Late Ordovician graptolites from the North American midcontinent

Palaeontology

Volumn 40, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 965-1010

  Goldman, Daniel ^a   Bergström, Stig M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON   (United States)

^b OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPLEXOGRAPTUS; CINCINNATIAN; CLIMACOGRAPTUS; DICELLOGRAPTUS; GRAPTOLITE; ORDOVICIAN; RECTOGRAPTUS;

USA;

EID: 0031427820     PISSN: 00310239     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. ALBERSTADT, L. P. 1973. Articulate brachiopods of the Viola Formation (Ordovician) in the Arbuckle Mountains, Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 117, 1-90.
2. AMSDEN, T. W. and SWEET, W. C. 1983. Upper Bromide Formation and Viola Group (Middle and Upper Ordovician) in eastern Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 132, 1-76.
3. BARNES, C. R., TELFORD, P. G. and TARRANT, G. A. 1978. Ordovician and Silurian conodont biostratigraphy, Manitoulin Island and Bruce Peninsula, Ontario. Michigan Basin Geological Society Special Paper, 3,63-71.
4. _ and WILLIAMS, S. H. 1988. Conodonts from the Ordovician-Silurian boundary stratotype, Dob's Linn, Scotland. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series, 43, 31-39.
5. BERGSTRöM, S. M. 1978. Middle and Upper Ordovician conodont and graptolite biostratigraphy of the Marathon, Texas graptolite zone reference standard. Palaeontology, 21, 723-758.
6. _ 1986, Biostratigraphic integration of Ordovician graptolite and conodont zones-a regional review. 61-78. In HUGHES, C. P. and RICKARDS, R. B. (eds). Palaeoecology and biostratigraphy of graptolites. Geological Society Special Publication No. 20. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 277 pp.
7. _ and MITCHELL, C. E. 1986. The graptolite correlation of the North American Upper Ordovician Standard. Lethaia, 19, 247-266.
8. _ _ 1990. Trans-Pacific graptolite faunal relations: the biostratigraphic position of the base of the Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician) in the standard Australian graptolite zone succession. Journal of Paleontology, 64, 992-997.
9. _ _ 1992. The Ordovician Utica Shale in the eastern Midcontinent region: age, lithofacies, and regional relationships. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 145, 67-89.
10. BERRY, W. B. N. 1960. Graptolite faunas of the Marathon region, West Texas, University of Texas Publication, 6005, 1-179.
11. _ 1966. Orthograptus truncatus richmondensis (Ruedemann) in the Arnheim Formation (Ordovician) in Indiana. Journal of Paleontology, 40, 1392-1394.
12. _ 1970. Late Ordovician graptolites from northern Michigan. Journal of Paleontology, 44, 270-275.
13. _ 1974. Virgula and function in a monograptid and an orthograptid. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 13, 131-140.
14. _ and MARSHALL, F. C. 1971. Late Ordovician graptolites from the Maquoketa Formation in eastern Missouri. Journal of Paleontology, 45, 253-257.
15. _ and TAGAKI, R. S. 1970. Electron microscope investigation of Orthograptus quadrimucronatus from the Maquoketa Formation (Late Ordovician) in Iowa. Journal of Paleontology, 44, 117-124.
16. _ _ 1971. Electron microscope study of a Diplograptus species. Lethaia, 4, 1-13.
17. BRANSON, E. B. and MEHL, M. G. 1933. Conodont studies number two. University of Missouri Studies, 8, 77-167.
18. CALEY, J. F. 1936. The Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario. 21-95. In WILSON, A. E., CALEY, J. F., SPROULE, J. c. and OKULITCH, V. J. Contributions to the study of the Ordovician of Ontario and Quebec. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir, 202, 1-133.
19. CARRUTHERS, W. 1867. Graptolites: their structure and position. Intellectual Observer, 11, 283-292, 365-374.
20. CARTER, C. 1972. Ordovician (Upper Caradocian) graptolites from Idaho and Nevada. Journal of Paleontology, 46, 43-49.
21. _ and CHURKIN, M. 1977. Ordovician and Silurian graptolite succession in the Trail Creek area, Central Idaho-a graptolite zone reference section. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1020, 1-37.
22. CAS, R. A. F. and VANDENBERG, A. H. M. 1988. Ordovician. 63-102. In DOUGLAS, J. and FERGUSON, J. A. (eds). Geology of Victoria. Victorian Division, Geological Society of Australia Inc., Melbourne, 663 pp.
23. CHEN XU and 12 co-authors 1995. Correlation of the Ordovician rocks of China. Charts and explanatory notes. International Union of Geological Sciences Publication, 31, 1-104.
24. CHURKIN, M. 1963. Graptolite beds in thrust plates of central Idaho and their correlation with sequences in Nevada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 47, 1611-1623.
25. CLARK, D. L. and BABCOCK, L. C. 1971. Galena Dolomite. 38-39. In CLARK, D. L. (ed.). Conodonts and biostratigraphy of the Wisconsin Paleozoic. Information Circular of the Geological and Natural History Survey, University of Wisconsin, 19, 1-151.
26. CROWTHER, P. R. and BERGSTRöM, S. M. 1980. Cortical bandages in an Upper Ordovician glyptograptid graptolite from Ohio. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 19, 250-253.
27. DECKER, C. E. 1935a. The graptolites of the Simpson Group of Oklahoma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 21, 239-243.
28. _ 1935b. Graptolites of the Sylvan Shale of Oklahoma and Polk Creek Shale of Arkansas. Journal of Paleontology, 8, 697-708.
29. _ 1936. Some tentative correlations on the basis of graptolites of Oklahoma and Arkansas. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 20, 301-311.
30. DRESBACH, R. I. 1983. Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Ordovician Viola group of southcentral Oklahoma Arbuckle anticline. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, The Ohio State University, 101 pp.
31. ELLES, G. L. 1922. The graptolite faunas of the British Isles. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 33, 168-200.
32. _ and WOOD, E. M. R. 1904. A monograph of British graptolites. Part 4. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 58 (277), liii-lxxii, 135-180, pls 20-25.
33. _ _ 1906. A monograph of British graptolites. Part 5. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 60 (288), lxxiii-xcvi, 181-216, pls 26-27.
34. _ _ 1907. A monograph of British graptolites. Part 6. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, 61 (297), xcvii-cxx, 217-272, pls 28-31.
35. ERDTMANN, B.-D and MOOR, D. W. 1973. Revaluation and taxonomic status of Climacograptus typicalis Hall and its varieties. Journal of Paleontology, 47, 1081-1093.
36. ETHINGTON, R. L. 1957. Conodonts of the Ordovician Galena Formation. Journal of Paleontology, 33, 257-292.
37. FINNEY, S. C. 1985. Nemagraptid graptolites from the Middle Ordovician Athens Shale, Alabama. Journal of Paleontology, 59, 1100-1137.
38. _ 1986. Graptolite biofacies and correlation of eustatic, subsidence, and tectonic events in the Middle to Upper Ordovician of North America, Palaios, 1, 435-461.
39. _ 1988. Middle Ordovician strata of the Arbuckle and Ouachita Mountains, Oklahoma; contrasting lithofacies and biofacies deposited in the southern Oklahoma aulacogen and Ouachita geosyncline. 171-176. In HAYWARD, O. T. (ed.). South-central section of the Geological Society of American Centennial Field Guide no. 4. Boulder, Colorado, 468 pp.
40. FORTEY, R. A. and COOPER, R. A. 1986. A phylogenetic classification of the graptoloids. Palaeontology, 29, 631-654.
41. FRECH, F. 1897. Lethaea Geognostica. Theil 1, Lethaea Palaeozoica, 1. Bd., Graptolithiden, 544-684. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.
42. FROMING, G. T. 1971. Maquoketa Shale. 42-52. In CLARK, D. L. (ed.). Conodonts and biostratigraphy of the Wisconsin Paleozoic. Information Circular of the Geological and Natural History Survey, University of Wisconsin, 19, 1-151.
43. GLENISTER, A. T. 1957. The conodonts of the Ordovician Maquoketa Formation in Iowa. Journal of Paleontology, 31, 715-736.
44. GLIMBERG, C. F. 1952. On 'Climacograptus putillus' of the Lower Dicellograptus Shales of Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 74, 231-236.
45. GOLDMAN, D. 1995. Taxonomy, evolution, and biostratigraphy of the Orthograptus quadrimucronatus species group (Graptolithina). Journal of Paleontology, 69, 516-540.
46. _ and BERGSTRöM, S. M. 1995. Upper Ordovician graptolite biostratigraphy and biofacies of North America. Graptolite News, 8, 28-30.
47. _ _ and MITCHELL, C. E. 1995. Revision of the Zone 13 graptolite biostratigraphy in the Marathon, Texas standard succession and its bearing on Upper Ordovician graptolite biogeography. Lethaia, 28, 115-128.
48. _ and MITCHELL, C. E. 1991. Revision of the upper Ordovician graptolite Diplograptus (Amplexograptus) recurrens richmondensis Ruedemann. Journal of Paleontology, 65, 1016-1017.
49. GURLEY, R. R. 1896. North American graptolites; new species and vertical range. Journal of Geology, 4, 63-102, 291-311.
50. HADDING, A. 1913. Undre dicellograptusskiffern i Skåne jämte några därmed ekvivalenta bildningar. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, N.F., Afd. 2, 9(15), 1-90.
51. _ 1915. Der Mittlere Dicellograptus-Schiefer auf Bornholm. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, N.F., Afd. 2, 11 (4), 1-39.
52. HALL, J. 1847. Descriptions of the organic remains of the lower division of the New York system. Palaeontology of New York, 1. Benthuysen, Albany, 338 pp.
53. _ 1861. New species of fossils from the investigation of the survey. Wisconsin Geological Survey Report for 1861, p. 18.
54. _ 1865. Graptolites of the Quebec Group. Figures and descriptions of Canadian organic remains. Geological Survey of Canada, Decade 2, 1-144.
55. HALL, T. S. 1902. The graptolites of New South Wales in the collection of the Geological Survey. Records of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, 7, 49-59.
56. HARRIS, W. J. and THOMAS, D. E. 1955. Victorian graptolites, Part XIII. Graptolites from the Wellington River, Part I. Mining and Geological Journal, Department of Mines, Victoria, 5, 35-45.
57. HERR, S. R. 1971. Regeneration and growth abnormalities in Orthograptus quadrimucronatus from the Ordovician Maquoketa Formation of Iowa. Journal of Paleontology, 45, 628-632.
58. HIATT, C. R. and NORDENG, S. 1985. A petrographic and well log analysis of five wells in the Trenton-Utica transition in the northern Michigan Basin. Michigan Basin Geological Society Special Paper, 4, 33-43.
59. HUFFMAN, p., DEWEY, J. F. and BURKE, K. 1974. Aulacogens and their genetic relation to geosynclines, with a Proterozoic example from Great Slave Lake, Canada. 38-55. In DOTT, Jr, R. H. and SHAVER, R. H. (eds). Modern and ancient geosyncline sedimentation. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Minerologists Special Publication 19, 380 pp.
60. HOLLAND, S. M. 1993. Sequence stratigraphy of a carbonate-clastic ramp: the Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician) in its type area. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 105, 306-322.
61. _ and PATZKOWSKY, M. E. 1996. Sequence stratigraphy and long-term paleoceanographic change in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of the eastern United States. 117-129. In WITZKE, B. J., LUDVIGSON, F. A. and DAY, J. (eds). Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy: views from the North American craton. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 306, 1-446.
62. HOPKINSON, J. 1871. On Dicellograptus, a new genus of graptolites. Geological Magazine, 8, 20-26.
63. HUSSEY, R. C. 1926. The Richmond Formation of Michigan. Contributions from the Museum of Geology, University of Michigan, 11, 113-187.
64. _ 1952. The Middle and Upper Ordovician Rocks of Michigan. Michigan Department of Conservation, Geological Survey Publication, 46, 1-89.
65. ICZN 1989. Opinion 1561. Climacograptus manitoulinensis Caley, 1936 (currently Paraclimacograptus manitoulinensis; Graptolithina): specific name conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 46, 211.
66. JACKSON, D. E. 1973. Amplexograptus and Glyptograptus isolated from Ordovician limestones in Manitoba. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 222, 1-8.
67. JOHNSON, M. D., RUSSELL, D. J. and TELFORD, P. G. 1983. Oil shale assessment project, volume 1, shallow drilling results 1981-1982. Ontario Geological Survey Open File Report, 5531, 1-44.
68. JOHNSON, M. E. 1989. Comparison of Late Ordovician epicontinental seas and their relative bathymetry in North America and China. Palaios, 4, 43-50.
69. KEBLE, R. A. and HARRIS, w. J. 1925. Graptolites from Mt. Eastern. Records of the Geological Survey of Victoria, 4, 507-516.
70. KELLER, B. M. 1956. [Ordovician graptolites of the Chu Iliiski Mountains.] Academy of Sciences of U.S.S.R., Studies of the Geological Institute, 1, 50-102 [In Russian].
71. KOLATA, D. R. and GRAESE, A. M. 1983. Lithostratigraphy and depositional environments of the Maquoketa Group (Ordovician) in Northern Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Circular, 528, 1-49.
72. KOREN', T. N. and SOBOLEVSKAYA, R. F. 1983, [Graptolites.] 97-160. In SOKOLOV, B. S., KOREN', T. N. and NIKITIN, I. F. (eds). [The Ordovician-Silurian boundary in the north-east of the U.S.S.R.] Nauka Publishers, Leningrad, 205 pp. [In Russian].
73. LAPWORTH, C. 1873. On an improved classification of the Rhabdophora. Geological Magazine, 10, 500-504, 555-560.
74. _ 1876. The Silurian System in the south of Scotland. 1-28. In ARMSTRONG, J., YOUNG, J. and ROBERTSON, D. (eds). Catalogue of western Scottish fossils. Blackie and Sons, Glasgow, xiii + 188 pp.
75. _ 1877. On the graptolites of County Down. 126-144. In Systematic lists of the flora, fauna, palaeontology, and archaeology of the north of Ireland by members of the Belfast Naturalists Field Club. Vol. 1, Appendix 4, 342 pp.
76. _ 1880. On new British graptolites. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 5, 149-177.
77. LEHMANN, D., BRETT, C. E., COLE, R. and BAIRD, G. 1995. Distal sedimentation in a peripheral foreland basin: Ordovician black shales and associated flysch of the western Taconic foreland, New York State and Ontario. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 107, 708-724.
78. LEVERSON, C. O., GERK, A. J. and BROADHEAD, T. W. 1979. Stratigraphy of the Dubuque Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences 86, 57-65.
79. MACKENZIE, P. and BERGSTRÖM, S. M. 1993. Discovery of the zonal index fossil Amorphognathus ordovicicus in the Richmondian of Indiana : implications for the regional correlation of the North American Upper Ordovician Standard. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 25, A472.
80. _ _ 1994. Stratigraphie significance of the occurrence of Amorphognathus ordovicicus in the Richmondian Stage of the Cincirmatian (Upper Ordovician) in eastern Indiana. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, 26. 51.
81. MELCHIN, M. J. 1987. Upper Ordovician graptolites from the Cape Phillips Formation, Canadian Arctic Islands. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 35, 191-202.
82. MITCHELL, C. E. 1987. Evolution and phylogenetic classification of the Diplograptacea. Palaeontology, 30, 353-405.
83. _ and BERGSTRÖM, S. M. 1977. Three-dimensionally preserved Richmondian graptolites from southwestern Ohio and the graptolite correlation of the North American Upper Ordovician standard. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 16, 257-270.
84. _ 1991. New graptolite and lithostratigraphic evidence from the Cincinnati region, U.S.A., for the definition and correlation of the base of the Cincinnatian Series (Upper Ordovician). 59-77. In BARNES, C. R. and WILLIAMS, S. H. (eds). Advances in Ordovician Geology. Geological Survey of Canada Paper, 90-9, 1-336.
85. NICHOLSON, H. A. 1875. On a new genus and some new species of graptolites from the Skiddaw slates. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4, 16, 269-273.
86. NILSSON, R. 1977. A boring through Middle and Upper Ordovician strata at Koängen in Western Scania, Southern Sweden. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Series C, 733, 1-58.
87. OBERG, R. 1966. The conodont fauna of the Viola Formation (Ordovician) of Oklahoma. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Iowa, 186pp.
88. PŘIBYL, A. 1949. Revision of the Diplograptidae and Glossograptidae of the Ordovician of Bohemia. Bulletin International Académie Tchèque des Sciences, 50, 1-51.
89. RAATZ, W. D. and LUDVIGSON, G. A. 1996. Depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician epicontinental deep water deposits, eastern Iowa and southern Minnesota. 143-159. In WITZKE, B. J., LUDVIGSON, F. A. and DAY, J. (eds). Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy: views from the North American craton. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 306, 1-456.
90. RIVA, J. F. 1969. Middle and upper Ordovician graptolite faunas of St. Lawrence Lowlands of Quebec, and of Anticosti Island. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 112, 579-595.
91. _ 1974. A revision of some Ordovician graptolites of eastern North America. Palaeontology, 17, 1-40.
92. _ 1987a. The species Amplexograptus praetypicalis n.sp. and the origin of the typicalis group. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 24, 924-933.
93. _ 1987b. Case 2596. Climacograptus manitoulinensis Caley, 1936 (currently Paraclimacograptus manitoulinensis; Graptolithina): proposed conservation of the specific name. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 44, 228-229.
94. _ 1988. Graptolites at and below the Ordovician-Silurian boundary on Anticosti Island, Canada. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series, 43, 221-237.
95. _ and KETNER, K. B. 1989. Ordovician graptolites from the northern Sierra de Cobachi, Sonora, Mexico. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 80, 71-90.
96. ROEMER, F. 1861. Die fossile Fauna der silurischen Diluvial-Geschiebe von Sadewitz bei Oels in Nieder-Schlesien. Breslau.
97. ROSS, J. R. and ROSS, C. A. 1992. Ordovician sea-level fluctuations. 327-335. In WEBBY, B. D. and LAURIE, J. R. (eds). Global perspectives on Ordovician geology. Balkema, Rotterdam, 513 pp.
98. ROSS, R. J., Jr and 28 co-authors 1982. The Ordovician System in the United States. Correlation chart and explanatory notes. International Union of Geological Sciences Publication, 12, 1-73.
99. _ and BERRY, W. B. N. 1963. Ordovician graptolites of the Basin Ranges in California, Nevada, Utah, and Idaho. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 1134, 1-177.
100. RUEDEMANN, R. 1908. Graptolites of New York. Part 2. Memoir of the New York State Museum, 11, 1-547.
101. _ 1925. The Utica and Lorraine formations of New York. Pt. 1. Stratigraphy. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, 258, 1-174.
102. _ 1947. Graptolites of North America. Geological Society of America Memoir, 19, 1-652.
103. _ and DECKER, C. E. 1934. The graptolites of the Viola Limestone. Journal of Paleontology, 8, 303-327.
104. _ and EHLERS, G. M. 1924. Occurrence of the Collingwood formation in Michigan. Contributions of the Museum of Geology, University of Michigan, 2, 13-18.
105. RUSSELL, D. J. and TELFORD, P. G. 1983. Revisions to the stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician Collingwood beds of Ontario-a potential oil shale. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 1780-1790.
106. SENIOR, S. J. H. 1991. A new species of graptoloid, Dicellograptus uncatus n.sp., from the Blue Mountain Formation of Southern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, 822-826.
107. SKOGLUND, R. 1963. Uppermost Viruan and Lower Harjuan (Ordovician) stratigraphy of Västergötland and Lower Harjuan graptolite faunas of Central Sweden. Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala, 42, 1-55.
108. SLOAN, R. E. 1987. Tectonics, biostratigraphy, and lithostratigraphy of the Middle and Late Ordovician of the Upper Mississippi Valley. 7-20. In SLOAN, R. E. (ed.). Middle and Late Ordovician lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Report of Investigations, Minnesota Geological Survey, 35, 1-232.
109. SWEET, W. C. 1979a. Conodonts and conodont biostratigraphy of post-Tyrone Ordovician rocks of the Cincinnati region. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper, 1066-G, G1-G26.
110. _ 1979b. Late Ordovician conodonts and biostratigraphy of the Western Midcontinent province. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 26, 45-86.
111. _ 1983. Part II - Conodont biostratigraphy of the Fite Formation and Viola Group. 23-52. In AMSDEN, T. W. and SWEET, W. C. Upper Bromide Formation and Viola Group (Middle and Upper Ordovician) in eastern Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 132, 1-76.
112. _ 1984. Graphic correlation of upper Middle and Upper Ordovician rocks, North American Midcontinent Province, U.S.A. 23-35. In BRUTON, D. L. (ed.). Aspects of the Ordovician System. Palaeontological Contributions from the University of Oslo, 295, 1-228.
113. _ 1987. Distribution and significance of conodonts in Middle and upper Ordovician strata of the Upper Mississippi Valley region. 167-172. In SLOAN, R. E. (ed.). Middle and Late Ordovician lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Report of Investigations, Minnesota Geological Survey, 35, 1-232.
114. _ THOMPSON, T. L. and SATTERFIELD, I. R. 1975. Studies in stratigraphy. Part 1. Conodont stratigraphy of the Cape Limestone (Maysvillian) of eastern Missouri. Report of Investigations. Missouri Geological Survey, 57, 5-58.
115. TEMPLETON, J. S. and WILLMAN, H. B. 1963. Champlainian Series (Middle Ordovician) in Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey Bulletin, 89, 1-260.
116. THOMPSON, T. L. 1991. Paleozoic succession in Missouri. Part 2. Ordovician System. Report of Investigations. Missouri Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Land Survey, 70, 1-292.
117. _ and SATTERFIELD, I. R. 1975. Studies in stratigraphy. Part 2. Stratigraphy and conodont biostratigraphy of strata contiguous to the Ordovician-Silurian boundary in eastern Missouri. Report of Investigations, Missouri Geological Survey, 57, 61-108.
118. THORSLUND, P. and ASKLUND, B. 1935. Stratigrafiska and tektoniska studier inom Föllingeområdet i Jämtland. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Series C, 388, 1-61.
119. TOGHILL, P. 1970. Highest Ordovician (Hartfell Shales) graptolite faunas from the Moffat area, South Scotland. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series, 19, 1-26.
120. VANDENBERG, A. H. M. and COOPER, R. A. 1992. The Ordovician graptolite sequence of Australasia. Alcheringa, 16, 33-85.
121. VOTAW, R. B. 1980. Middle and Upper Ordovician conodonts from the Upper Peninsula, Michigan. 18-21. In Guidebook for the Michigan Basin Geological Society Field Conference 1980. Michigan Basin Geological Society, Ann Arbor, 40 pp.
122. WALTERS, M. 1977. Middle and Upper Ordovician graptolites from the St. Lawrence Lowlands, Quebec, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14, 932-952.
123. _ LESPÉRANCE, P. J. and HUBERT, C. 1982. The biostratigraphy of the Nicolet River Formation in Quebec and intra-North American correlations in Middle and Upper Ordovician strata. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19, 571-588.
124. WEBERS, G. F. 1966. The Middle and Upper Ordovician conodont faunas of Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Publication Series, SP-4, 1-123.
125. WERNER, C. and ECHOLS, D. J. 1958. Three-dimensional graptolites in the Maquoketa Shale (Upper Ordovician). Journal of Paleontology, 32, 1026-1029.
126. WHITFIELD, R. P. 1895. Republication of descriptions of fossils from the Hall collection in the American Museum of Natural History, etc. American Museum of Natural History Memoir, 1, 39-74.
127. WHITTINGTON, H. B. 1954. A new Ordovician graptolite from Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 28, 613-621.
128. _ 1955. Additional new Ordovician graptolites and a chitinozoan from Oklahoma. Journal of Paleontology, 29, 837-851.
129. WILLIAMS, S. H. 1982a. Upper Ordovician graptolites from the top Lower Hartfell Shale Formation (D. clingani and P. linearis zones) near Moffat, southern Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 72, 229-255.
130. _ 1982b. The late Ordovician graptolite fauna of the Anceps Bands at Dob's Linn, southern Scotland. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 16, 29-56.
131. _ 1987. Upper Ordovician graptolites from the D. complanatus Zone of the Moffat and Girvan districts and their significance for correlation. Scottish Journal of Geology, 23, 65-92.
132. _ 1991. Stratigraphy and graptolites of the Upper Ordovician Point Leamington Formation, central Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 28, 581-600.
133. _ and BRUTON, D. L. 1983. The Caradoc-Ashgill boundary in the central Oslo Region and associated graptolite faunas. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, 63, 147-191.
134. WITZKE, B. J. 1987. Middle and Upper Ordovician stratigraphy in the Iowa subsurface. 40-41. In SLOAN, R. E. (ed.). Middle and Late Ordovician lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy in the Upper Mississippi Valley. Report of Investigations, Minnesota Geological Survey, 35, 1-232.
135. _ and BUNKER, B. J. 1996. Relative sea-level changes during Middle Ordovician through Mississippian deposition in the Iowa area, North American craton. 307-330. In WITZKE, B. J., LUDVIGSON, F. A. and DAY, J. (eds). Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy: views from the North American craton. Geological Society of America Special Paper, 306, 1-446.
136. _ and GLENISTER, B. F. 1987. Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Formation in the Graf area, eastern Iowa. Geological Society of America, Decade of North American Geology, Centennial Field Guide, 3, 103-108.
137. _ and KOLATA, D. R. 1988. Changing structural and depositional patterns, Ordovician Champlainian and Cincinnatian Series of Iowa-Illinois. 55-77. In LUDVIGSON, G. A. and BUNKER, B. J. (eds). New perspectives on the Paleozoic history of the Upper Mississippi Valley. Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Geological Survey Bureau, Guidebook, 8, 1-77.
138. ZALASIEWICZ, J. A., RUSHTON, A. W. A. and OWEN, A. W. 1995. Late Caradoc graptolitic faunal gradients across the Iapetus Ocean. Geological Magazine, 132, 611-617.