Early modern India and world history

Journal of World History

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 197-208

  Richards, John F ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EARLY MODERN PERIOD; GLOBAL HISTORY; HISTORICAL THEORY;

INDIA;

EID: 0031427536     PISSN: 10456007     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2005.0071     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, 3 vols. (New York: Harper and Row, 1981-84).
2. Even J. M. Blaut, the most articulate recent critic of Eurocentric world history, comments: "Africa, Asia, and Europe shared equally in the rise of capitalism prior to 1492. After that date Europe took the lead. This happened . . . because of Europe's location near America and because of the immense wealth obtained by Europeans in America and later in Asia and Africa-not because Europeans were brighter or bolder or better than non-Europeans, or more modern, more advanced, more progressive, more rational. These are myths of Eurocentric diffusionism and are best forgotten" (J. M. Blaut, The Colonizer's Model of the World [New York: Guilford Press, 1993], p. 206).
3. J. H. Parry, The Discovery of the Sea (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), p. 16.
4. Parry, Discovery of the Sea, p. xi.
5. Dava Sobel, Longtitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time (New York: Penguin, 1996).
6. Jonathan I. Israel, Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), p. 405.
7. Israel, Dutch Primacy, p. 411.
8. The most complete study of the English East India Company remains K. N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660-1760 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).
9. My estimates are based upon population figures given in Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 1:40-49; Paul Demeny, "Population," in The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, edited by B. L. Turner II et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 42-43; and Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, Atlas of World Population History (London: Penguin, 1985), p. 349. McEvedy and Jones's figure for 1500 is revised upward to adjust for their underestimate of New World populations.
10. My estimates are based upon population figures given in Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 1:40-49; Paul Demeny, "Population," in The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, edited by B. L. Turner II et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 42-43; and Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, Atlas of World Population History (London: Penguin, 1985), p. 349. McEvedy and Jones's figure for 1500 is revised upward to adjust for their underestimate of New World populations.
11. My estimates are based upon population figures given in Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 1:40-49; Paul Demeny, "Population," in The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, edited by B. L. Turner II et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 42-43; and Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, Atlas of World Population History (London: Penguin, 1985), p. 349. McEvedy and Jones's figure for 1500 is revised upward to adjust for their underestimate of New World populations.
12. Conrad Totman, Early Modem Japan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 140.
13. Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 1:47-48.
14. John F. Richards, "Land Transformation," in Turner et al., The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, pp. 163-78.
15. See, for example, Richard Foltz, "Two Seventeenth-Century Central Asian Travellers to Mughal India," Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd series (1996): 367-77.
16. have previously argued (John F. Richards, "The Seventeenth-Century Crisis in South Asia," Modern Asian Studies 24 [1990]: 625-38) that the fiscal crisis that seems to have overcome several large Eurasian states in the first half of the seventeenth century did not occur synchronously in Mughal India. Symptoms of crisis appeared only at the turn of the eighteenth century in the subcontinent. This argument does not necessarily undercut the notion of tightening economic ties that incorporated India into the early modern world economy. Instead, the strength of the early modern South Asian economy and trade balance precluded a fiscal crisis similar to that found elsewhere.
17. John F. Richards, ed., Precious Metals in the Later Medieval and Early Modern Worlds (Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 1983), pp. 22-23.
18. Om Prakash, The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal, 1630-1720 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985).
19. Andre Wink, review of John F. Richards, Power, Administration and Finance in Mughal India (Aldershot: Variorum, 1993), Journal of Asian Studies 54 (1995): 1143-47.
20. Andre Wink, review of John F. Richards, Power, Administration and Finance in Mughal India (Aldershot: Variorum, 1993), Journal of Asian Studies 54 (1995): 1143-47.
21. Burton Stein was the foremost proponent of this view of premodern states in India. See his Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985) and Vijayanagara (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
22. Burton Stein was the foremost proponent of this view of premodern states in India. See his Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985) and Vijayanagara (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
23. For example, Andre Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth Century Maratha Svarajya (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
24. McEvedy and Jones, Atlas of World Population History, p. 185.
25. Tapan Raychaudhuri and Itifan Habib, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of India, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 1:167. Habib draws on estimates made by different scholars for different dates.
26. Quoted in John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 191, from Muzaffar Alam, The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 65-66.
27. Quoted in John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 191, from Muzaffar Alam, The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 65-66.
28. Andre Gunder Frank, "India in the World Economy, 1400-1750," Economic and Political Weekly, 27 July 1996, pp. 50-64. In this recent piece, Frank argues that "the common global expansion since 1400 benefitted the Asian centres [India and China] earlier and more than it did Europe, Africa and the Americas" (p. 50).
29. In her dissertation in progress at the University of California, Berkeley.
30. Stephen F. Dale, Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).