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Menzel R, Geiger K, Chittka L, Joerges J, Kunze J, Müller U. The knowledge base of bee navigation. J Exp Biol. 199:1996;141-146.
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Menzel, R.1
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Bees travel novel homeward routes by integrating separately acquired vector memories
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of outstanding interest; The authors employed a paradigm in which it was possible to separate experimentally target-directed orientation and navigation in the bee according to the memories of vectors. If two different vector memories are established simultaneously, they are specifically associated with the memories of the local landmark features at the goal. When the bees are released from a novel site, the two different vector memories leading back from two separate goals to the hive can be activated together by landmark features that resemble partially those of the two goals to which they were attached originally. The two activated vector memories are then integrated, leading to a novel flight route pointing directly towards the hive (see Figure 1)
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Menzel R, Chittka L, Geiger K, Joerges J, Müller U. Bees travel novel homeward routes by integrating separately acquired vector memories. of outstanding interest Anim Behav. 1997; The authors employed a paradigm in which it was possible to separate experimentally target-directed orientation and navigation in the bee according to the memories of vectors. If two different vector memories are established simultaneously, they are specifically associated with the memories of the local landmark features at the goal. When the bees are released from a novel site, the two different vector memories leading back from two separate goals to the hive can be activated together by landmark features that resemble partially those of the two goals to which they were attached originally. The two activated vector memories are then integrated, leading to a novel flight route pointing directly towards the hive (see Figure 1).
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Anim Behav
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Menzel, R.1
Chittka, L.2
Geiger, K.3
Joerges, J.4
Müller, U.5
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9
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0028820998
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Learnt sensori-motor mappings in honeybees: Interpolation and its possible relevance to navigation
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of outstanding interest. Bees were trained to fly along a prescribed route through a large box partitioned into compartments. The back walls of the compartments presented gratings of black and white stripes with a given orientation such that stripe orientation could be associated with a flight turn to the right or to the left. Bees learned the task, thus associating flight direction and stripe orientation. Moreover, grating orientations between the trained values resulted in flight directions that were intermediate with respect to those flown during training. This result indicates that bees can interpolate between stripe orientations and that there is a continuous representation between stripe orientation and flight direction.
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Collett TS, Baron J. Learnt sensori-motor mappings in honeybees: interpolation and its possible relevance to navigation. of outstanding interest J Comp Physiol. 177:1995;287-298 Bees were trained to fly along a prescribed route through a large box partitioned into compartments. The back walls of the compartments presented gratings of black and white stripes with a given orientation such that stripe orientation could be associated with a flight turn to the right or to the left. Bees learned the task, thus associating flight direction and stripe orientation. Moreover, grating orientations between the trained values resulted in flight directions that were intermediate with respect to those flown during training. This result indicates that bees can interpolate between stripe orientations and that there is a continuous representation between stripe orientation and flight direction.
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J Comp Physiol
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Collett, T.S.1
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Honeybees use optic flow to measure the distance of a food source
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Esch HE, Burns JE. Honeybees use optic flow to measure the distance of a food source. Naturwissenschaften. 82:1995;38-40.
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Esch HE, Burns JE. Distance estimation by foraging honeybees. J Exp Biol. 199:1996;155-162.
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Esch, H.E.1
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of outstanding interest. This paper shows that bees trained to fly a constant distance within a tunnel estimate such a distance by integrating the motion of the image of the visual panorama provided by ventral as well as lateral gratings of black and white stripes. It is shown that doubling or halving the period of the gratings, or presenting tail or head wind to the flying bees does not affect the bees' performance of localising the correct distance within the tunnel. Only when image motion cues were removed by presenting axially oriented stripes on the walls and the floor of the tunnel, were the bees unable to gauge the distance travelled. This shows that bees measured the distance travelled by integrating the image speed of the visual panorama, and that such a parameter is measured independently of the texture of the image.
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Srinivasan MV, Zhang SW, Lehrer M, Collett TS. Honeybee navigation en route to the goal: visual flight control and odometry. of outstanding interest J Exp Biol. 199:1996;237-244 This paper shows that bees trained to fly a constant distance within a tunnel estimate such a distance by integrating the motion of the image of the visual panorama provided by ventral as well as lateral gratings of black and white stripes. It is shown that doubling or halving the period of the gratings, or presenting tail or head wind to the flying bees does not affect the bees' performance of localising the correct distance within the tunnel. Only when image motion cues were removed by presenting axially oriented stripes on the walls and the floor of the tunnel, were the bees unable to gauge the distance travelled. This shows that bees measured the distance travelled by integrating the image speed of the visual panorama, and that such a parameter is measured independently of the texture of the image.
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J Exp Biol
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Srinivasan, M.V.1
Zhang, S.W.2
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Schöne H. Optokinetic speed control and estimation of travel distance in walking honeybees. J Comp Physiol [A]. 179:1996;587-592.
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Ronacher B, Wehner R. Desert ants Cataglyphis fortis use self-induced optic flow to measure distances travelled. J Comp Physiol [A]. 177:1995;21-27.
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Chittka L, Geiger K. Can honeybees count landmarks? Anim Behav. 49:1995;159-164.
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Chittka, L.1
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Chittka L, Geiger K, Kunze J. The influences of landmarks on distance estimation of honey bees. Anim Behav. 50:1995;23-31.
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Giurfa M, Vorobyev M, Kevan P, Menzel R. Detection of coloured stimuli by honeybees: minimum visual angles and receptor specific contrasts. J Comp Physiol [A]. 178:1996;699-709.
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Discrimination of coloured stimuli by honeybees: Alternative use of achromatic and chromatic signals
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of special interest. Honeybees make use of their colour vision system as well as a green-receptor based achromatic system for detecting coloured stimuli (see also [20]). The minimum visual angle required for detection of a coloured stimulus is 15° if the stimulus presents chromatic contrast but not green contrast, whilst it is 5° if it presents both kinds of contrast. Both systems are used alternatively depending on the visual angle subtended by the targets at the bee's eye: at larger visual angles (>15°), bees use the chromatic properties of the targets, whereas at smaller ones (~5°), they use the achromatic green contrast. Thus, the green receptor contrast is not used for recognition and not learned at a distance at which the colour signal is perceived. Together with [20], the data indicate that large field object recognition is devoid of the achromatic signal and that the perception and learning of the achromatic signal has a low and a high threshold.
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Giurfa M, Vorobyev M, Brandt R, Posner B, Menzel R. Discrimination of coloured stimuli by honeybees: alternative use of achromatic and chromatic signals. of special interest J Comp Physiol [A]. 180:1997;235-243 Honeybees make use of their colour vision system as well as a green-receptor based achromatic system for detecting coloured stimuli (see also [20]). The minimum visual angle required for detection of a coloured stimulus is 15° if the stimulus presents chromatic contrast but not green contrast, whilst it is 5° if it presents both kinds of contrast. Both systems are used alternatively depending on the visual angle subtended by the targets at the bee's eye: at larger visual angles (>15°), bees use the chromatic properties of the targets, whereas at smaller ones (~5°), they use the achromatic green contrast. Thus, the green receptor contrast is not used for recognition and not learned at a distance at which the colour signal is perceived. Together with [20], the data indicate that large field object recognition is devoid of the achromatic signal and that the perception and learning of the achromatic signal has a low and a high threshold.
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Giurfa, M.1
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On the encoding of movement vectors by honeybees. Are distance and direction represented independently?
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of outstanding interest. This paper is similar to [9] but the bees were initially trained successfully to associate trajectory length with stripe orientation. As for direction, bees could interpolate between trained stripe orientations and choose intermediate flight lengths when presented with intermediate stripe orientations. Moreover, in a different arena in which trajectory length and directions could be varied with respect to the orientation of gratings presented in each compartment, bees flew trajectories that indicated that length and direction are not treated separately. Establishment of a new trajectory from learned, existing ones seems to follow rules similar to those of vector averaging.
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Collett TS, Baron J, Sellen K. On the encoding of movement vectors by honeybees. Are distance and direction represented independently? of outstanding interest J Comp Physiol [A]. 179:1996;395-406 This paper is similar to [9] but the bees were initially trained successfully to associate trajectory length with stripe orientation. As for direction, bees could interpolate between trained stripe orientations and choose intermediate flight lengths when presented with intermediate stripe orientations. Moreover, in a different arena in which trajectory length and directions could be varied with respect to the orientation of gratings presented in each compartment, bees flew trajectories that indicated that length and direction are not treated separately. Establishment of a new trajectory from learned, existing ones seems to follow rules similar to those of vector averaging.
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of special interest. Bees and wasps leaving their nest perform ritualised semicircular learning flights in which they face towards the nest entrance and keep its image stationary on the retina. The structure of these learning flights may indicate that visual memory is not established in a continuous process but rather as a flash memory at the moment when the animal has reached a particular vantage point.
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