Fossil Record and Ecology of Nyssa (Cornaceae)

Botanical Review

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 97-123

  Eyde, Richard H ^b   Manchester, Steven R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CORNACEAE; NYSSA; NYSSACEAE;

CORNACEAE; EOCENE; FOSSIL; NYSSA; OLIGOCENE; PALAEOBOTANY;

ASIA;

EID: 0031429906     PISSN: 00068101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02935928     Document Type: Article

References (247)

1. Ablaev, A. G. & M. A. Akhmetiev. 1977. Bolotninskaya miotsenovaya flora Yuzhnogo Primor'ya i rol' v ee sostave teplolyubivykh elementov. Paleontol. Zh. 1977(1): 134-141, pl. 12. [English translation in Paleontol. J. 11: 124-131.]
2. Ablaev, A. G. & M. A. Akhmetiev. 1977. Bolotninskaya miotsenovaya flora Yuzhnogo Primor'ya i rol' v ee sostave teplolyubivykh elementov. Paleontol. Zh. 1977(1): 134-141, pl. 12. [English translation in Paleontol. J. 11: 124-131.]
3. Akhmetiev, M. A. 1973. Miotsenovaya flora Sikhote Alinya (r. Botchi). Trudy Geol. Inst. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Vyp. 247.
4. Anderson, R. C. & J. White. 1970. A cypress swamp outlier in southern Illinois. Trans. Illinois State Acad. Sci. 63: 6-13.
5. Andreanszky, G. 1959. Die Flora der Sarmatischen Stufe in Ungarn. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. [Page 148: Nyssa hungarica sp. nov. based on one leaf imprint from Nagybarca, north of Eger.]
6. Applequist, M. B. 1959. Soil-site studies of southern hardwoods. Pages 49-63 in P. Y. Burns (ed.), Southern forest soils. Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge.
7. Axelrod, D. I. 1964. The Miocene Trapper Creek flora of southern Idaho. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 51. [Illustrates a coarsely toothed leaf from Trapper Creek as N. hesperia, says the "distinctive seeds of Nyssa have not been found in the Trapper Creek shales."]
8. Baird, J. W. 1980. The selection and use of fruit by birds in an eastern USA forest. Wilson Bull. 92: 63-73.
9. Bandle, B. B. & F. P. Day Jr. 1985. Influence of species, season, and soil on foliar macronutrients in the Great Dismal Swamp. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112: 146-157.
10. Barrows, W. B. & E. A. Schwartz. 1895. The common crow of the United States. U.S.D.A. Bull. No. 6.
11. Bartholomew, B., D. E. Boufford & S. A. Spongberg. 1983. Metasequoia glyptostroboides - its present status in central China. J. Arnold Arbor. 4: 105-128.
12. Beal, F. E. L. 1896. The blue jay and its food. Yearb. Agric. 1896: 197-206. [Nyssa sylvatica is here called N. aquatica.]
13. _. 1911. Food of the woodpeckers of the United States. U.S.D.A. Biol. Surv. Bull. No. 13.
14. _. 1915. Food of the robins and bluebirds of the United States. U.S.D.A. Bull. No. 171.
15. Becker, H. F. 1972. The Metzel Ranch flora of the Upper Ruby River Basin, southwestern Montana. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Palaophytol. 141: 1-61, pls. 1-16.
16. Berger, W. 1952. Die altpliozäne Flora der Congerienschichten von Brunn-Vösendorf bei Wien. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol. 92: 79-121, 5 Beilage.
17. Berry, E. W. 1929. A revision of the flora of the Latah Formation. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap. 154: 225-265.
18. _. 1930. Revision of the Lower Eocene Wilcox flora of the southeastern United States. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap. 156: 1-196.
19. _. 1931. A Miocene flora from Grand Coulee, Washington. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap. 170: 31-42. [Nyssa hesperia, sp. nov.: p. 42 & pl. 13, figs. 9-11.]
20. Brinson, M. M., H. D. Bradshaw, R. N. Holmes & J. B. Elkins Jr. 1980. Litterfall, stemflow and throughfall nutrient fluxes in an alluvial swamp forest. Ecology 61: 827-835.
21. Brown, R. W. 1937a. Additions to some fossil floras from the western United States. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap. 186: 163-205.
22. _. 1937b. Further additions to some fossil floras of the western United States. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 27: 506-517.
23. _. 1962. Paleocene flora of the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap. 375.
24. Budantsev, L. Y. & I. N. Sveshnikova. 1964. Tretichnaya flora Kaliningradskogo poluostrova. Chast' IV. Trudy Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 8, Paleobot. 5: 81-112. [Includes Oligocene leaves and fruits as Nyssa punctata. Mai and Walther (1978) treat the fruits as N. boveyana.]
25. Burckhalter, R. E. 1992. The genus Nyssa (Cornaceae) in North America: a revision. Sida 15: 323-342.
26. Burger Hzn., D. 1972. Seedlings of some tropical shrubs mainly of South East Asia. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen.
27. Burgh, J. van der. 1964. Hölzer der niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation. I. Hölzer der Braunkohlengrube "Anna" zu Haanrade (niederländisch Limburgh). Acta Bot. Neerl. 13: 250-301. [Includes Nyssoxylon haanradense sp. nov.]
28. _. 1988. Some local floras from the Neogene of the lower Rhenish basin. Tertiary Res. 9: 181-212.
29. Bůžek, C. 1960. Nyssa disseminata (Ludwig 1867) Kirchheimer 1934 aus dem Pannon bei Postorná in der Nähe von Breclav (Wiener Becken, Mähren). Vestn. Ustredn. Ustavu Geol. 35: 357-359.
30. _. 1971. Tertiary flora from the northern part of the Petipsy area (North-Bohemian Basin). Rozpr. Ustredn. Ustavu Geol., svazek 36.
31. _ & F. Holy. 1964. Small-sized plant remains from the coal formation of the Chomutov-Most-Teplice Basin. Sborn. Geol. Ved. Rada P, Paleontol. 4: 105-138.
32. _, M. Konzalová, Z. Kvaček & L. Stuchlik. 1982. Paleobotanická data k biostratigrafii a korelaci ulozenin chebské pánve. Acta Montana 60: 49-81.
33. Chandler, M. E. J. 1957. The Oligocene flora of the Bovey Tracey lake basin, Devonshire. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Geol. 3: 71-123, pls. 11-17.
34. _. 1961. The Lower Tertiary floras of southern England. 1. Palaeocene floras; London Clay flora (supplement). British Museum (Natural History), London. [Text and atlas bound separately.]
35. _. 1962. The Lower Tertiary floras of southern England. 2. Flora of the Pipe-Clay Series of Dorset (Lower Bagshot). British Museum (Natural History), London.
36. _. 1963. The Lower Tertiary floras of southern England. 3. Flora of the Bournemouth Beds; the Boscombe, and the Highcliff Sands. British Museum (Natural History), London.
37. Chaney, R. W. & D. I. Axelrod. 1959. Miocene floras of the Columbia Plateau. Part I. Composition and interpretation, by R. W. Chaney. Part II. Systematic considerations, by Chaney and Axelrod. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 617.
38. Christensen, N. L. 1988. Vegetation of the southeastern Coastal Plain. Pages 317-363 in M. G. Barbour & W. D. Billings (eds.). North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge University Press, New York.
39. Chu, K.-L & W. S. Cooper. 1950. An ecological reconnaissance in the native home of Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Ecology 31: 260-278.
40. Clewell, A. F. 1971. The vegetation of the Apalachicola National Forest: an ecological perspective. U.S. Forest Service, Atlanta.
41. Collinson, M. E. 1983. Fossil plants of the London Clay. Palaeontological Association, London. [Says P. multilocularis has ribs "but no fibre bands."]
42. Conner, W. H. & J. W. Day Jr. 1976. Productivity and composition of a bald cypress-water tupelo site in a Louisiana swamp. Amer. J. Bot. 63: 1354-1364.
43. _ & _. 1987. The ecology of Barataria Basin, Louisiana: an estuarine profile. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv. Biol. Rep. 85.
44. _ & _. 1988. Rising water levels in coastal Louisiana: implications for two coastal forested wetland areas in Louisiana. J. Coastal Res. 4: 589-596.
45. Conti, R. S. & P. P. Gunther. 1984. Relations of phenology and seed germination to the distribution of dominant plants in Okefenokee Swamp. Pages 144-179 in A. D. Cohen, D. J. Casagrande, M. J. Andrejko & G. R. Best (eds.), The Okefenokee Swamp: its natural history, geology, and geochemistry. Wetland Surveys, Los Alamos.
46. Coultas, C. L. 1978. Soils of the Apalachicola National Forest wetlands: part 2. Cypress and gum swamps. Proc. Soil Soc. Florida 37: 154-159.
47. Cowan, A. M. & J. M. Cowan. 1929. The trees of northern Bengal. Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta.
48. Crane, P. R. 1984. A re-evaluation of Cercidiphyllum-like plant fossils from the British early Tertiary Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 89: 199-230.
49. _ & R. A. Stockey. 1986. Morphology and development of pistillate inflorescences in extant and fossil Cercidiphyllaceae. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 73: 382-393.
50. Czeczott, H., Z. Zalewska & A. Skirgiello. 1959. Dicotyledones. In H. Czeczott (ed.), The fossil flora of Turow near Bogatynia. Prace Muz. Ziemi 3: 93-112, 121-128, pls. 15-20. [Includes Nyssa disseminata, which are shaped like N. ornithobroma but smaller, and authors do not mention extra chambers. Holy (1975) found N. ornithobroma and no other Nyssa in his Zittau-basin taphocoenose. The above paper also includes ?Nyssa sp., fragments that look like the fruit of N. aquatica - see Eyde, 1963: 350.]
51. Davidar, P. & E. S. Morton. 1986. The relationship between fruit crop sizes and fruit removal rates by birds. Ecology 67: 262-265.
52. Day, F. P., Jr. 1984. Biomass and litter accumulation in the Great Dismal Swamp. Pages 386-392 in K. C. Ewel & H. T. Odum (eds.), Cypress swamps. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
53. DeBell, D. S. & I. D. Auld. 1968. Robins and tupelo in low country swamp. South Carolina Wildlife 15(1): 16.
54. _ & _. 1971. Establishment of swamp tupelo seedlings after regeneration cuts. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Note No. SE-164.
55. _ & D. D. Hook. 1969. Seeding habits of swamp tupelo. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Pap. No. SE-47.
56. _ & A. W. Naylor. 1972. Some factors affecting germination of swamp tupelo seeds. Ecology 53: 504-506.
57. Delcourt, H., D. C. West & P. A. Delcourt. 1981. Forests of the southeastern United States: Quantitative maps for aboveground woody biomass, carbon, and dominance of major tree taxa. Ecology 62: 879-887.
58. Dickson, R. E. & T. C. Broyer. 1972. Effects of aeration, water supply, and nitrogen source on growth and development of tupelo gum and bald cypress. Ecology 53: 626-634.
59. Dilcher, D. L. & J. F. McQuade. 1967. A morphological study of Nyssa endocarps from Eocene deposits in western Tennessee. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 94: 35-40.
60. Donovan, L. A., K. W. McLeod, K. C. Sherrod Jr. & N. J. Stumpff. 1988. Response of woody swamp seedlings to flooding and increased water temperatures: I. Growth, biomass, and survivorship. Amer. J. Bot. 75: 1181-1190.
61. _, N. J. Stumpff & K. W. McLeod. 1989. Thermal flooding injury of woody swamp seedlings. J. Thermal Biol. 14: 147-154.
62. Dorofeev, P. I. 1963a. Tretichnye rasteniya Kazakhstana. Bot. Zh. (Moscow & Leningrad) 48: 170-181. [Includes a Nyssa fruit identified as Nyssa sp. 4-chambered?]
63. _. 1963b. Tretichnye flory Zapadnoi Sibiri. Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk S.S.S.R., Moskva.
64. _. 1963c. O tretichnoi flore g. Svetlogorska Kaliningradskoi Obl. Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 152: 983-984. [Fossil fruits include Nyssa boveyana as N. punctata. See also Budantsev and Sveshnikova (1964), who treat different specimens from Dorofeev's.]
65. _. 1966. Ob oligotsenovoi flore s. Smolinskogo na r. Butke v Zaural'e. Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 168: 683-686. [Nyssa macrocarpa illustrated without discussion.]
66. _. 1969. Miotsenovaya flora Mamontovoi Gory na Aldane. Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," Leningrad. [Includes Nyssa cf. macrocarpa.]
67. Dowhan, J. J. & R. Rozsa. 1989. Flora of Fire Island, Suffolk County, New York. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 116: 265-282.
68. Doyle, J. A., H. E. Schorn, B. H. Tiffney & G. R. Upchurch Jr. 1988. The La Porte flora - earliest Oligocene of north-central California. A field guide for the 1988 meeting of the Paleobotanical Section of the Botanical Society of America.
69. DuBarry, A. P. 1963. Germination of bottomland tree seed while immersed in water. J. Forest. (Washington) 61: 225-226.
70. Ehrenfeld, J. G. & M. Gulick. 1981. Structure and dynamics of hardwood swamps in the New Jersey Pine Barrens: contrasting patterns in trees and shrubs. Amer. J. Bot. 68: 471-481.
71. Elsik, W. C. & D. L. Dilcher. 1974. Palynology and age of clays exposed in Lawrence clay pit, Henry County, Tennessee. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol. 146: 65-87.
72. Eyde, R. H. 1963. Morphological and paleobotanical studies of the Nyssaceae. I. The modern species and their fruits. J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 1-59.
73. _. 1988. Comprehending Cornus: puzzles and progress in the systematics of dogwoods. Bot. Rev. 54: 1-233.
74. _. 1991. Nyssa-like fossil pollen: a case for stabilizing nomenclature. Taxon 40: 75-88.
75. _ & E. S. Barghoorn. 1963. Morphological and paleobotanical studies of the Nyssaceae, II. The fossil record. J. Arnold Arbor. 44: 328-370.
76. _ & Q. Xiang. 1990. Fossil mastixioid (Cornaceae) alive in eastern Asia. Amer. J. Bot. 77: 689-692.
77. _, A. Bartlett & E. S. Barghoorn. 1969. Fossil record of Alangium. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 96: 288-314.
78. Fosberg, F. R. & T. Blunt. 1970. Vernon black gum swamp. Rhodora 72: 280-282.
79. Fowells, H. A. (compiler). 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. No. 271. [Nyssa, pp. 277-286.]
80. Gagné, R. J. 1989. The plant-feeding gall midges of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
81. Geissert, F. & H.-J. Gregor. 1981. Einige interessante und neue sommergrüne Pflanzenelemente (Fruktifikationen) aus dem Elsässer Pliozän (Genera Sabia Colebr., Wikstroemia Endl., Alangium Lam., Nyssa L., Halesia Ellis, Rehderodendron Hu). Mitt. Bad. Landesvereins Naturk. Naturschutz, n.s. 12: 233-239, pls. 13-14.
82. George, J. R. 1989. Raptor watch - 1988. Lancaster County Bird Club Call Notes 1989(Jan-Mar): 7-9. [Southeastern Pennsylvania, 19 September: "Several hundred starlings land in the Black Gum trees near the tower and devour that tree's small purple fruits, virtually stripping the trees bare before continuing their flight."]
83. Givulescu, R. 1968. Ein neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis der fossilen Flora von Corus bei Cluj (Rumänien). Geologie 17: 572-605. [Treatment of Nyssa punctata, p. 582, describes a leaf, but cited figure, labeled "Nyssa sp.," shows impression of a fruit-stone.]
84. _. 1970. Flora Acvitaniana de la Corus (Cluj) (IV). Contr. Bot. Cluj 1970: 337-343. [Table 2 includes Nyssa punctata (leaf, one example) and four examples of Nyssa sp. "semina" (the impression figured in 1968 is likely one of them).]
85. _. 1983. Revision einiger Originale aus M. Staub "Die aquitanische Flora des Zsilthales im Comitate Hunyad." Acta Palaeobot. 22: 77-100.
86. Gomez, M. M. & F. P. Day Jr. 1982. Litter nutrient content and production in the Great Dismal Swamp. Amer. J. Bot. 69: 1314-1321.
87. Gorbunov, M. G. 1962. Ocherk razvitiya tretichnoi flory Zapadnoi Sibiri (po dannym izucheniya ostatkov list'ev). Pages 312-360 & plates 66-75 in Biostratigrafiya mezozoiskikh i tretichnykh otlozhenii Zapadnoi Sibiri. Sredneaziatsk. Nauchno-Issl. Inst. Geol. Mineral. Syr'ya, Vyp. 22.
88. Graham, A. 1963. Systematic revision of the Sucker Creek and Trout Creek Miocene floras of southeastern Oregon. Amer. J. Bot. 50: 921-936.
89. _. 1965. The Sucker Creek and Trout Creek Miocene floras of southeastern Oregon. Kent State Univ. Bull., Res. Ser. 9, No. 12.
90. Gregor, H.-J. 1986. Zur Flora des Randecker Maares (Miozän, Baden-Württemberg). Stuttgarter Beitr. Naturk., Ser. B (Geol. Paläontol.), No. 122.
91. Hammel, B. E & Zamora, N. A. 1990. Nyssa talamancana (Cornaceae): an addition to the remnant Laurasian Tertiary flora of southern Central America. Brittonia 43: 165-170.
92. Hantke, R. 1965. Die fossilen Eichen und Akorne aus der Molasse der Schweiz und von Oehningen (Süd-Baden). Neujahrsbl. Naturforsch. Ges. Zürich, Stück 167. [Pages 56-58: Quercus merianii Heer and Q. nimrodis Unger (late Miocene of Oehningen) reidentified as Nyssa sp. Knobloch (1969) then made the formal combination N. merianii.]
93. Harms, W. R. 1973. Some effects of soil type and water regime on growth of tupelo seedlings. Ecology 54: 188-193.
94. _, H. T. Schreuder, D. D. Hook, C. L. Brown & F. W. Shropshire. 1980. The effects of flooding on the swamp forest in Lake Ocklawaha, Florida. Ecology 61: 1412-1421.
95. Harrington, T. A. 1965. Planting wetland species on upland soil. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Note No. SE-47. [Reprinted same year in Amer. Turpentine-Farmers Assoc. J. 27(12): 10.]
96. Harrington, T. A. 1965. Planting wetland species on upland soil. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Note No. SE-47. [Reprinted same year in Amer. Turpentine-Farmers Assoc. J. 27(12): 10.]
97. Hartz, N. 1909. Bidrag til Danmarks tertiaere og diluviale flora. Danmarks Geol. Undersøg., Ser. 2, No. 20. [Miocene Carpolithus nyssoides reported here is Nyssa ornithobroma (Mai & Walther, 1978).]
98. Heer, O. 1863. On the fossil flora of Bovey Tracey. Philos. Trans. 152: 1039-1086, pls. 55-71. [Includes fruits assigned to Nyssa europaea Unger and to three new Nyssa species. All are Symplocos (Chandler, 1957).]
99. _. 1869. Miocene baltische Flora. Beitr. Naturk. Preussens 2. [Nyssapunctata sp. nov., p. 41 & pl. 9.]
100. Hemmerly, T. E., A. A. Forsythe & M. L. Womack. 1979. Black gum - exclusive host of mistletoe in Lawrence County, Tennessee? J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 54: 88-89.
101. Hook, D. D. 1984. Adaptations to flooding with fresh water. Pages 265-294 in T. T. Kozlowski (ed.), Flooding and plant growth. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.
102. _ & C. L. Brown. 1973. Permeability of the cambium to air in trees adapted to wet habitats. Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 133: 304-310.
103. _ & D. S. DeBell. 1970. Factors influencing stump sprouting of swamp and water tupelo seedlings. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Pap. No. SE-57.
104. _ & J. Stubbs. 1967. Physiographic seed source variation in tupelo gums grown in various water regimes. Conf. Forest Tree Improv. 9: 61-64.
105. _, C. L. Brown & P. P. Kormanik. 1970a. Lenticel and water root development of swamp tupelo under various flooding conditions. Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 131: 217-224.
106. _, J. Stubbs & C. L. Brown. 1970b. Effect of water regimes on the survival, growth, and morphology of tupelo seedlings. Forest Sci. 16: 304-311.
107. _, _ & _. 1971. Inductive flood tolerance in swamp tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora (Walt.) Sarg.). J. Exp. Bot. 22: 78-89.
108. _, O. G. Langdon & W. A. Hamilton. 1973. The swamp and its water nymph. Amer. Forests 79.
109. Horn, H. S. 1971. The adaptive geometry of trees. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
110. _. 1975. Forest succession. Sci. Amer. 232: 90-98.
111. Hosner, J. F., A. R. Dickson & J. B. Hart Jr. 1965. Effects of varying soil moisture upon the nutrient uptake of four bottomland tree species. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 29: 313-316.
112. Huenneke, L. F. & R. R. Sharitz. 1986. Microsite abundance and the distribution of woody seedlings in a South Carolina cypress-tupelo swamp. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 115: 328-335.
113. _ & _. 1990. Substrate heterogeneity and regeneration of a swamp tree, Nyssa aquatica. Amer. J. Bot. 77: 413-419.
114. Iljinskaya, I. A. 1974. Nyssidium. Pages 123-124 & pl. 53 in A. L. Takhtajahn (ed.), Iskopaemye tsvetkovye rasteniya S.S.S.R., Tom 1, Magnoliaceae-Eucommiaceae. Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," Leningrad.
115. Kalmbach, E. R. 1918. The crow and its relation to man. U.S.D.A. Bull. No. 621.
116. Keeley, J. E. 1979. Population differentiation along a flood frequency gradient: physiological adaptations to flooding in Nyssa sylvatica. Ecol. Monogr. 49: 89-108.
117. _. 1980. Endomycorrhizae influence growth of blackgum seedlings in flooded soils. Amer. J. Bot. 67: 6-9.
118. _ & E. H. Franz. 1979. Alcoholic fermentation in swamp and upland populations of Nyssa svlvatica: temporal changes in adaptive strategy. Amer. Naturalist 113: 587-592.
119. Kelber, K.-P. & H.-J. Gregor. 1987. Makrofloren aus dem Tertiär der Langen Rhön: Erste Ergebnisse von Neuaufsammlungen. Doc. Nat. 41: 11-13.
120. Kessler, G. D., J. T. May & D. D. Hook. 1970. Soil-tree growth relationships in an upper Coastal Plain swamp. Pages 475-476 in Tree growth and forest soils. Proceedings of the third North American Forest Soils Conference. University of Oregon Press, Corvalis.
121. Kirchheimer, F. 1938. Umbelliflorae: Cornaceae. Pars 23 in W. Jongmans (ed.), Fossilium Catalogus II: Plantae. W. Junk, 'sGravenhage.
122. _, 1949. Die Symplocaceen der erdgeschichtlichen Vergangenheit. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol. 90: 1-52, pls. 1, 2.
123. _. 1957. Die Laubgewachse der Braunkohlenzeit. W. Knapp, Halle (Salle).
124. Klawitter, R. A. 1964. Water tupelos like it wet. S. Lumberman 209: 108-109.
125. Knobloch, E. 1969. Tertiäre Floren von Mähren. Moravske Museum Brno in Zusammenarbeit dem Musejni Spolek Brno.
126. _. 1986. Megasporen, Früchte und Samen aus dem südböhmischen Neogen. Cas. Mineral. Geol. 31: 255-265.
127. _ & D. H. Mai. 1986. Monographie der Früchte und Samen in der Kreide von Mitteleuropa. Vydal Ústřední ústav geologický, 47: 1-219.
128. Koch, B. E. & W. L. Friedrich. 1970. Geologisch-paläobotanische Untersuchung der miozänen Braunkohlen bei Fasterholt in Jütland, Dänemark. Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark 20: 169-191. [See fig. 10 for Nyssa stones. Mai and Walther (1978) identify them (all?) as N. ornithobroma.]
129. Kokawa, S. 1965. Fossil endocarp of Davidia in Japan. J. Biol. Osaka City Univ. 16: 45-51.
130. Kolakovskii, A. A. 1955. Pliotsenovaya flora Meore Atara. Trudy Sukhumsk. Bot. Sada 8: 209-302.
131. _. 1957. Pervoe dopolnenie k kodorskoi pliotsenovoi flore (Meore-Atara). Trudy Sukhumsk. Bot. Sada 10: 235-318. [A fragmentary leaf imprint identified as Nyssa europaea, apparently untoothed, is illustrated here with a drawing and later (Kolakovskii, 1964) with a photograph.]
132. _. 1964. Pliotsenovaya flora Kodora. Sukhumsk. Bot. Sad Monogr. No. 1. [Reassigned the toothed leaf and unridged (!) fruit here called Nyssa cf. uniflora (N. uniflora is a later synonym of N. aquatica) to N. europaea Unger despite the fact that Unger's (1866) leaves are toothless.]
133. Kornilova, V. S. & G. S. Rayushkina. 1970. Pozdnepaleogenovaya flora reki Bukhtarmy. Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 190: 181-183.
134. Krasilov, V. A. 1976. Tsagayanskaya flora Amurskoi oblasti. Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," Moskva.
135. _ & G. G. Martinson. 1982. Plody iz verkhnemelovykh otlozhenii Mongolii. Paleontol. Zh. 1982(1): 113-121 . [Translated to English in Paleontol. J. 16(1): 110-118. Includes Nyssoidea mongolica sp. nov., twice as big as Chandler's Nyssoidea.]
136. _ & G. G. Martinson. 1982. Plody iz verkhnemelovykh otlozhenii Mongolii. Paleontol. Zh. 1982(1): 113-121 . [Translated to English in Paleontol. J. 16(1): 110-118. Includes Nyssoidea mongolica sp. nov., twice as big as Chandler's Nyssoidea.]
137. Kräusel, R. & H. Weyland. 1954. Kritische Untersuchung zur Kutikularanalyse Tertiär Blätter. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol. 96: 106.
138. Krishtofovich, A. N. & T. N. Baikovskaya. 1965. Sarmatskaya flora Krynki. Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," Moskva. [Name Nyssa yertumni Unger used for three toothless leaves and for two fruit-stones resembling those of N. aquatica.]
139. Kvaček, Z. & C. Bůžek. 1972. Nyssa-leaves from the Tertiary of Central Europe. Cas. Mineral. Geol. 17: 373-382.
140. _ & H. Walther. 1981. Studium über "Quercus" cruciata Al. Braun und analoge Blattformen aus den Tertiär Europas. Acta Palaeobot. 21: 77-99. [Pages 78-82 discuss Nyssa altenburgensis Walther & Kvaček.]
141. Lafontaine, J. D. 1973. Eastern North American species of Antispila (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae) feeding on Nyssa and Cornus. Canad. Entomol. 105: 991-994.
142. Lancaster, R. 1987. Garden plants for connoisseurs. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
143. Lancucka-Srodoniowa, M. 1984. The results obtained hitherto in studies on the Miocene macroflora from the salt-mine at Wieliczka (S. Poland). Acta Palaeobot. 24(1 & 2): 3-26.
144. Landers, J. L., R. J. Hamilton, A. S. Johnson & R. L. Marchinton. 1979. Foods and habitat of black bears in southeastern North Carolina. J. Wildlife Managem. 43: 143-153.
145. Langdon, O. G., D. S. DeBell & D. D. Hook. 1978. Diameter growth of swamp tupelo: seasonal pattern and relation to water table level. Pages 326-333 in C. A. Hollis & A. E. Squillace (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth North American Forest Biology Workshop. University of Florida, Gainesville.
146. Laundrie, J. F. & J. S. McKnight. 1969. Butt swells of water tupelo for pulp and paper. U.S.D.A. Forest Serv. Res. Pap. No. FPL-119.
147. Lemoigne, Y. 1975. Sur l'apparition et l'origine des Angiospermes. Compt. Rend. 100e Congr. Natl. Soc. Savantes, Sect. Sci., Fasc. 2 (Biol.): 99-111. [Based largely on outdated literature.]
148. Mabbott, D. C. 1929. Food habits of seven species of American shoal-water ducks. U.S.D.A. Bull. No. 862.
149. MacGinitie, H. D. 1941. A Middle Eocene flora from the central Sierra Nevada. Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. No. 534. [Nyssa californica sp. nov., p. 152. Impression of fruit-stone is labeled holotype; associated leaf is labeled paratype.]
150. _. 1962. The Kilgore flora. A late Miocene flora from northern Nebraska. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 35: 67-157. [The two (of nine) illustrated specimens of Nyssa copeana show scarcely any venation.]
151. Mädel, E. 1959. Ein fossiles Nyssa-Holz aus Japan, Nyssoxylon naponicum, n. g., n. sp. Senckenberg. Leth. 40: 211-222.
152. Mai, D. H. 1964. Die Mastixioideen-Floren im Tertiär der Oberlausitz. Paläontol. Abh., Abt. B, Paläobot., Band 2, Heft 1. [Fossils herein called Palaeonyssa macrocarpa are later (e.g., Mai & Gregor, 1982) assigned to Nyssa ornithobroma.]
153. _. 1965. Eine pliozane Flora von Kranichfeld in Thüringen. Abh. Zentr. Geol. Inst. 1: 37-64, pls. 3-5.
154. _. 1970a. Neue Arten ins tertiären Lorbeerwäldern in Mitteleuropa (vorlaufige Mitteilung). Feddes Repert. 81: 347-370.
155. _. 1970b. Subtropische Elemente im europäischen Tertiär I. Paläontol. Abh., Abt. B, Paläobot. 3: 441-503, pls. 58-69.
156. _. 1973. Die Revision der Originale von R. Ludwig 1857-ein Beitrag zur Flora des unteren Villafranchien. Acta Palaeobot. 14(2): 89-117.
157. _. 1976. Fossile Früchte und Samen aus dem Mitteleozän des Geiseltales. Abh. Zentr. Geol. Inst. 26: 93-149, pls. 1-7.
158. _ & H.-J. Gregor. 1982. Neue und interessante Arten aus dem Miozän von Salzhausen im Vogelsberg. Feddes Repert. 93: 405-435, pls. 17-19. [Includes an emended diagnosis of Nyssa ornithobroma. Leaves that Unger (1860) called Quercus gmelinii A. Br. are listed (tab. 2) as Nyssa sp. Fruits that he called N. europaea are here as Symplocos lignitarum.]
159. _ & I. Petrescu. 1983. Eine neue Rehderodendron-Art (Styracaceae) aus dem oberen Pliozän des Baraolt-Beckens (SR Rumänien). Z. Geol. Wiss. Berlin 11: 915-925.
160. _ & H. Walther. 1969. Über eine neue Tertiärflora im Braunkohlentagebau Haselbach bei Altenburg. (Vorläufige Mitteilung). Abh. Staatl. Mus. Mineral. Geol. 13: 71-84.
161. _ & _. 1978. Die Floren der Haselbacher Serie im Weisselster-Becken (Bezirk Leipzig, DDR). Abh. Staatl. Mus. Mineral. Geol. 28: 1-200.
162. _ & _. 1983. Die fossilen Floren des Weisselster-Beckens und seiner Randgebiete. Hallesches Jahrb. Geowiss. 8: 59-74. [Nyssa ("Ficus") truncata listed for the Miocene Brandis site, p. 73.]
163. Manchester, S. R. 1994. Fruits and seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds flora, Clarno Formation, north central Oregon. Palaeontographica Americana 58: 1-205.
164. Martin, A. C., H. S. Zim & A. L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants. McGraw-Hill, New York.
165. McKenney, T. C. 1967. Differentiation of sterile specimens of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. and Diospyros virginiana L. Castanea 32: 186-189.
166. McLean, R. C. & W. R. Ivimey-Cook. 1967. Textbook of theoretical botany. Vol. 3. John Wiley, New York.
167. Mehra, P. N. 1976. Cytology of Himalayan hardwoods. Sree Saraswaty Press, Calcutta. [Passages on Nyssa, pp. 105-107, are from K. S. Bawa's doctoral thesis, part of which is deposited with N. javanica specimens at US.]
168. _, K. S. Bawa, P. K. Khosla & A. S. Hans. 1983 [1985]. Floristic account of some forest types of the Eastern Himalayas. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 25: 1-18.
169. Michaux, F.-A. 1812. Histoire des arbres forestiers de l'Amerique septentrionale. Vol. 2. L. Haussmann, Paris. [The "Nyssa aquatica" of this work is N. sylvatica.]
170. Miki, S. 1956. Endocarp remains of Alangiaceae, Cornaceae and Nyssaceae in Japan. J. lnst. Polytechn. Osaka City Univ., Ser. D, Biol. 7: 275-295.
171. _. 1968. Paleodavidia, synonym of Melliodendron, and fossil remains in Japan. Bull. Mukogawa Women's Univ. 16: 287-291. [In Japanese with English abstract.]
172. Musselman, L. J. 1972. Root parasitism of Macranthera flammea and Tomanthera auriculata (Scrophulariaceae). J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 88: 58-60.
173. _ & W. F. Mann Jr. 1979a. Notes on seed germination and parasitism of seedlings of Buckleva distichophylla (Santalaceae). Castanea 44: 108-113.
174. _ & _. 1979b. Haustorial frequency of some root parasites in culture. New Phytol. 83: 479-483.
175. Neely, D. 1959. A tupelo canker caused by Botrsosphaeria ribis. (Abstract.) Phytopathology 49: 547.
176. Niering, W. A. & R. H. Goodwin. 1962. Ecological studies in the Connecticut Arboretum Natural Area. I. Introduction and a survey of vegetation types. Ecology 43: 41-54.
177. Nixon, E. S., L. F. Chambless & J. L. Malloy. 1973. Woody vegetation of a palmetto area in east Texas. Texas J. Sci. 24: 535-531.
178. _, J. W. Higgins, P. L. Blanchette & F. A. Roth. 1980. Woody vegetation of a wet creek branch in east Texas. Texas J. Sci. 32: 337-342.
179. _, J. Matos & R. S. Hansen. 1987. The response of woody vegetation to a topographic gradient in eastern Texas. Texas J. Sci. 39: 367-376.
180. Palamarev, E. 1961. Materiali po prouchvane na tertsiernata flora ot Samokovsko. Izv. Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 8: 175-208. [Includes impressions labeled Nyssa sp.; Mai and Walther (1978) identify them as N. ornithobroma.]
181. _. 1963. Fosilnata flora na Pirinskiya v"glenosen tertsier. Izv. Bot. Inst. (Sofia) 11: 69-101.
182. Palibin, I. V. & V. I. Grubov. 1956. Nyssaceae. Pages 151-153 in A. N. Krishtofovich (ed.), Oligotsenovaya flora gory Ashutas v Kazakhstane. Trudy Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Ser. 8, Paleobot, Vyp. 1. [Nyssa zaisanica Grubov sp. nov. based on leaf impressions. Vikulin and Pnëva (1986, note 4) reidentify one of the leaves - but not the type - as Symplocos. Fruit-stones here called N. disseminata are now N. ornithobroma (Mai & Walther, 1978).
183. Penfound, W. T. 1934. Comparative structure of the wood in the "knees," swollen bases, and normal trunks of the tupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica L.). Amer. J. Bot. 21: 623-631.
184. Pergande, T. 1904. North American Phylloxerinae affecting Hicoria (Carya) and other trees. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. 9: 185-273.
185. Petrescu, I. 1970. Nyssoxylon romanicum n. sp. in oligocenul din NV României. Contri. Bot. Cluj 1970: 331-335.
186. _. 1978. Studiul lemnelor fosile din oligocenul din nord-vestul Transilvaniei. Mem. Inst. Geol. Geophys. 27: 113-184. [Includes a lightly revised description and discussion of Nyssoxylon romanicum.]
187. Pezheshki, S. R., W. H. Patrick Jr., R. D. DeLaune & E. D. Moser. 1989. Effects of waterlogging and salinity interaction on Nyssa aquatica seedlings. Forest Ecol. Managern. 27(1): 41-52.
188. Pingen, M. 1987. Eine miozäne Frucht- und Samenflora aus Kreuzau bei Düren. Doc. Nat. 41: 14-18, pls. 5, 6.
189. Platt, W. J. & S. M. Hermann. 1986. Relationships between dispersal syndrome and characteristics of populations of trees in a mixed-species forest. Pages 309-321 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (eds.), Frugivores and seed dispersal. W. Junk, Dordrecht.
190. Potter, F. W., Jr. 1976. Investigations of angiosperms from the Eocene of southeastern North America: pollen assemblages from Miller Pit, Henry County, Tennessee. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol. 157: 44-96.
191. Prakash, U. & E. S. Barghoorn. 1961. Miocene fossil woods from the Columbia basalts of central Washington, II. J. Arnold Arbor. 42: 347-362.
192. Purtseladze, Kh. N. & E. A. Tsagareli. 1974. Meoticheskaya flora yugo-zapadnoi Gruzii. Trudy Geol. Inst. Akad. Nauk Gruzinsk. SSR, n.s., Vyp. 45. [Nyssa leaves reported as N. longifolia Usnadze & E. Tsagareli sp. nov. and N. punctata, Nyssa pollen as N. inqentipollinia and Nyssa aff. aquatica.]
193. Reid, C. M. & E. M. Reid. 1915. The Pliocene floras of the Dutch-Prussian border. Meded. Rijksopsp. Delfstoffen 6: 1-178.
194. Reid, E. M. 1927 [1930]. Tertiary fruits and seeds from Saint Tudy (Finistere). Bull. Soc. Geol. Minéral. Bretagne 8: 36-65.
195. _ & M. E. J. Chandler. 1933. The London Clay flora. British Museum (Natural History), London.
196. Reissinger, A. 1950. Die "Pollenanalyse" ausgedehnt auf alle Sedimentgesteine der geologischen Vergangenheit. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Paläophytol. 90: 99-126.
197. _. 1952. Uber den Ursprung der Angiospermen. Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Bayreuth. [Pages 11-12 correct author's earlier report of cf. Nyssa.]
198. Ross, M. S., T. L. Sharik & D. W. Smith. 1982. Age-structure relationships of tree species in an Appalachian oak forest in southwest Virginia. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 109: 287-298.
199. Rothrock, J. T. 1897. Nyssa sylvatica gum tree, tupelo, pepperidge, black gum, sour gum. Forest Leaves 6: 8-9.
200. Rüffle, L. 1963. Die obermiozäne (sarmatische) Flora vom Randecker Maar. Paläontol. Abh., Band 1, Heft 3.
201. Rykiel, E. J., Jr. 1984. Okefenokee Swamp watershed: water balance and nutrient budgets. Pages 374-385 in K. C. Ewel & H. T. Odum (eds.), Cypress swamps. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
202. Sakai, A. & C. J. Weiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. Ecology 54: 118-126.
203. Samylina, V. A. 1968. Early Cretaceous angiosperms of the Soviet Union based on leaf and fruit remains. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 61: 207-218, 1 Pl.
204. Schneck, J. 1884. Notes on Phoradendron flavescens, Nutt. II. Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 9: 101-103. [P. flavescens is now P. serotinum. See M. C. Johnston, Southw. Naturalist 2: 45-47 (1957).]
205. Schneck, J. 1884. Notes on Phoradendron flavescens, Nutt. II. Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 9: 101-103. [P. flavescens is now P. serotinum. See M. C. Johnston, Southw. Naturalist 2: 45-47 (1957).]
206. Schneider, R. L. & R. R. Sharitz. 1988. Hydrochory and regeneration in a bald cypress-water tupelo swamp forest. Ecology 69: 1055-1063.
207. Scott, M. L., R. R. Sharitz & L. C. Lee. 1985. Disturbance in a cypress-tupelo wetland: an interaction between thermal loading and hydrology. Wetlands 5: 53-68.
208. Scott, R. A. 1954. Fossil fruits and seeds from the Eocene Clarno Formation of Oregon. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, 96: 66-97, pls. 15-16.
209. Sharitz, R. R., R. W. Dyer, N. C. Martin, C. E. Mitchell & R. L. Schneider. 1986. Effects of SRP cooling water discharges on regeneration of floodplain forests. Pages 1-94 in Comprehensive cooling water study. Vol. 1: Wetlands. Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken.
210. _, J. E. Irwin & E. J. Christy. 1974. Vegetation of swamps receiving reactor effluents. Oikos 25: 7-13.
211. Silker, T. H. 1948. Planting of water-tolerant trees along margins of fluctuating-level reservoirs. Iowa State Coll. J. Sci. 22: 431-447.
212. Sinclair, W. A., H. H. Lyon & W. T. Johnson. 1987. Diseases of trees and shrubs. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
213. Small, J. K. 1927. A new Nyssa from Florida. Torreya 27: 92-93. [N. ursina sp. nov.]
214. Smiley, C. J. 1963. The Ellensburg flora of Washington. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 35:159-276. [Includes Nyssa copeana.]
215. _, J. Gray & L. M. Huggins. 1975. Preservation of Miocene fossils in unoxidized lake deposits, Clarkia, Idaho. J. Paleontol. 49: 833-844.
216. Stachurska A., S. Dyjor, M. Kordysz & A. Sadowska. 1971. Charakterystyka paleobotaniczna mlodotrzeciorzedowych osado'w w Gozdnicy na Dolnym Slasku. Roczn. Polsk. Towar. Geol. 41: 359-386, pls. 12-19.
217. Stiles, E. W. 1982. Fruit flags: two hypotheses. Amer. Naturalist 120: 500-509.
218. _ & D. W. White. 1986. Seed deposition patterns: influence of season, nutrients, and vegetation structure. Pages 45-54 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (eds.), Frugivores and seed dispersal. W. Junk, Dordrecht.
219. Stubbs, J. 1973. Atlantic oak-gum-cypress. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 271: 89-93.
220. Suzuki, M. 1975. Two new species of nyssaceous fossil woods from the Palaeogene of Japan. J. Jap. Bot. 50: 228-238, pls. 3, 4. [Camptotheca kyushuensis (Oligocene) and Nyssaxylon ishikariense (Eocene).]
221. _. 1985. A revision of the Tertiary fossil wood study in Japan. Proc. Jap. Soc. Pl. Taxon. 5(3): 56-66. [In Japanese.]
222. Tanai, T. 1977. Fossil leaves of the Nyssaceae from the Miocene of Japan. J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ., Ser. 4, Geol. Mineral. 17: 505-516.
223. _ & N. Suzuki. 1963. Miocene floras of southwestern Hokkaido, Japan. Pages 9-149 & pls. 1-27 in Tertiary floras of Japan: Miocene floras. Collaborating Association to Commemorate the 80th Anniversary of the Geological Survey of Japan, Tokyo.
224. Tiffney, B. H. 1994. Re-evaluation of the age of the Brandon Lignite (Vermont, USA) based on plant megafossils. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 82: 299-315.
225. _ & K. K. Haggard. 1996. Fruits of Mastixioideae (Cornaceae) from the Paleogene of western North America. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 92: 29-54.
226. Toole, E. R. 1962. Tupelo lesion caused by Fusarium solani. Pl. Disease Reporter 46: 732-733.
227. Tralau, H. 1965. Halesia cf. carolina L. (Styracaceae) im oberen Pliozän von Weilerswist im Westdeutscheland. Bot. Not. 118: 171-176.
228. Unger, F. 1847. Chloris protogaea. W. Engelmann, Leipzig. [Parts were published before 1847. See F. A. Stafleu & R. S. Cowan, Taxonomic Literature, Ed. 2, Vol. 6 (1986). "Nyssa europea Ung. Chlor. protog. inedit." listed on page LXXXI. Accompanying note in Latin shows that Unger planned to fix the name formally to fruits and leaves from southern Styria. He later (1850) changed his mind.]
229. Unger, F. 1847. Chloris protogaea. W. Engelmann, Leipzig. [Parts were published before 1847. See F. A. Stafleu & R. S. Cowan, Taxonomic Literature, Ed. 2, Vol. 6 (1986). "Nyssa europea Ung. Chlor. protog. inedit." listed on page LXXXI. Accompanying note in Latin shows that Unger planned to fix the name formally to fruits and leaves from southern Styria. He later (1850) changed his mind.]
230. _. 1850. Genera et species plantarum fossilium. W. Braumüller, Wien. [Pages 425, 426 contain validating descriptions of the fruit-stones Nyssa europaea and N. aspera from Nidda (= Salzhausen). Nyssa aspera turned out to be Stratiotes (Kirchheimer, 1957).]
231. _. 1860. Sylloge plantarum fossilium I. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Denkschr. 19: 1-48, pls. 1-21. [Includes illustrated fruits assigned to Nyssa europaea and to three new species: N. ornithobroma, N. stiriaca, N. vertumni. The N. europaea specimens belong to Symplocos, and N. stiriaca is not well enough preserved to be identified (Kirchheimer, 1938, 1957).]
232. _. 1866. Sylloge plantarum fossilium III. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. X1., Denkschr. 25: 1-76, pls. 1-24. [Illustrates Nyssa europaea (Symplocos) fruits again with the first figures and description of N. europaea leaves.]
233. Uphof, J. C. T. 1931. Die amerikanischen Nyssa-Arten. Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. 43: 2-16.
234. Vaudois-Mieja, N. 1983. Extension paleogeographique en Europe de l'actuel genre asiatique Rehderodendron Hu (Styracacees). Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci., Sér. 2, 296: 125-130.
235. Vikulin, S. V. & G. P. Pneva [Pneva]. 1986. Nyssa zhilinii (Nyssaceae) - novyi tretichnyi vid iz Pasekovo (Srednerusskaya Vozvyshennost') i Ashutasa (vostochnyi Kazakhstan). Bot. Zh. (Leningrad) 71: 1266-1270. [Ashutas site is late Oligocene; Pasekovo is early Oligocene.]
236. Vogelmann, H. W. 1976. An unusual black gum swamp in Maine. Rhodora 78: 326-327.
237. Watt, A. D. 1971. Validation of names of species of fossil plants described by R. W. Brown in 1962. Taxon 20: 639-640.
238. Weber, O. 1852. Die Tertiärflora der Niederrheinischen Braunkohlenformation. Palaeontographica 2: 115-285, pls. 18-25. [New here based on fruit-stones: Nyssa maxima, N. obovata, N. rugosa. Nyssa rugosa is now known to be Mastixia; the others are remains of Styrax (Kirchheimer, 1957).]
239. Wen, J. & T. F. Stuessy. 1993. The phytogeny and biogeography of Nyssa (Cornaceae). Syst. Bot. 18: 68-79.
240. Wharton, C. H. 1970. The southern river swamp - a multiple-use environment. Georgia State University, Atlanta.
241. _, W. M. Kitchens, E. C. Pendleton & T. W. Sipe. 1982. The ecology of bottomland hardwood swamps of the southeast: a community profile. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Washington.
242. Wheeler, E. F., R. A. Scott & E. S. Barghoorn. 1978. Fossil dicotyledonous woods from Yellowstone National Park, II. J. Arnold Arbor. 59: 1-25. [Includes Nyssa saximontana sp. nov. Age: late early to early middle Eocene. Wheeler assures me that "Nyssoxylon" in a figure caption is an error that escaped proofreaders.]
243. Willson, M. F. & W. G. Hoppes. 1986. Foliar 'flags' for avian frugivores: signal or serendipity? Pages 55-69 in A. Estrada & T. H. Fleming (eds.), Frugivores and seed dispersal. W. Junk, Dordrecht.
244. Wolfe, J. A. 1966. Tertiary plants from the Cook Inlet region, Alaska. U.S. Geol. Surv. Profess. Pap. 398-B: 1-32.
245. _ & W. Wehr. 1987. Middle Eocene dicotyledonous plants from Republic, northeastern Washington. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1597.
246. Zeller-Igali, L. 1955. Eger-Tihamér éS környéke középso-Miocén flórája. Pages 16-20, 153-156 & pls. 3-5 in G. Andreánszky & E. Kovács-Sonkodi, A hazai fiatalabb harmadidoszaki flórák.
247. Zhilin, S. G. 1974. Tretichnye flory Ustyurta. Izdatel'stvo "Nauka," Leningrad. [Nyssa sp. (fruit remains): p. 63 & pl. 27, figs. 3, 4.]