Climate change, loess and palaeosols: Proxy measures and resolution in North China

Journal of the Geological Society

Volumn 154, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 793-805

  Derbyshire, Edward ^a,b   Kemp, Rob A ^a   Meng, Xingmin ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b Gansu Academy of Sciences   (China)

Author keywords

Loess; Monsoons; Palaeoclimate; Palaeosols; Stratigraphy

Indexed keywords

LOESS; MONSOON; PALAEOCLIMATE; PALAEOCLIMATE CHANGE; PALEOSOL; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD; QUATERNARY; QUATERNARY CLIMATE;

CHINA, LOESS PLATEAU;

EID: 0031430671     PISSN: 00167649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/gsjgs.154.5.0793     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. AN, Z.S., KUKLA, G.J., PORTER, S.C. & XIAO, J.L. 1991a. Magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation on the Loess Plateau of central China during the last 130,000 years. Quaternary Research, 36, 29-36.
2. _, PORTER, S.C., KUKLA, G. & MAO, J.L. 1990. The magnetic susceptibility evidence of monsoon variation over 130,000 years. Kexue Tongbao, 35, 529-532.
3. _, _, ZHOU, W.J., LU, Y.C., DONAHUE, D.J., HEAD, M.J., WU, X.H., REN, J.Z. & ZHENG, H.B. 1993. Episode of strengthened summer monsoon climate of Younger Dryas age on the Loess Plateau of central China. Quaternary Research, 39, 45-54.
4. _, WANG, J. & LI, H. 1977. [Paleomagnetic research od the Lochuan loess section]. Geochimica, 4, 239-249 [in Chinese].
5. _, WU, X.H., WANG, P.X., WANG, S.M., DONG, G.R., SUN, X.J., ZHANG, D.E., LU, Y.C., ZHENG, S.H. & ZHAO, S.G. 1991b. Changes in the monsoon and associated environmental changes in China since the last interglacial. In: LIU, T.S. (ed.) Loess, Environment and Global Change. Science Press, Beijing, 1-29.
6. BEGÉT, J.E. & HAWKINS, D.B. 1989. Influence of orbital parameters on Pleistocene loess deposition in central Alaska. Nature, 337, 151-153.
7. BRONGER, A. & HEINKELE, TH. 1989. Micromorphology and genesis of paleosols in the Luochuan loess section, China: pedostratigraphical and environmental implications. Geoderma, 45, 123-143.
8. BULLOCK, P., FEDOROFF, N., JONGERIUS, A., STOOPS, G., TURSINA, T. & BABEL, U. 1985. Handbook of Soil Thin Section Description. Waine Research Publications, Wolverhampton, U.K.
9. BURBANK, D.W. & LI, J.J. 1985. Age and palaeoclimatic significance of the loess of Lanzhou, north China. Nature, 316, 429-431.
10. CERLING, T.E. 1984. The stable isotopic composition of soil carbonate and its relationship to climate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 71, 229-240.
11. _, QUADE, J., WANG, Y. & BOWMAN, J.R. 1989. Carbon isotopes in soils and palaeosols as ecology and palaeoecology indicators. Nature, 341, 138-139.
12. CHEN, F.H., LI, J.J. & ZHANG, W.X. 1991. Loess stratigraphy of the Lanzhou profile and its comparison with deep-sea sediment and ice core record. GeoJournal, 24, 201-209.
13. _, WU, R.J., POMPEI, D. & OLDFIELD, F. 1995. Magnetic property and particle size variations in the late Pleistocene and Holocene parts of the Dadongling loess section near Xining, China. In: DERBYSHIRE, E. (ed.) 'Wind Blown Sediments in the Quaternary Record'. Quaternary Proceedings, 4, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester 27-40.
14. COE, R.S. & PRÉVOT, M. 1989. Evidence suggesting extremely rapid field variation during a geomagnetic reversal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 92, 292-298.
15. COX, A. 1969. Geomagnetic reversals. Science, 163, 237-245.
16. DERBYSHIRE, E. 1983a. On the morphology, sediments and origin of the Loess Plateau of central China. In: GARDNER, R. & SCOGING, H. (eds) Mega-geomorphology. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK, 172-194.
17. _ 1983b. Origin and characteristics of some Chinese loess from two locations in China. In: BROOKFIELD, M.E. & AHLBRANDT, T.S. (eds) Eolian Sediments and Processes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 69-90.
18. _ & GOUDIE, A.S. 1997. The Drylands of Asia. In: THOMAS, D.S.G. (ed.) Arid Zone Geomorphology (Second Edition). John Wiley and Sons, Chichester and New York, 488-506.
19. _, BILLARD, A., MUXART, T., WANG, J.T. & DIJKSTRA, T.A. 1993a. Landsliding and land use in the loess of Gansu Province, Chiina. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementband 87, 117-131.
20. _, _, VAN VLIET-LANOË, B., LAUTRIDOU, J.-P. & CREMASCHI, M. 1988. Loess and palaleoenvironment: some results of a European joint programme of research. Journal of Quaternary Science, 3, 147-169.
21. _, DIJKSTRA, T.A., BILLARD, A., MUXART, T., SMALLEY, I.J. & LI, Y.J. 1993b. Thresholds in a sensitive landscape: the loess region of central China. In: THOMAS, D.S.G. & ALLISON, R.J. (eds) Landscape Sensitivity. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester and New York, 97-127.
22. _, KEEN, D.H., KEMP, R.A., ROLPH, T.C., SHAW, J. & MENG, X.M. 1995a. Loess-palaeosol sequences as recorders of palaeoclimatic variations during the last glacial-interglacial cycle: some problems of correlation in north-central China. In: DERBYSHIRE, E. (ed.) Wind Blown Sediments in the Quaternary Record. Quaternary Proceedings, 4, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 7-18.
23. _, KEMP, R. & MENG, X.M. 1995b. Variations in loess and palaeosol properties as indicators of palaeoclimatic gradients across the Loess plateau of north China. In: DERBYSHIRE, E. (ed.) Aeolian Sediments in the Quaternary Record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 14, 681-697.
24. _, VAN ASCH, T., BILLARD, A. & MENG, X.M. 1995c. Modelling the erosional susceptibility of landslide catchments in thick loess: Chinese variations on a theme by Jan de Ploey. Catena, 25, 315-331.
25. DIJKSTRA, T.A., DERBYSHIRE, E. & MENG, X.M. 1993. Neotectonics and mass movements in the loess of north-central China. Quaternary Proceedings, 3, 93-110.
26. DING, Z.L., LIU, T.S. & RUTTER, N. 1993. Pedostratigraphy of Chinese loess deposits and climatic cycles in the last 2.5 Ma. Catena, 20, 73-91.
27. _, _, _, YU, Z.W., GOU, Z.T. & ZHU, R.X. 1995. Ice-volume forcing of East Asian winter monsoon variations in the past 800,000 years. Quaternary Research, 44, 149-159.
28. _, RUTTER, N., HAN, J.T. & LIU, T.S. 1992. A coupled environmental system formed at about 2.5 Ma in East Asia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 94, 223-242.
29. DODONOV, A.E. 1986. Anthropogene of South Tadjikistan. Nauka, Moscow, Russia.
30. _ 1991. Loess of central Asia. GeoJournal, 24, 185-194.
31. _ & BAIGUZINA, L.L. 1995. Loess stratigraphy of central Asia: palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental aspects. In: DERBYSHIRE, E. (ed.) Aeolian Sediments in the Quaternary Record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 14, 707-720.
32. _, MELAMED, Y.R. & NIKIFOROVA, K.V. (eds) 1977. Guidebook. International Symposium on the Neogene-Quaternary Boundary. Nauka, Moscow, Russia.
33. DONG, G., ZHU, Z., LI, B. & WANG, G. 1991. On the origin and evolution of the modern gobi-desert in North China. In: LIU, T.S. (ed.) Quaternary Geology and Environment in China. Science Press, Beijing, 34-40.
34. EVANS, M.E. & HELLER, F. 1994. Magnetic enhancement and paleoclimate: study of a loess/paleosol couplet across the Loess Plateau of China. Geophysical Journal International, 117, 252-264.
35. FANG, X.M., LI, J.J., VAN DER VOO, R., MACNIOCAILL, C., DAI, X.R., KEMP, R.A., DERBYSHIRE, E., CAO, J.X., WANG, J.M. & WANG, G. 1997. A record of the Blake Event within the last interglacial paleosol in the western Loess Plateau of China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, in press.
36. FENG, Z.D. 1996. Climatic implications of magnetic susceptibility and 10Be flux in Chinese loess. Catena, 27, 143-147.
37. FORSTER, T. & HELLER, F. 1994. Paleomagnetism of loess deposits from the Tajik depression (central Asia). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 501-512.
38. GOU, Z. & FEDOROFF, N. 1991. Paleoclimatic and stratigraphic implications of the paleosol S1 in the loess sequence in China. In: LIU, T.S. (ed.) Loess, Environment and Global Change. Science Press, Beijing, 187-198.
39. _, _ & AN, Z.S. 1991. Genetic types of the Holocene soil and the Pleistocene palaeosols in the Xifeng loess section in central China. In: LIU, T.S. (ed.) Loess, Environment and Global Change. Science Press, Beijing, 93-11.
40. _, _, _ & LIU, T.S. 1993. Interglacial dustfall and origin of iron oxides-hydroxides in the paleosols of the Xifeng loess section, China. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 2, 91-100.
41. HAN, J.M. 1985. A preliminary study on the clay mineralogy of the loess at Luochuan section. In: LIU, T.S. (ed.) Quaternary Geology and Environment of China. Ocean Press, Beijing, China and Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 93-100.
42. HEINRICH, H. 1988. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research, 29, 142-152.
43. HELLER, F. & EVANS, M.E. 1995. Loess magnetism. Reviews of Geophysics, 33, 211-240.
44. _ & LIU, T.S 1982. Magnetostratigraphic dating of loess deposits in China. Nature, 300, 431-433.
45. _ & _ 1984. Magnetism of Chinese loess deposits. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 77, 125-141.
46. _ & _ 1986. Palaeoclimatic and sedimentary history from magnetic susceptibility of loess in China. Geophysical Research Letters, 13, 1169-1172.
47. _, LIU, X.M., LIU, T.S. & XU, T. 1991. Magnetic susceptibility of loess in China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 103, 301-310.
48. _, SHEN, C.D., BEER, J., LIU, X.M., LIU, T.S., BRONGER, A., SUTER, M. & BONANI, G. 1993. Quantitative estimates of ferrimagnetic mineral formation in Chinese loess and palaeoclimatic implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 114, 385-390.
49. IMBRIE, J., HAYS, J.D., MARTINSON, D.G., MCINTYRE, A., MIX, A., MORLEY, J.J., PISIAS, N.G., PRELL, W. & SHACKLETON, N.J. 1984. The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine δ18O record. In: BERGER, A.L., IMBRIE, J., HAYS, J., KUKLA, G. & SALTZMAN, B. (eds) Milankovitch and Climate. D. Reidel, Hingham, Massachusetts, USA, Part 1, 269-305.
50. KEMP, R.A. 1985. Soil micromorphology and the Quaternary. Quaternary Research Association. Technical Guide 2, Quaternary Research Association, Cambridge, UK.
51. _ 1995. Distribution and genesis of calcitic pedofeatures within a rapidly aggrading loess-paleosol sequence in China. Geoderma, 65, 303-316.
52. _, DERBYSHIRE, E., CHEN, F. & MA, H.Z. 1996. Pedosedimentary development and palaeoenvironmental significanceof the S1 palaeosol on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau. Journal of Quaternary Science, 11, 95-106.
53. _, _ & MENG, X.M. 1997. Micromorphological variation of the S1 pedocomplex across north-west China. Catena, in press.
54. _, _, _, CHEN, F.H. & PAN, B.T. 1995. Pedosedimentary reconstruction of a thick loess-paleosol sequence near Lanzhou in north-central China. Quaternary Research, 43, 30-45.
55. KLETETSCHKA, G. & BANERJEE, S.K. 1995. Magnetic stratigraphy of Chinese loess as a record of natural fires. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 1341-1343.
56. KOCUREK, G. & HAVHOLM, K. 1993. Eolian sequence stratigraphy - a conceptual framework. In: WEIMER, P. & POSAMENTIER, H. (eds) Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoirs 58, 393-409.
57. KUKLA, G. 1987. Loess stratigraphy in central China. Quaternary Science Reviews 6, 191-219.
58. _ & AN, Z.S. 1989. Loess stratigraphy in central China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 72, 203-225.
59. _, _, MELICE, J.L., GAVIN, J. & XIAO, J.L. 1990. Magnetic susceptibility of Chinese loess. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. (Earth Sciences) 81, 263-288.
60. _, HELLER, F., LIU, X.M., XU, T.C., LIU, T.S. & AN, Z.S. 1988. Pleistocene climates in China dated by magnetic susceptibility. Geology, 16, 811-814.
61. LI, J.J. & FENG, Z.D. 1988. Late Quaternary monsoon patterns on the Loess Plateau of China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 143, 125-135.
62. _, ZHU, J.J., KANG, J.C., CHEN, F.H., FANG, X.M., MU, D.F., CAO, J.X., TANG, L.Y., ZHANG, Y.T. & PAN, B.T. 1992. The comparison of Lanzhou loess profile with Vostok ice core in Antarctica over the last glaciation cycle. Science in China (Series B), 35, 476-487.
63. LIN, B., LIU, R. & AN, Z.S. 1991. Preliminary research on stable isotopic compositions of Chinese loess. In: LIU, T.S., DING, Z.L. & GUO, Z.T. (eds) Loess, Environment and Global Change. Science Press, Beijing, China, 124-131.
64. LIU, T.S. 1958. [Preliminary investigation on the loess of Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces in the middle reaches of the Huanghe River]. Quaternaria Sinica, 1, 255-257 [in Chinese].
65. _ (ed.) 1985. Loess and the Environment. Science Press, Beijing.
66. _ & CHANG, T.H. 1964. The 'huangtu' (loess) of China. Report of the Sixth INQUA Congress, Warsaw 1961 4, 503-524.
67. _ & DING, Z.L. 1993. Stepwise coupling of monsoon circulations to global ice volume variations during the late Cenozoic. Global and Planetary Change, 7, 119-130.
68. _ & WANG, K.L. 1964. Some aspects on the Quaternary stratigraphy in North China. In: LIU, T.S. (ed.) On the Quaternary Geology in China. Science Press, Beijing, China, 655-676 (in Chinese).
69. _, AN, Z.S., YUAN, B.Y. & HAN, J.M. 1985. The loess paleosol sequence in China and climatic history. Episodes, 8, 21-28.
70. _ & YUAN, B.Y. 1982. [Quaternary climatic fluctuation - a correlation of records in loess with that of the deep sea core V28-238]. In: Research on Geology-1. Institute of Geology, Academia Sinica (IGAS), Cultural Relics Publishing House, Beijing, 113-121 [in Chinese].
71. _ & _ 1987. Paleoclimatic cycles in Northern China (Luochuan loess section and its environmental implications). In: LIU, T.S. (ed.) Aspects of Loess Research. China Ocean Press, Beijing, 3-26.
72. _, WANG, T.M., WANG, K.L. & WEN, C.C. 1964. [Loess on the middle reaches of the Yellow River]. Science Press, Beijing [in Chinese].
73. _, _, _ & _ 1965. [Loess deposits of China]. Science Press, Beijing, China [in Chinese].
74. _, _, _ & _ 1966. [Composition and texture of the loess]. Science Press, Beijing, China [in Chinese].
75. _, ZHANG, S. & HAN, J.M. 1987. Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental changes in the loess of central China. Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 489-501.
76. LIU, X.M., LIU, T.S., HELLER, F. & XU, T.C. 1990. Frequency dependent susceptibility of loess and Quaternary paleoclimate. Quaternary Sciences, 2, 41-50.
77. _, LIU, T.S., SHAW, J., HELLER, F., XU, T.C. & YUAN, B.Y. 1991. Paleomagnetic and paleoclimatic studies of Chinese loess. In: LIU, T.S. (ed.) Loess, Environment and Global Change. Science Press, Beijing China, 61-81.
78. _, ROLPH, T.C. & BLOEMENDAL, J. 1995. The Citrate-Bicarbonate-Dithionite (CBD) removable magnetic component of Chinese loess. In: DERBYSHIRE, E. (ed.) Wind Blown Sediments in the Quaternary Record. Quaternary Proceedings 4, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 53-58.
79. _, SHAW, J., LIU, T.S. & HELLER, F. 1993. Magnetic susceptibility of the Chinese loess-palaeosol sequence: environmental change and pedogenesis. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 150, 583-588.
80. _, _, _, _ & YUAN, B.Y. 1992. Magnetic mineralogy of Chinese loess and its significance. Geophysical Journal International, 108, 301-308.
81. LU, Y.C. 1981. [Variations of calcium carbonate concentration on the loess sequences and the Pleistocene climatic cycles]. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 2, 122-131 [in Chinese].
82. LYELL, C. 1834. Observations on the loamy deposit called 'loess' of the Basin of the Rhine. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 17, 110-113, 118-120.
83. MAHER, B.A. & THOMPSON, R. 1991. Mineral magnetic record of the Chinese loess and palaeosols. Geology, 19, 3-6.
84. _ & _ 1992. Paleoclimatic significance of the mineral magnetic record of the Chinese loess and paleosols. Quaternary Research, 37, 155-170.
85. _, _ & ZHOU, L.P. 1994. Spatial and temporal reconstruction of changes in the Asian palaeomonsoon: a new mineral magnetic approach. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 125, 461-471.
86. MOLDVAY, L. 1962. On the governing sedimentation from eolian suspension. Acta Universitatis Szegediensis, 14, 75-109.
87. OKADA, M. & NIITSUMA, N, 1989. Detailed paleomagnetic records during the Brunhes-Matuyama paleomagnetic reversal, and a direct determination of depth lag for magnetization in marine sediments. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 56, 133-150.
88. PORTER, S.C. & AN, Z.S. 1995. Correlation between climate events in the North Atlantic and China during the last glaciation. Nature, 375, 305-308.
89. PYE, K. 1987. Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits. Academic Press, London and San Diego.
90. RANOV, V. 1995. The 'Loessic Palaleolithic' in south Tadjikistan, central Asia: its industries, chronology and correlation, In: DERBYSHIRE, E. (ed.) Aeolian Sediments in the Quaternary Record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 14, 731-745.
91. ROLPH, T.C., SHAW, J., DERBYSHIRE, E. & WANG, J.T. 1989. A detailed geomagnetic record from Chinese loess: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 56, 151-164.
92. RÓZYCKI, S.Z. 1991: Loess and loess-like deposits. Ossolineum, The Publishing House of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
93. RUTTER, N. 1992. Presidential Address, XIII INQUA Congress 1991: Chinese loess and Global Change. Quaternary Science Reviews, 11, 275-281.
94. _ & DING, Z.L. 1993. Paleoclimates and monsoon variations interpreted from micromorphogenic features of the Baoji paleosols, China. Quaternary Science Reviews, 12, 853-862.
95. _, _, EVANS, M.E. & LIU, T.S. 1991. Baoji-type pedostratigraphic section, Loess Plateau, north-central China. Quaternary Science Reviews, 10, 1-22.
96. SHACKLETON, N.J., AN, Z., DODONOV, A.E., GAVIN, J., KUKLA, G.J., RANOV, V.A. & ZHOU, L.P. 1995. Accumulation rate of loess in Tadjikistan and China: relationship with global ice volume cycles. In: DERBYSHIRE, E. (ed.) Wind Blown Sediments in the Quaternary Record. Quaternary Proceedings 4, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1-6.
97. SMALLEY, I.J. 1966. The properties of glacial loess and the formation of loess deposits. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 36, 669-676.
98. _ & DERBYSHIRE, E. 1990. The definition of ice sheet and mountain loess. Area, 22, 300-301.
99. _ & SMALLEY, V. 1983. Loess material and loess deposits: formation, distribution and consequences. In: BROOKFIELD, M.E. & AHLBRANDT, T.S. (eds) Eolian Sediments and Processes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 51-68.
100. TAYLOR, S.R., MCLELLAN, S.M. & MCCULLOCH, M.T. 1983. Geochemistry of loess, continental crust composition and crustal model ages. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47, 1897-1905.
101. TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, P. & PIVETEAU, J. 1931. Les mammifères fossils de Nihowan (Chine). Annales de Paléontologie, 19.
102. WANG, H., LIU, C.L. & FOLLMER, L.R. 1995. Climatic trend and habitat variation based on oxygen and carbon isotopes in paleosols from Liujiapo, Shaanxi, China. Paleopedology Newsletter, 11, 21-24.
103. WANG, J.T., DERBYSHIRE, E., MENG, X.M. & MA, J.H. 1991. Natural hazards and geological processes: an introduction to the history of natural hazards in Gansu Province, China. In: LIU, T.S. (ed.) Quaternary Geology and Environment in China. Science Press, Beijing, 285-296.
104. WANG, Y.Y. 1980. [On the stratigraphic problems of the loess on the plateau north of Weihe River, Shaanxi province, in accordance with the palaeomagnetic data]. Geological Review, 26, 141-147 [in Chinese].
105. WEI, L. 1986. A study on heavy minerals in Malan loess. Quaternaria Sinica, 7, 49-56.
106. XIAO, J., PORTER, S.C., AN, Z.S., KUMAI, H. & YOSHIKAWA, S. 1995. Grain size of quartz as an indicator of Winter Monsoon strength on the Loess Plateau of central China during the last 130,000 yr. Quaternary Research, 43, 22-29.
107. XUE, X. 1984. The Quaternary mammalian fossils in the loess area of China. In: SASAJIMA, S. & WANG, Y.Y. (eds) The Recent Research of Loess in China. Kyoto University, Japan and Northwestern University, China, 112-159.
108. YOUNG, C.C. 1934. On the Insectivera, Chiroptera, Rodentia and Primates other than Sinanthropus from Loc. 1 in C.K.T. Palaeontologia Sinica, Series C, 8, Fasc. 3.
109. ZHANG, H.C. 1992. Climatic change and eolian sedimentation and geomorphological processes of loess. Lanzhou University Journal, Supplement 1992, 21-28.
110. ZHANG, J.C. & LIN, Z.G. 1992. Climate of China. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, and New York.
111. ZHANG, X., AN, Z.S., CHEN, T., ZHANG, G., ARIMOTO, R. & RAY, B.J. 1994. Late Quaternary records of the atmospheric input of eolian dust to the center of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quaternary Research, 41, 35-43.
112. ZHENG, H.B., AN, Z.S., SHAW, J. & LIU, T.S. 1991. A detailed terrestrial geomagnetic record for the interval 0-5.0 Ma. In: LIU, T.S. (ed.) Luess, Environment and Global Change. Science Press, Beijing, 147-156.
113. ZHAO, S. & XING, J. 1984. Origin and development of the shamo (sandy deserts) and the gobi (stony deserts) of China. In: WHITE, R.O. (ed.) The Evolution of the East Asian Environment, 1, 230-251.
114. ZHOU, L.P., OLDFIELD, F., WINTLE, A.G., ROBINSON, S.G. & WANG, J.T. 1990. Partly pedogenic origin of magnetic variations in Chinese loess. Nature, 346, 737-739.
115. ZHOU, M.Z., HU, Z.K. & LEE, Y.Q. 1965. Mammalian fossils associated with the hominid skull cap of Lantian. Shaanxi Scientia Sinica, 14.
116. ZHU, R.X., ZHOU, L.P., LAJ, C., MAZAUD, A. & DING, Z.L. 1994. The Blake geomagnetic polarity episode recorded in Chinese loess. Geophysical Research Letters, 21, 697-700.
117. ZHU, X.M., LI, Y.S., PENG, X.L. & ZHENG, S.G. 1983. Soils of the loess region of China. Geoderma, 29, 237-255.
118. ZHU, Z., LIU, S., WU, Z. & DI, X. 1986. Deserts of China. Academia Sinica, Lanzhou, n.p.
119. _ & LU, J. 1991. A study on the formation and development of aeolian landforms and the trend of environmental changes in the lower reaches of the Keriya River, Central Taklimakan Desert. In: JäKEL, D. & ZHU, Z. (eds) Reports on the 1986 Sino-German Kunlun Shan Taklimakan-Expedition. Die Erde, Erg. H 6, 89-97.