Class and environmental history: Lessons from "The war in the adirondacks"

Environmental History

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 1997, Pages

  Jacoby, Karl ^a  

^a OBERLIN COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL STUDY;

EID: 0031427918     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3985353     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Adirondack News (St. Regis Falls, N.Y.), 10 October 1903, 2. For more on events during this time, see also Utica Observer, 29 September 1903, 3; 30 September 1903, 5; Albany Evening Journal, 29 September 1903, 1; and New York Herald, 25 September 1903, 5. For more on Dexter, see A Biographical Sketch of Orrando Perry Dexter (n.p., n.d.), located in the New York Public Library.
2. Adirondack News (St. Regis Falls, N.Y.), 10 October 1903, 2. For more on events during this time, see also Utica Observer, 29 September 1903, 3; 30 September 1903, 5; Albany Evening Journal, 29 September 1903, 1; and New York Herald, 25 September 1903, 5. For more on Dexter, see A Biographical Sketch of Orrando Perry Dexter (n.p., n.d.), located in the New York Public Library.
3. Adirondack News (St. Regis Falls, N.Y.), 10 October 1903, 2. For more on events during this time, see also Utica Observer, 29 September 1903, 3; 30 September 1903, 5; Albany Evening Journal, 29 September 1903, 1; and New York Herald, 25 September 1903, 5. For more on Dexter, see A Biographical Sketch of Orrando Perry Dexter (n.p., n.d.), located in the New York Public Library.
4. Adirondack News (St. Regis Falls, N.Y.), 10 October 1903, 2. For more on events during this time, see also Utica Observer, 29 September 1903, 3; 30 September 1903, 5; Albany Evening Journal, 29 September 1903, 1; and New York Herald, 25 September 1903, 5. For more on Dexter, see A Biographical Sketch of Orrando Perry Dexter (n.p., n.d.), located in the New York Public Library.
5. Adirondack News (St. Regis Falls, N.Y.), 10 October 1903, 2. For more on events during this time, see also Utica Observer, 29 September 1903, 3; 30 September 1903, 5; Albany Evening Journal, 29 September 1903, 1; and New York Herald, 25 September 1903, 5. For more on Dexter, see A Biographical Sketch of Orrando Perry Dexter (n.p., n.d.), located in the New York Public Library.
6. Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984); David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Herbert Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History (New York: Vintage Books, 1977).
7. Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984); David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Herbert Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History (New York: Vintage Books, 1977).
8. Sean Wilentz, Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984); David Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865-1925 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Herbert Gutman, Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History (New York: Vintage Books, 1977).
9. Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 6. Cronon includes a discussion of the Populists and Grangers toward the end of his book. See Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 360-69. See also the symposium on Natures Metropolis in Antipode 26 (1994), especially Cronon's response to his critics, "On Totalization and Turgidity," 166-76.
10. Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 6. Cronon includes a discussion of the Populists and Grangers toward the end of his book. See Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 360-69. See also the symposium on Natures Metropolis in Antipode 26 (1994), especially Cronon's response to his critics, "On Totalization and Turgidity," 166-76.
11. Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 6. Cronon includes a discussion of the Populists and Grangers toward the end of his book. See Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 360-69. See also the symposium on Natures Metropolis in Antipode 26 (1994), especially Cronon's response to his critics, "On Totalization and Turgidity," 166-76.
12. Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 6. Cronon includes a discussion of the Populists and Grangers toward the end of his book. See Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 360-69. See also the symposium on Natures Metropolis in Antipode 26 (1994), especially Cronon's response to his critics, "On Totalization and Turgidity," 166-76.
13. The most trenchant discussion of holism and its relation to environmental history can be found in William Cronon's "Modes of Prophecy and Production: Placing Nature in History," Journal of American History 76 (1990): 1128-29.
14. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, rev. ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), 21, 171; Roderick Nash, "The Value of Wilderness," Environmental Review 3 (1977): 14-25, and Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967). For a discussion of the development of environmental history as a discipline, see Richard White, "American Environmental History: The Development of a New Historical Field," Pacific Historical Review 54 (1985): 297-335.
15. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, rev. ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), 21, 171; Roderick Nash, "The Value of Wilderness," Environmental Review 3 (1977): 14-25, and Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967). For a discussion of the development of environmental history as a discipline, see Richard White, "American Environmental History: The Development of a New Historical Field," Pacific Historical Review 54 (1985): 297-335.
16. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, rev. ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), 21, 171; Roderick Nash, "The Value of Wilderness," Environmental Review 3 (1977): 14-25, and Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967). For a discussion of the development of environmental history as a discipline, see Richard White, "American Environmental History: The Development of a New Historical Field," Pacific Historical Review 54 (1985): 297-335.
17. John F. Reiger, American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation, rev. ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986), 21, 171; Roderick Nash, "The Value of Wilderness," Environmental Review 3 (1977): 14-25, and Wilderness and the American Mind (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967). For a discussion of the development of environmental history as a discipline, see Richard White, "American Environmental History: The Development of a New Historical Field," Pacific Historical Review 54 (1985): 297-335.
18. Robert Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993); Andrew Hurley, Environmental Inequalities: Class, Race, and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945-1980 (Chapell Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). For further discussions of the "environmental justice" movement, see Robert D. Bullard, ed., Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots (Boston: South End Press, 1993); and Giovanna Di Chiro, "Nature as Community: The Convergence of Environment and Social Justice," in Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 298-320.
19. Robert Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993); Andrew Hurley, Environmental Inequalities: Class, Race, and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945-1980 (Chapell Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). For further discussions of the "environmental justice" movement, see Robert D. Bullard, ed., Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots (Boston: South End Press, 1993); and Giovanna Di Chiro, "Nature as Community: The Convergence of Environment and Social Justice," in Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 298-320.
20. Robert Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993); Andrew Hurley, Environmental Inequalities: Class, Race, and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945-1980 (Chapell Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). For further discussions of the "environmental justice" movement, see Robert D. Bullard, ed., Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots (Boston: South End Press, 1993); and Giovanna Di Chiro, "Nature as Community: The Convergence of Environment and Social Justice," in Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 298-320.
21. Robert Gottlieb, Forcing the Spring: The Transformation of the American Environmental Movement (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1993); Andrew Hurley, Environmental Inequalities: Class, Race, and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945-1980 (Chapell Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995). For further discussions of the "environmental justice" movement, see Robert D. Bullard, ed., Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots (Boston: South End Press, 1993); and Giovanna Di Chiro, "Nature as Community: The Convergence of Environment and Social Justice," in Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, ed. William Cronon (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), 298-320.
22. The phrase "The War in the Adirondacks" appears to have originated with the Adirondack News, 3 January 1891, 3. But many other descriptions of events in the region incorporated the use of martial imagery. See, for example, The Argus (Albany, N.Y.), 22 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 1; Boonville (N.Y.) Herald, 24 September 1903, 3; and New York World, 2 October 1903, 1. A number of scholars have suggested that the National Forest system was modeled after the Adirondack park. See Harold K. Steen, The Beginning of the National Forest System (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1991), 15; A. B. Recknagel, The Forests of New York State (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 50; and William Cronon, "Landscapes of Abundance and Scarcity," in The Oxford History of the American West, eds. Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 607-9.
23. The phrase "The War in the Adirondacks" appears to have originated with the Adirondack News, 3 January 1891, 3. But many other descriptions of events in the region incorporated the use of martial imagery. See, for example, The Argus (Albany, N.Y.), 22 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 1; Boonville (N.Y.) Herald, 24 September 1903, 3; and New York World, 2 October 1903, 1. A number of scholars have suggested that the National Forest system was modeled after the Adirondack park. See Harold K. Steen, The Beginning of the National Forest System (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1991), 15; A. B. Recknagel, The Forests of New York State (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 50; and William Cronon, "Landscapes of Abundance and Scarcity," in The Oxford History of the American West, eds. Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 607-9.
24. The phrase "The War in the Adirondacks" appears to have originated with the Adirondack News, 3 January 1891, 3. But many other descriptions of events in the region incorporated the use of martial imagery. See, for example, The Argus (Albany, N.Y.), 22 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 1; Boonville (N.Y.) Herald, 24 September 1903, 3; and New York World, 2 October 1903, 1. A number of scholars have suggested that the National Forest system was modeled after the Adirondack park. See Harold K. Steen, The Beginning of the National Forest System (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1991), 15; A. B. Recknagel, The Forests of New York State (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 50; and William Cronon, "Landscapes of Abundance and Scarcity," in The Oxford History of the American West, eds. Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 607-9.
25. The phrase "The War in the Adirondacks" appears to have originated with the Adirondack News, 3 January 1891, 3. But many other descriptions of events in the region incorporated the use of martial imagery. See, for example, The Argus (Albany, N.Y.), 22 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 1; Boonville (N.Y.) Herald, 24 September 1903, 3; and New York World, 2 October 1903, 1. A number of scholars have suggested that the National Forest system was modeled after the Adirondack park. See Harold K. Steen, The Beginning of the National Forest System (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1991), 15; A. B. Recknagel, The Forests of New York State (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 50; and William Cronon, "Landscapes of Abundance and Scarcity," in The Oxford History of the American West, eds. Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 607-9.
26. The phrase "The War in the Adirondacks" appears to have originated with the Adirondack News, 3 January 1891, 3. But many other descriptions of events in the region incorporated the use of martial imagery. See, for example, The Argus (Albany, N.Y.), 22 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 1; Boonville (N.Y.) Herald, 24 September 1903, 3; and New York World, 2 October 1903, 1. A number of scholars have suggested that the National Forest system was modeled after the Adirondack park. See Harold K. Steen, The Beginning of the National Forest System (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1991), 15; A. B. Recknagel, The Forests of New York State (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 50; and William Cronon, "Landscapes of Abundance and Scarcity," in The Oxford History of the American West, eds. Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 607-9.
27. The phrase "The War in the Adirondacks" appears to have originated with the Adirondack News, 3 January 1891, 3. But many other descriptions of events in the region incorporated the use of martial imagery. See, for example, The Argus (Albany, N.Y.), 22 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 1; Boonville (N.Y.) Herald, 24 September 1903, 3; and New York World, 2 October 1903, 1. A number of scholars have suggested that the National Forest system was modeled after the Adirondack park. See Harold K. Steen, The Beginning of the National Forest System (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1991), 15; A. B. Recknagel, The Forests of New York State (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 50; and William Cronon, "Landscapes of Abundance and Scarcity," in The Oxford History of the American West, eds. Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 607-9.
28. The phrase "The War in the Adirondacks" appears to have originated with the Adirondack News, 3 January 1891, 3. But many other descriptions of events in the region incorporated the use of martial imagery. See, for example, The Argus (Albany, N.Y.), 22 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 1; Boonville (N.Y.) Herald, 24 September 1903, 3; and New York World, 2 October 1903, 1. A number of scholars have suggested that the National Forest system was modeled after the Adirondack park. See Harold K. Steen, The Beginning of the National Forest System (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1991), 15; A. B. Recknagel, The Forests of New York State (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 50; and William Cronon, "Landscapes of Abundance and Scarcity," in The Oxford History of the American West, eds. Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha Sandweiss (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 607-9.
29. One suggestive attempt at synthesizing social and environmental histories is the recent essay by Alan Taylor, "Unnatural Inequalities: Social and Environmental Histories," Environmental History (1996): 6-19.
30. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
31. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
32. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
33. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
34. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
35. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
36. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
37. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
38. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
39. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
40. Lewis Mumford, The Brown Decades: A Study of the Arts in America, 1865-1895 (New York: Dover, 1955), 78; George Perkins Marsh, Man and Nature (1864; reprint. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 10-11, 201-3. Marsh's work was instrumental in leading to the formation of the New York Forest Commission, and it was quoted at length in one of the commission's early reports. See Forest Commission of the State of New York, Second Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1887), 85-86. For general histories of the Adirondacks, see Philip G. Terrie, Forever Wild: A Cultural History of Wilderness in the Adirondacks (1985; reprint, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994); Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978); Jane Eblen Keller, The Adirondack Wilderness: A Story of Man and Nature (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1980); and Louise A. Harper, "A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York States Adirondack Forest: A Centenary Consideration," Ecology Law Journal 19 (1992): 193-275. There are also a number of excellent dissertations touching upon the Adirondacks. See Marvin Kranz, "Pioneering in Conservation: A History of the Conservation Movement in New York State, 1865-1903" (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1961); Brrnda Pames, "Trespass: A History of Land-Use Policy in the Adirondack Forest Region of Northern New York State, 1780-1905" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1989); and Roger Thompson, "The Doctrine of Wilderness: A Study of the Policy and Politics of the Adirondack Preserve-Park" (Ph.D. diss., State University College of Forestry, Syracuse University, 1962). 10. Marsh. 233, 257; Commissioners of the State Parks of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York (Albany: Argus, 1873), 19-20.
41. Samuel Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), 191; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Seventh Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1902), 55; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Eighth and Ninth Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1904), 86; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1911), 207. For an account of the creation of the Adirondack Park, see Philip Terrie, "'One Grand Unbroken Domain': Ambiguities and Lessons in the Origins of the Adirondack Park," Hudson Valley Regional Review 6 (1989): 10-17.
42. Samuel Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), 191; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Seventh Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1902), 55; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Eighth and Ninth Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1904), 86; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1911), 207. For an account of the creation of the Adirondack Park, see Philip Terrie, "'One Grand Unbroken Domain': Ambiguities and Lessons in the Origins of the Adirondack Park," Hudson Valley Regional Review 6 (1989): 10-17.
43. Samuel Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), 191; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Seventh Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1902), 55; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Eighth and Ninth Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1904), 86; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1911), 207. For an account of the creation of the Adirondack Park, see Philip Terrie, "'One Grand Unbroken Domain': Ambiguities and Lessons in the Origins of the Adirondack Park," Hudson Valley Regional Review 6 (1989): 10-17.
44. Samuel Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), 191; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Seventh Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1902), 55; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Eighth and Ninth Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1904), 86; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1911), 207. For an account of the creation of the Adirondack Park, see Philip Terrie, "'One Grand Unbroken Domain': Ambiguities and Lessons in the Origins of the Adirondack Park," Hudson Valley Regional Review 6 (1989): 10-17.
45. Samuel Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), 191; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Seventh Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1902), 55; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Eighth and Ninth Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1904), 86; New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1911), 207. For an account of the creation of the Adirondack Park, see Philip Terrie, "'One Grand Unbroken Domain': Ambiguities and Lessons in the Origins of the Adirondack Park," Hudson Valley Regional Review 6 (1989): 10-17.
46. New York Forest Commission, Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York for the Year 1893 (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1894), 10, 40-47; Eighth and Ninth Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission of the State of New York, 36-37. For a survey of Adirondack private parks, see H. L. Ives, "Some Adirondack Preserves," Forest and Stream, 21 May 1898, 406; and Philip Terrie, Wildlife and Wilderness: A History of Adirondack Mammals (Fleischmans, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 1993), 89-91.
47. New York Forest Commission, Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York for the Year 1893 (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1894), 10, 40-47; Eighth and Ninth Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission of the State of New York, 36-37. For a survey of Adirondack private parks, see H. L. Ives, "Some Adirondack Preserves," Forest and Stream, 21 May 1898, 406; and Philip Terrie, Wildlife and Wilderness: A History of Adirondack Mammals (Fleischmans, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 1993), 89-91.
48. New York Forest Commission, Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York for the Year 1893 (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1894), 10, 40-47; Eighth and Ninth Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission of the State of New York, 36-37. For a survey of Adirondack private parks, see H. L. Ives, "Some Adirondack Preserves," Forest and Stream, 21 May 1898, 406; and Philip Terrie, Wildlife and Wilderness: A History of Adirondack Mammals (Fleischmans, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 1993), 89-91.
49. New York Forest Commission, Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York for the Year 1893 (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1894), 10, 40-47; Eighth and Ninth Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission of the State of New York, 36-37. For a survey of Adirondack private parks, see H. L. Ives, "Some Adirondack Preserves," Forest and Stream, 21 May 1898, 406; and Philip Terrie, Wildlife and Wilderness: A History of Adirondack Mammals (Fleischmans, N.Y.: Purple Mountain Press, 1993), 89-91.
50. Accurate population figures for the Adirondacks are surprisingly hard to come by. A figure of 15,832 (which does not include tourists or transient employees of lumber camps) is given in the Forest, Fish and Game Commission's Third Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests (Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1898), 270. An earlier report by the Forest Commission, however, places the number at 6,167. This seems low; according to the 1880 census, there were 3,923 people living in Hamilton County (the only county completely within the confines of the Adirondack park). See Annual Report of the Forest Commission for the Year 1893, 9. If one does a rough count by township, using the 1880 summaries of census data, it is possible to get a population total closer to 30,000. This number is clearly inflated; many townships extend outside the park limits, and population density outside the park was typically much higher.
51. Accurate population figures for the Adirondacks are surprisingly hard to come by. A figure of 15,832 (which does not include tourists or transient employees of lumber camps) is given in the Forest, Fish and Game Commission's Third Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests (Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1898), 270. An earlier report by the Forest Commission, however, places the number at 6,167. This seems low; according to the 1880 census, there were 3,923 people living in Hamilton County (the only county completely within the confines of the Adirondack park). See Annual Report of the Forest Commission for the Year 1893, 9. If one does a rough count by township, using the 1880 summaries of census data, it is possible to get a population total closer to 30,000. This number is clearly inflated; many townships extend outside the park limits, and population density outside the park was typically much higher.
52. A good social history of the Adirondacks can be found in Ted Aber and Stella King, The History of Hamilton County (Lake Pleasant, N.Y.: Great Wilderness Books, 1965). For theoretical treatments of rural society during this time period, see Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-66; and James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Preindustrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32. Three important longer studies are Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); and Altina L. Waller, Feud: Hatfields. McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). By the 1880s, a nascent tourist economy had begun to form in the Adirondacks. The book that was fundamental to initiating this process was William H. H. Murray. Adventures in the Wilderness, or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869). See also Terrie, 71-73; and Graham. 29-32.
53. A good social history of the Adirondacks can be found in Ted Aber and Stella King, The History of Hamilton County (Lake Pleasant, N.Y.: Great Wilderness Books, 1965). For theoretical treatments of rural society during this time period, see Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-66; and James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Preindustrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32. Three important longer studies are Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); and Altina L. Waller, Feud: Hatfields. McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). By the 1880s, a nascent tourist economy had begun to form in the Adirondacks. The book that was fundamental to initiating this process was William H. H. Murray. Adventures in the Wilderness, or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869). See also Terrie, 71-73; and Graham. 29-32.
54. A good social history of the Adirondacks can be found in Ted Aber and Stella King, The History of Hamilton County (Lake Pleasant, N.Y.: Great Wilderness Books, 1965). For theoretical treatments of rural society during this time period, see Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-66; and James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Preindustrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32. Three important longer studies are Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); and Altina L. Waller, Feud: Hatfields. McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). By the 1880s, a nascent tourist economy had begun to form in the Adirondacks. The book that was fundamental to initiating this process was William H. H. Murray. Adventures in the Wilderness, or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869). See also Terrie, 71-73; and Graham. 29-32.
55. A good social history of the Adirondacks can be found in Ted Aber and Stella King, The History of Hamilton County (Lake Pleasant, N.Y.: Great Wilderness Books, 1965). For theoretical treatments of rural society during this time period, see Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-66; and James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Preindustrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32. Three important longer studies are Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); and Altina L. Waller, Feud: Hatfields. McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). By the 1880s, a nascent tourist economy had begun to form in the Adirondacks. The book that was fundamental to initiating this process was William H. H. Murray. Adventures in the Wilderness, or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869). See also Terrie, 71-73; and Graham. 29-32.
56. A good social history of the Adirondacks can be found in Ted Aber and Stella King, The History of Hamilton County (Lake Pleasant, N.Y.: Great Wilderness Books, 1965). For theoretical treatments of rural society during this time period, see Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-66; and James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Preindustrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32. Three important longer studies are Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); and Altina L. Waller, Feud: Hatfields. McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). By the 1880s, a nascent tourist economy had begun to form in the Adirondacks. The book that was fundamental to initiating this process was William H. H. Murray. Adventures in the Wilderness, or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869). See also Terrie, 71-73; and Graham. 29-32.
57. A good social history of the Adirondacks can be found in Ted Aber and Stella King, The History of Hamilton County (Lake Pleasant, N.Y.: Great Wilderness Books, 1965). For theoretical treatments of rural society during this time period, see Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-66; and James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Preindustrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32. Three important longer studies are Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); and Altina L. Waller, Feud: Hatfields. McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). By the 1880s, a nascent tourist economy had begun to form in the Adirondacks. The book that was fundamental to initiating this process was William H. H. Murray. Adventures in the Wilderness, or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869). See also Terrie, 71-73; and Graham. 29-32.
58. A good social history of the Adirondacks can be found in Ted Aber and Stella King, The History of Hamilton County (Lake Pleasant, N.Y.: Great Wilderness Books, 1965). For theoretical treatments of rural society during this time period, see Michael Merrill, "Cash is Good to Eat: Self-Sufficiency and Exchange in the Rural Economy of the United States," Radical History Review 3 (1977): 42-66; and James A. Henretta, "Families and Farms: Mentalité in Preindustrial America," William and Mary Quarterly 35 (1978): 3-32. Three important longer studies are Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983); John Mack Faragher, Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); and Altina L. Waller, Feud: Hatfields. McCoys, and Social Change in Appalachia, 1860-1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988). By the 1880s, a nascent tourist economy had begun to form in the Adirondacks. The book that was fundamental to initiating this process was William H. H. Murray. Adventures in the Wilderness, or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869). See also Terrie, 71-73; and Graham. 29-32.
59. New York Forest Commission, Preliminary Report (n.p., 1885), 5-6; First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York, 22. This prediction by the commissioners would seem to presage later efforts to encourage "ecotourism" in environmentally sensitive areas.
60. New York Forest Commission, Preliminary Report (n.p., 1885), 5-6; First Annual Report of the Commissioners of State Parks of the State of New York, 22. This prediction by the commissioners would seem to presage later efforts to encourage "ecotourism" in environmentally sensitive areas.
61. Forest Commission of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the Stale of New York, (Albany: Argus, 1886), 87-88, 96-97, 99. Although one might argue that these supportive response came about because of the intimidating presence of a special agent from the Forest Commission, some of those interviewed made clear their opposition to the plan. Ibid., 92, 97.
62. Forest Commission of the State of New York, First Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the Stale of New York, (Albany: Argus, 1886), 87-88, 96-97, 99. Although one might argue that these supportive response came about because of the intimidating presence of a special agent from the Forest Commission, some of those interviewed made clear their opposition to the plan. Ibid., 92, 97.
63. For a discussion of these shanties, see Forest Commission of the State of New York, Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1893), 30. References to the gathering of spruce gum and ginseng can be found in Ira Gray, My Memories, 1886-1977 (n.p., n.d.), 59; and First Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the Stale of New York 91-92. Estimates as to the length of trap lines in the Adirondacks vary from sixteen to fifty miles; it sometimes took residents over a week to check all their traps. See Seneca Ray Stoddard, Old Times in the Adirondacks: The Narrative of a Trip into the Wilderness in 1873 (Burlington, Vt.: George Little Press, 1971), 124-25; Alfred B. Street, Woods and Waters, or the Saranacs and Racket Lake (New York: M. Doolady, 1860), 43; and Testimony of Charles Blanchard State of New York v. Jennie H. Ladew and Joseph H. Ladew, Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, Third Department, p. 275, Manuscript 65-26, Box 6, Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y.
64. For a discussion of these shanties, see Forest Commission of the State of New York, Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1893), 30. References to the gathering of spruce gum and ginseng can be found in Ira Gray, My Memories, 1886-1977 (n.p., n.d.), 59; and First Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the Stale of New York 91-92. Estimates as to the length of trap lines in the Adirondacks vary from sixteen to fifty miles; it sometimes took residents over a week to check all their traps. See Seneca Ray Stoddard, Old Times in the Adirondacks: The Narrative of a Trip into the Wilderness in 1873 (Burlington, Vt.: George Little Press, 1971), 124-25; Alfred B. Street, Woods and Waters, or the Saranacs and Racket Lake (New York: M. Doolady, 1860), 43; and Testimony of Charles Blanchard State of New
65. For a discussion of these shanties, see Forest Commission of the State of New York, Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1893), 30. References to the gathering of spruce gum and ginseng can be found in Ira Gray, My Memories, 1886-1977 (n.p., n.d.), 59; and First Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the Stale of New York 91-92. Estimates as to the length of trap lines in the Adirondacks vary from sixteen to fifty miles; it sometimes took residents over a week to check all their traps. See Seneca Ray Stoddard, Old Times in the Adirondacks: The Narrative of a Trip into the Wilderness in 1873 (Burlington, Vt.: George Little Press, 1971), 124-25; Alfred B. Street, Woods and Waters, or the Saranacs and Racket Lake (New York: M. Doolady, 1860), 43; and Testimony of Charles Blanchard State of New York v. Jennie H. Ladew and Joseph H. Ladew, Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, Third Department, p. 275, Manuscript 65-26, Box 6, Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y.
66. For a discussion of these shanties, see Forest Commission of the State of New York, Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1893), 30. References to the gathering of spruce gum and ginseng can be found in Ira Gray, My Memories, 1886-1977 (n.p., n.d.), 59; and First Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the Stale of New York 91-92. Estimates as to the length of trap lines in the Adirondacks vary from sixteen to fifty miles; it sometimes took residents over a week to check all their traps. See Seneca Ray Stoddard, Old Times in the Adirondacks: The Narrative of a Trip into the Wilderness in 1873 (Burlington, Vt.: George Little Press, 1971), 124-25; Alfred B. Street, Woods and Waters, or the Saranacs and Racket Lake (New York: M. Doolady, 1860), 43; and Testimony of Charles Blanchard State of New York v. Jennie H. Ladew and Joseph H. Ladew, Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, Third Department, p. 275, Manuscript 65-26, Box 6, Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y.
67. For a discussion of these shanties, see Forest Commission of the State of New York, Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1893), 30. References to the gathering of spruce gum and ginseng can be found in Ira Gray, My Memories, 1886-1977 (n.p., n.d.), 59; and First Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the Stale of New York 91-92. Estimates as to the length of trap lines in the Adirondacks vary from sixteen to fifty miles; it sometimes took residents over a week to check all their traps. See Seneca Ray Stoddard, Old Times in the Adirondacks: The Narrative of a Trip into the Wilderness in 1873 (Burlington, Vt.: George Little Press, 1971), 124-25; Alfred B. Street, Woods and Waters, or the Saranacs and Racket Lake (New York: M. Doolady, 1860), 43; and Testimony of Charles Blanchard State of New York v. Jennie H. Ladew and Joseph H. Ladew, Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, Third Department, p. 275, Manuscript 65-26, Box 6, Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y.
68. For a discussion of these shanties, see Forest Commission of the State of New York, Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1893), 30. References to the gathering of spruce gum and ginseng can be found in Ira Gray, My Memories, 1886-1977 (n.p., n.d.), 59; and First Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the Stale of New York 91-92. Estimates as to the length of trap lines in the Adirondacks vary from sixteen to fifty miles; it sometimes took residents over a week to check all their traps. See Seneca Ray Stoddard, Old Times in the Adirondacks: The Narrative of a Trip into the Wilderness in 1873 (Burlington, Vt.: George Little Press, 1971), 124-25; Alfred B. Street, Woods and Waters, or the Saranacs and Racket Lake (New York: M. Doolady, 1860), 43; and Testimony of Charles Blanchard State of New York v. Jennie H. Ladew and Joseph H. Ladew, Supreme Court of New York, Appellate Division, Third Department, p. 275, Manuscript 65-26, Box 6, Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y.
69. New York Times, 17 September 1889, 1; New York Tribune, 10 August 1902, sec. 2, 13.
70. New York Times, 17 September 1889, 1; New York Tribune, 10 August 1902, sec. 2, 13.
71. Martin Van Buren Ives, Through the Adirondacks in Eighteen Days New York: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1899), 38.
72. Reports of the Majority and Minority of the Committee on Public Lands and Forestry, Relative to the Administration of Laws in Relation to the forest Present by the Forest Commission, New York Assembly Documents, vol. 14, no. 81, 114th sess. (1891), 161-63.
73. First Annual Report of the Forest Commission of the State of New York, 120-21.
74. New York Forest Commission, Annual Report of the New York Forest Commission for the Year Ending September 30, 1888 (Albany: Troy Press, 1889), xi.
75. Reports of the Majority and Minority of Ac Committee on Public Lands and Forestry, 365.
76. Reports of the Majority and Minority of the Committee on Public Lands and Forestry, 282; Report and Testimony of the Special Committee Appointed to Investigate the Depredations of Timber in the Forest Reserve (Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1896), 30-32, 149.
77. Reports of the Majority and Minority of the Committee on Public Lands and Forestry, 282; Report and Testimony of the Special Committee Appointed to Investigate the Depredations of Timber in the Forest Reserve (Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1896), 30-32, 149.
78. The marketability of trees during this time period was a function of the use of rivers to transport logs to saw mills. Since hardwoods floated poorly, they were considered less desirable timber than were the more buoyant softwoods. Reports of the Majority and Minority of the Committee on Public Lands and Forestry, 372; Report and Testimony of the Special Committee Appointed to Investigate the Depredations of Timber in the Forest Preserve, 31, 785.
79. The marketability of trees during this time period was a function of the use of rivers to transport logs to saw mills. Since hardwoods floated poorly, they were considered less desirable timber than were the more buoyant softwoods. Reports of the Majority and Minority of the Committee on Public Lands and Forestry, 372; Report and Testimony of the Special Committee Appointed to Investigate the Depredations of Timber in the Forest Preserve, 31, 785.
80. Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Third Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests (Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1898), 274; Forest Fish and Game Commission, Annual Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner for 1904, 1905, 1906 (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1907), 60, 110; Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1911), 67; Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Preliminary Report to the Firth Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forest (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1900), 60.
81. Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Third Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests (Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1898), 274; Forest Fish and Game Commission, Annual Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner for 1904, 1905, 1906 (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1907), 60, 110; Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1911), 67; Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Preliminary Report to the Firth Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forest (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1900), 60.
82. Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Third Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests (Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1898), 274; Forest Fish and Game Commission, Annual Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner for 1904, 1905, 1906 (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1907), 60, 110; Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1911), 67; Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Preliminary Report to the Firth Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forest (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1900), 60.
83. Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Third Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests (Albany: Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford, 1898), 274; Forest Fish and Game Commission, Annual Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner for 1904, 1905, 1906 (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1907), 60, 110; Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1911), 67; Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Preliminary Report to the Firth Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forest (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1900), 60.
84. Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Annual Reports of the Forest, Fish and Game Commissioner for 1907, 1908, and 1909 (Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1910), 367.
85. Commissioners of Fisheries, Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of New York (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1895), 158.
86. "The Adirondack Deer Law," Forest and Stream, 12 November 1898, 391; First Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests of the State of New York, 212.
87. "The Adirondack Deer Law," Forest and Stream, 12 November 1898, 391; First Annual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests of the State of New York, 212.
88. Boonville Herald, 15 April 1897, 1. This article is an interview with Dunning, in which the reporter tried to render Dunnings distinctive Adirondacks dialect.
89. David Shepard Merrill, "The Education of a Young Pioneer in the Northern Adirondacks in Franklin and Clinton Counties, after the Civil War," New York History 39 (1958): 251-52; Boonville Herald, 15 April 1897, 1.
90. David Shepard Merrill, "The Education of a Young Pioneer in the Northern Adirondacks in Franklin and Clinton Counties, after the Civil War," New York History 39 (1958): 251-52; Boonville Herald, 15 April 1897, 1.
91. J. T. Headley, The Adirondack, or Life in the Woods (New York: Scribner, Armstrong, 1875), 331. Headley reported that the man "has since prudently stayed away." Boonville Herald, 9 November 1882, 2; 25 January 1883, 2.
92. J. T. Headley, The Adirondack, or Life in the Woods (New York: Scribner, Armstrong, 1875), 331. Headley reported that the man "has since prudently stayed away." Boonville Herald, 9 November 1882, 2; 25 January 1883, 2.
93. Norman J. VanValkenburgh, The Adirondack Forest Preserve: A Narrative of the Evolution of the Adirondack Forest Preserve of New York State (Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y.: The Adirondack Museum, 1979), 72; Ted Aber, Adirondack Folks (Prospect, N.Y.: Prospect Books, 1980), 5; Adirondack News, 28 November 1903, 1.
94. Norman J. VanValkenburgh, The Adirondack Forest Preserve: A Narrative of the Evolution of the Adirondack Forest Preserve of New York State (Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y.: The Adirondack Museum, 1979), 72; Ted Aber, Adirondack Folks (Prospect, N.Y.: Prospect Books, 1980), 5; Adirondack News, 28 November 1903, 1.
95. Norman J. VanValkenburgh, The Adirondack Forest Preserve: A Narrative of the Evolution of the Adirondack Forest Preserve of New York State (Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y.: The Adirondack Museum, 1979), 72; Ted Aber, Adirondack Folks (Prospect, N.Y.: Prospect Books, 1980), 5; Adirondack News, 28 November 1903, 1.
96. Bill Smith, "Songs and Stories from the 'Featherbed,'" sound recording (Voorheesville, N.Y.: Front Hall Enterprises, 1987); Commissioners of Fisheries, Twenty-Third An nual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of New York (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1895), 128, 155.
97. Bill Smith, "Songs and Stories from the 'Featherbed,'" sound recording (Voorheesville, N.Y.: Front Hall Enterprises, 1987); Commissioners of Fisheries, Twenty-Third An nual Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of New York (Albany: James B. Lyon, 1895), 128, 155.
98. Transcript of Lelia E. Marsh and George W. Ostrander v. Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park Association, N.Y. Sup. Ct., Case No. 352 (1897), Hamilton County (N.Y.) Courthouse, 12, 33-34. For more on the creation of Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne, see the New York Times, 29 June 1891, 8; and Gifford Pinchot, The Adirondack Spruce: A Study of the Forest in Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park (New York: The Critic Co., 1898).
99. Transcript of Lelia E. Marsh and George W. Ostrander v. Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park Association, N.Y. Sup. Ct., Case No. 352 (1897), Hamilton County (N.Y.) Courthouse, 12, 33-34. For more on the creation of Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne, see the New York Times, 29 June 1891, 8; and Gifford Pinchot, The Adirondack Spruce: A Study of the Forest in Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park (New York: The Critic Co., 1898).
100. Transcript of Lelia E. Marsh and George W. Ostrander v. Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park Association, N.Y. Sup. Ct., Case No. 352 (1897), Hamilton County (N.Y.) Courthouse, 12, 33-34. For more on the creation of Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne, see the New York Times, 29 June 1891, 8; and Gifford Pinchot, The Adirondack Spruce: A Study of the Forest in Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park (New York: The Critic Co., 1898).
101. Adirondack League Club Hand-Book for 1894 (n.p., 1894), Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y., 17-18; Edward Comstock Jr., with Mark C. Webster, eds., The Adirondack League Club, 1890-1990 (Old Forge, N.Y.: The Adirondack League Club, 1990), 12, 58. For information on poaching and the dispute over wages, see Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1911 (n.p., 1911), 12-13; and Charles Brumley, Guides of the Adirondacks: A History (Utica, N.Y.: North Country Books, 1994), 47-48.
102. Adirondack League Club Hand-Book for 1894 (n.p., 1894), Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y., 17-18; Edward Comstock Jr., with Mark C. Webster, eds., The Adirondack League Club, 1890-1990 (Old Forge, N.Y.: The Adirondack League Club, 1990), 12, 58. For information on poaching and the dispute over wages, see Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1911 (n.p., 1911), 12-13; and Charles Brumley, Guides of the Adirondacks: A History (Utica, N.Y.: North Country Books, 1994), 47-48.
103. Adirondack League Club Hand-Book for 1894 (n.p., 1894), Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y., 17-18; Edward Comstock Jr., with Mark C. Webster, eds., The Adirondack League Club, 1890-1990 (Old Forge, N.Y.: The Adirondack League Club, 1990), 12, 58. For information on poaching and the dispute over wages, see Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1911 (n.p., 1911), 12-13; and Charles Brumley, Guides of the Adirondacks: A History (Utica, N.Y.: North Country Books, 1994), 47-48.
104. Adirondack League Club Hand-Book for 1894 (n.p., 1894), Adirondack Museum, Blue Mountain Lake, N.Y., 17-18; Edward Comstock Jr., with Mark C. Webster, eds., The Adirondack League Club, 1890-1990 (Old Forge, N.Y.: The Adirondack League Club, 1990), 12, 58. For information on poaching and the dispute over wages, see Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1911 (n.p., 1911), 12-13; and Charles Brumley, Guides of the Adirondacks: A History (Utica, N.Y.: North Country Books, 1994), 47-48.
105. Respondent's Brief and Points, transcript of William Rockefeller v, Oliver Lamora, 96 App. Div. 91, Case No. 4003 (1904), New York State Library, 8; Raymond Spears, "Some Legal Aspects of the Case of Rockefeller vs. Lamora," Forest and Stream, 21 October 1905, 335.
106. Respondent's Brief and Points, transcript of William Rockefeller v, Oliver Lamora, 96 App. Div. 91, Case No. 4003 (1904), New York State Library, 8; Raymond Spears, "Some Legal Aspects of the Case of Rockefeller vs. Lamora," Forest and Stream, 21 October 1905, 335.
107. Malone (N.Y.) Palladium, 21 January 1904, 4. For instances of arson and tearing down of signs at the Adirondack League Club, sec Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1989 (n.p., 1899), 24; and Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1904 (n.p., 1904), 15. For references to Rockefeller's park, see New York Times, 23 November 1904, 1, and New York Herald, 25 November 1904, 4.
108. Malone (N.Y.) Palladium, 21 January 1904, 4. For instances of arson and tearing down of signs at the Adirondack League Club, sec Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1989 (n.p., 1899), 24; and Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1904 (n.p., 1904), 15. For references to Rockefeller's park, see New York Times, 23 November 1904, 1, and New York Herald, 25 November 1904, 4.
109. Malone (N.Y.) Palladium, 21 January 1904, 4. For instances of arson and tearing down of signs at the Adirondack League Club, sec Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1989 (n.p., 1899), 24; and Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1904 (n.p., 1904), 15. For references to Rockefeller's park, see New York Times, 23 November 1904, 1, and New York Herald, 25 November 1904, 4.
110. Malone (N.Y.) Palladium, 21 January 1904, 4. For instances of arson and tearing down of signs at the Adirondack League Club, sec Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1989 (n.p., 1899), 24; and Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1904 (n.p., 1904), 15. For references to Rockefeller's park, see New York Times, 23 November 1904, 1, and New York Herald, 25 November 1904, 4.
111. Malone (N.Y.) Palladium, 21 January 1904, 4. For instances of arson and tearing down of signs at the Adirondack League Club, sec Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1989 (n.p., 1899), 24; and Adirondack League Club Annual Report, 1904 (n.p., 1904), 15. For references to Rockefeller's park, see New York Times, 23 November 1904, 1, and New York Herald, 25 November 1904, 4.
112. The Argus, 28 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 6; New York World, 22 September 1903, 1; New York Herald, 29 September 1903, 3; 11 October 1903, 3; New York Times, 26 August 1910, 3. For more on Dexter's murder, see Neal S. Burdick, "Who Killed Orrando P. Dexter?" Adirondack Life, May/June 1982, 23-49 For more on Rockefeller's park in the Adirondacks, see Neil Suprenant, Brandon: Boomtown to Nature Preserve (Paul Smiths, N.Y.: St Regis Press, 1982).
113. The Argus, 28 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 6; New York World, 22 September 1903, 1; New York Herald, 29 September 1903, 3; 11 October 1903, 3; New York Times, 26 August 1910, 3. For more on Dexter's murder, see Neal S. Burdick, "Who Killed Orrando P. Dexter?" Adirondack Life, May/June 1982, 23-49 For more on Rockefeller's park in the Adirondacks, see Neil Suprenant, Brandon: Boomtown to Nature Preserve (Paul Smiths, N.Y.: St Regis Press, 1982).
114. The Argus, 28 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 6; New York World, 22 September 1903, 1; New York Herald, 29 September 1903, 3; 11 October 1903, 3; New York Times, 26 August 1910, 3. For more on Dexter's murder, see Neal S. Burdick, "Who Killed Orrando P. Dexter?" Adirondack Life, May/June 1982, 23-49 For more on Rockefeller's park in the Adirondacks, see Neil Suprenant, Brandon: Boomtown to Nature Preserve (Paul Smiths, N.Y.: St Regis Press, 1982).
115. The Argus, 28 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 6; New York World, 22 September 1903, 1; New York Herald, 29 September 1903, 3; 11 October 1903, 3; New York Times, 26 August 1910, 3. For more on Dexter's murder, see Neal S. Burdick, "Who Killed Orrando P. Dexter?" Adirondack Life, May/June 1982, 23-49 For more on Rockefeller's park in the Adirondacks, see Neil Suprenant, Brandon: Boomtown to Nature Preserve (Paul Smiths, N.Y.: St Regis Press, 1982).
116. The Argus, 28 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 6; New York World, 22 September 1903, 1; New York Herald, 29 September 1903, 3; 11 October 1903, 3; New York Times, 26 August 1910, 3. For more on Dexter's murder, see Neal S. Burdick, "Who Killed Orrando P. Dexter?" Adirondack Life, May/June 1982, 23-49 For more on Rockefeller's park in the Adirondacks, see Neil Suprenant, Brandon: Boomtown to Nature Preserve (Paul Smiths, N.Y.: St Regis Press, 1982).
117. The Argus, 28 September 1903, 1; 12 October 1903, 6; New York World, 22 September 1903, 1; New York Herald, 29 September 1903, 3; 11 October 1903, 3; New York Times, 26 August 1910, 3. For more on Dexter's murder, see Neal S. Burdick, "Who Killed Orrando P. Dexter?" Adirondack Life, May/June 1982, 23-49 For more on Rockefeller's park in the Adirondacks, see Neil Suprenant, Brandon: Boomtown to Nature Preserve (Paul Smiths, N.Y.: St Regis Press, 1982).
118. Steven Hahn, "Hunting, Fishing, and Foraging: Common Rights and Class Relations in the Postbellum South," Radical History Review 26 (1982): 37-64.
119. Seaver A. Miller, "The Adirondack Guides' Association," Sportsman's Magazine, March 1898, 129-32; "Adirondack Guides' Association," Forest and Stream, 24 March 1892, 274.
120. Seaver A. Miller, "The Adirondack Guides' Association," Sportsman's Magazine, March 1898, 129-32; "Adirondack Guides' Association," Forest and Stream, 24 March 1892, 274.
121. Forest, Fish and Game Commission, Report of the Forest Fish and Game Commission, 1903 (Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1903), 107-8.
122. For more on the burning of forests as a manifestation of alienation, see Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 55-58; and Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976), 59-60.
123. For more on the burning of forests as a manifestation of alienation, see Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 55-58; and Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976), 59-60.
124. The reference to "wild forest lands" was first made in the 1885 law creating the Forest Preserve. This phrase was later written into the 1895 New York State Constitution. Article VII, Section 7 declared that all lands in the Adirondacks Forest Preserve "shall be forever kept as wild forest lands."