Ulhorn, Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, 395-415; David Gazlay, ed., Gazlay's San Francisco Business Directory for 1861... (San Francisco, 1861).
78. Ulhorn, Virginia and Truckee Railroad Directory, 395-415; David Gazlay, ed., Gazlay's San Francisco Business Directory for 1861... (San Francisco, 1861).
79. A helpful contemporary guide to the size and importance of early California towns is John S. Hittell, The Resources of California Comprising Agriculture, Mining, Geography, Climate, Commerce, Etc. and the Past and Future Development of the State (San Francisco, 1863), 397-420; John H. Carmany, A Review of the Year 1866, Containing an Elaborate Resume of the Mining Operations of the Entire Pacific Slope... Compiled from the "Mercantile Gazette and Prices Current" (San Francisco, 1867), 5.
80. A helpful contemporary guide to the size and importance of early California towns is John S. Hittell, The Resources of California Comprising Agriculture, Mining, Geography, Climate, Commerce, Etc. and the Past and Future Development of the State (San Francisco, 1863), 397-420; John H. Carmany, A Review of the Year 1866, Containing an Elaborate Resume of the Mining Operations of the Entire Pacific Slope... Compiled from the "Mercantile Gazette and Prices Current" (San Francisco, 1867), 5.
81. Carmany, A Review of the Year 1866, 5.
82. Angel, History of Nevada, 65-66.
83. Ibid., 66.
84. Effie Mona Mack, Nevada: A History of the State from Earliest Times through the Civil War (Glendale, Calif., 1936), 190-191.
85. When discussing conquest and urban places, New Western Historians have emphasized conflict and exploitation within towns; see, for instance, Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 103-107; White, "It's Your Misfortune," 298-328. The literature documenting the inferior treatment accorded minorities in the Comstock towns is considerable. A recent example is Ronald W. James, et al., "Competition and Coexistence in the Laundry: A View of the Comstock," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 165-184.
86. When discussing conquest and urban places, New Western Historians have emphasized conflict and exploitation within towns; see, for instance, Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 103-107; White, "It's Your Misfortune," 298-328. The literature documenting the inferior treatment accorded minorities in the Comstock towns is considerable. A recent example is Ronald W. James, et al., "Competition and Coexistence in the Laundry: A View of the Comstock," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 165-184.
87. When discussing conquest and urban places, New Western Historians have emphasized conflict and exploitation within towns; see, for instance, Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 103-107; White, "It's Your Misfortune," 298-328. The literature documenting the inferior treatment accorded minorities in the Comstock towns is considerable. A recent example is Ronald W. James, et al., "Competition and Coexistence in the Laundry: A View of the Comstock," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 165-184.
88. Angel, History of Nevada, 150-158.
89. See the reminiscence in Daily Territorial Enterprise, June 21, 1872; Angel, History of Nevada, 158.
90. See the reminiscence in Daily Territorial Enterprise, June 21, 1872; Angel, History of Nevada, 158.
91. David Gazlay, ed., The California Mercantile Journal for 1860... (San Francisco, 1860), 136.
92. Hummel, General History, 14; Elbert B. Edwards, 200 Years in Nevada (Salt Lake City, 1978), 216.
93. Hummel, General History, 14; Elbert B. Edwards, 200 Years in Nevada (Salt Lake City, 1978), 216.
94. Paher, Nevada Ghost Towns and Mining Camps, 79.
95. Mack, Nevada, 305; Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 9, 1865.
96. Mack, Nevada, 305; Daily Territorial Enterprise, April 9, 1865.
97. Richard C. Wade, The Urban Frontier: Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Lexington, Louisville, and St. Louis (Cambridge, Mass., 1959), 1.
98. John S. Hittell, A History of the City of San Francisco and Incidentally of the State of California (San Francisco, 1878), 332, 340.
99. Paul, Mining Frontiers, 75; Gazlay, ed., California Mercantile Journal, 136; see also Gold Hill Daily News, Nov. 5, 1863; Hittell, Resources of California, 343.
100. Paul, Mining Frontiers, 75; Gazlay, ed., California Mercantile Journal, 136; see also Gold Hill Daily News, Nov. 5, 1863; Hittell, Resources of California, 343.
101. Paul, Mining Frontiers, 75; Gazlay, ed., California Mercantile Journal, 136; see also Gold Hill Daily News, Nov. 5, 1863; Hittell, Resources of California, 343.
102. Paul, Mining Frontiers, 75; Gazlay, ed., California Mercantile Journal, 136; see also Gold Hill Daily News, Nov. 5, 1863; Hittell, Resources of California, 343.
103. Gazlay, ed., California Mercantile Journal, 136. For a sense of how San Francisco investors saw the entire Pacific Slope as their investment zone, see Carmany, A Review of the Year 1866, 6-41.
104. Gazlay, ed., California Mercantile Journal, 136. For a sense of how San Francisco investors saw the entire Pacific Slope as their investment zone, see Carmany, A Review of the Year 1866, 6-41.
105. Elliott, Nevada's Twentieth-Century Mining Boom, 98-110.