Stasis, biological disturbance, and community structure of a Holocene coral reef

Paleobiology

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 326-346

  Aronson, Richard B ^a,b   Precht, William F ^c  

^a DAUPHIN ISLAND SEA LAB   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA   (United States)

^c FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACROPORA CERVICORNIS; AGARICIA; AGARICIA AGARICITES; ANTHOZOA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CELLULAR ORGANISMS; LACTUCA;

EID: 0031423232     PISSN: 00948373     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0094837300019710     Document Type: Article

References (148)

1. Acevedo, R., J. Morelock, and R. A. Olivieri. 1989. Modification of coral reef zonation by terrigenous sediment stress. Palaios 4:92-100.
2. Adey, W. H., and R. B. Burke. 1977. Holocene bioherms of Lesser Antilles: geologic control of development. In S. H. Frost, M. P. Weiss, and J. B. Saunders, eds. Reefs and related carbonates - ecology and sedimentology. Studies in Geology No. 4: 67-82. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Okla.
3. Antonius, A. 1981. The "band" diseases in coral reefs. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila 2:6-14.
4. Aronson, R. B., and W. F. Precht. 1995. Landscape patterns of reef coral diversity: a test of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 192:1-14.
5. Aronson, R. B., J. P. Ebersole, and K. P. Sebens. 1994. Hurricane Hugo's impact on Salt River Submarine Canyon, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Pp. 189-195 in Ginsburg 1994.
6. Aronson, R. B., P. J. Edmunds, W. F. Precht, D. W. Swanson, and D. R. Levitan. 1994. Large-scale, long-term monitoring of Caribbean coral reefs: simple, quick, inexpensive techniques. Atoll Research Bulletin 421:1-19.
7. Bak, R. P. M., and S. R. Criens. 1981. Survival after fragmentation of colonies of Madracis mirabilis, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis (Scleractinia) and the subsequent impact of coral disease. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila 2:221-228.
8. Bak, R. P. M., and M. S. Engel. 1979. Distribution, abundance and survival of juvenile hermatypic corals (Scleractinia) and the importance of life history strategies in the parent coral community. Marine Biology 54:341-352.
9. Boss, S. K., and W. D. Liddell. 1987. Back-reef and fore-reef analogs in the Pleistocene of north Jamaica: implications for facies recognition and sediment flux in fossil reefs. Palaios 2: 219-228.
10. Bottjer, D. J. 1980. Branching morphology of the reef coral Acropora cervicornis in different hydraulic regimes. Journal of Paleontology 54:1102-1107.
11. Brett, C. E., and G. C. Baird. 1995. Coordinated stasis and evolutionary ecology of Silurian to Middle Devonian faunas in the Appalachian Basin. Pp. 285-315 in D. Erwin and R. L. Anstey, eds. New approaches to speciation in the fossil record. Columbia University Press, New York.
12. Brett, C. E., K. B. Miller, and G. C. Baird. 1990. A temporal hierarchy of paleoecological processes within a Middle Devonian epeiric sea. In W. Miller III, ed. Paleocommunity temporal dynamics: the long-term development of multispecies assemblages. Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 5:178-209. Lawrence, Kans.
13. Brett, C. E., L. C. Ivany, and K. M. Schopf. 1996. Coordinated stasis: an overview. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 127:1-20.
14. Budd, A. F., T. A. Stemann, and K. G. Johnson. 1994. Stratigraphic distributions of genera and species of Neogene to Recent Caribbean reef corals. Journal of Paleontology 68:951-977.
15. Budd, A. F., K. G. Johnson, and T. A. Stemann. 1996. Plio-Pleistocene turnover and extinctions in the Caribbean reef coral fauna. Pp. 168-204 in J. B. C. Jackson, A. F. Budd, and A. G. Coates, eds. Evolution and environment in tropical America. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
16. Burke, R. B. 1982. Reconnaissance study of the geomorphology and benthic communities of the outer barrier reef platform, Belize. In K. Rützler and I. G. Macintyre, eds. The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, I. Structure and communities. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 12:509-526. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
17. 1994. How have Holocene sea level rise and antecedent topography influenced Belize barrier reef development? Pp. 14-20 in Ginsburg 1994.
18. Buzas, M. A., and S. J. Culver. 1994. Species pool and dynamics of marine paleocommunities. Science 264:1439-1441.
19. Bythell, J. C., E. H. Gladfelter, W. B. Gladfelter, K. E. French, and Z. Hillis. 1989. Buck Island Reef National Monument - changes in modern reef community structure since 1976. In D. K. Hubbard, ed. Terrestrial and marine geology of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Special Publication No. 8:145-153. West Indies Laboratory, St. Croix.
20. Carpenter, R. C. 1997. Invertebrate predators and grazers. Pp. 198-229 in C. Birkeland, ed. Life and death of coral reefs. Chapman and Hall, New York.
21. Chiappone, M., and K. M. Sullivan. 1991. A comparison of line transect versus linear percentage sampling for evaluating stony coral (Scleractinia and Milleporina) community similarity and area coverage on reefs of the central Bahamas. Coral Reefs 10:139-154.
22. _. 1996, Distribution, abundance and species composition of juvenile scleractinian corals in the Florida Reef Tract. Bulletin of Marine Science 58:555-569.
23. Choi, D. R., and C. W. Holmes. 1982. Foundations of Quaternary reefs in south-central Belize lagoon, Central America. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 66:2663-2681.
24. Chornesky, E. A. 1991. The ties that bind: inter-clonal cooperation may help a fragile coral dominate shallow high-energy reefs. Marine Biology 109:41-51.
25. Connell, J. H. 1978. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science 199:1302-1310.
26. Connell, J. H., and W. P. Sousa. 1983. On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence. American Naturalist 121:789-824.
27. Cornell, H. V., and R. H. Karlson. 1996. Species richness of reef-building corals determined by local and regional processes. Journal of Animal Ecology 65:233-241.
28. Curran, H. A., D. P. Smith, L. C. Meigs, A. E. Pufall, and M. L. Greer. 1994. The health and short-term change of two coral patch reefs, Fernandez Bay, San Salvador Island, Bahamas. Pp. 147-153 in Ginsburg 1994.
29. Devis, G. E. 1982. A century of natural change in coral distribution at the Dry Tortugas: a comparison of reef maps from 1881 and 1976. Bulletin of Marine Science 32:608-623.
30. Davis, M. B. 1986. Climatic instability, time lags, and community disequilibrium. Pp. 269-284 in J. Diamond and T. J. Case, eds. Community ecology. Harper and Row, New York.
31. DiMichele, W. A. 1994. Ecological patterns in time and space. Paleobiology 20:89-92.
32. DiMichele, W. A., and T. L. Phillips. 1995. The response of hierarchically structured ecosystems to long-term climatic change: a case study using tropical peat swamps of Pennsylvanian age. Pp. 134-155 in S. M. Stanley, A. H. Knoll, and J. P. Kennett, eds. Effects of past global change on life. National Research Council, Studies in Geophysics. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
33. Dodge, R. E., and A. H. Knap. 1994. Long-term monitoring (2.5 years) of effects of short-term field exposure of stony corals to dispersed and undispersed crude oil. Pp. 87-93 in Ginsburg 1994.
34. Dodge, R. E., A. Logan, and A. Antonius. 1982. Quantitative reef assessment studies in Bermuda: a comparison of methods and preliminary results. Bulletin of Marine Science 32:745-760.
35. Done, T. J. 1992. Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance. Hydrobiologia 247:121-132.
36. Edmunds, P. J., R. B. Aronson, D. W. Swanson, D. R. Levitan, and W. F. Precht. In press. Photographic versus visual census techniques for the quantification of juvenile corals. Bulletin of Marine Science.
37. FAUNMAP Working Group: R. W. Graham, E. L. Lundelius Jr., M. A. Graham, E. K. Schroeder, R. S. Toomey III, E. Anderson, A. D. Barnosky, J. A. Burns, C. S. Churcher, D. K. Grayson, R. D. Guthrie, C. R. Harington, G. T. Jefferson, L. D. Martin, H. G. McDonald, R. E. Morlan, H. A. Semken Jr., S. D. Webb, L. Werdelin, and M. C. Wilson. 1996. Spatial response of mammals to late Quaternary environmental fluctuations. Science 272:1601-1606.
38. Geister, J. 1977. The influence of wave exposure on the ecological zonation of Caribbean coral reefs. Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, Miami 1:23-29.
39. _. 1980. Calm-water reefs and rough-water reefs of the Caribbean Pleistocene. Acta Palaeontologia Polonica 25:541-556.
40. _. 1983. Holozäne westindische Korallenriffe: Geomorphologie, Ökologie und Fazies. Facies 9:173-284.
41. Gilmore, M. D., and B. R. Hall. 1976. Life history, growth habits, and constructional roles of Acropora cervicornis in the patch reef environment. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 40:519-522.
42. Ginsburg, R. N., compiler. 1994, Proceedings of the Colloquium on Global Aspects of Coral Reefs: Health, Hazards and History, 1993. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami.
43. Gladfelter, W. B. 1982. White band disease in Acropora palmata: implications for the structure and growth of shallow reefs. Bulletin of Marine Science 32:639-643.
44. Glynn, P. W. 1993. Coral reef bleaching: ecological perspectives. Coral Reefs 12:1-17.
45. Goreau, T. F. 1959. The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs. I. Species composition and zonation. Ecology 40:67-90.
46. Goreau, T. F., and N. I. Goreau. 1973. The ecology of Jamaican coral reefs. II. Geomorphology, zonation and sedimentary phases. Bulletin of Marine Science 23:399-464.
47. Goreau, T. F., and J. W. Wells. 1967. The shallow water Scleractinia of Jamaica: revised list of species and their vertical distribution range. Bulletin of Marine Science 17:442-453.
48. Graus, R. R., and I. G. Macintyre. 1989. The zonation patterns of Caribbean coral reefs as controlled by wave and light energy input, bathymetric setting and reef morphology: computer simulation experiments. Coral Reefs 8:9-18.
49. Greenstein, B. J. 1989. Mass mortality of the West-Indian echinoid Diadema antillarum (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): a natural experiment in taphonomy. Palaios 4:487-492.
50. Greenstein, B. J., and H. A. Moffat. 1996. Comparative taphonomy of modern and Pleistocene corals, San Salvador, Bahamas. Palaios 11.57-63.
51. Halley, R. B., E. A. Shinn, J. H. Hudson, and B. Lidz. 1977. Recent and relict topography of Boo Bee patch reef, Belize. Proceedings of the Third International Coral Reef Symposium, Miami 2:29-35.
52. Hallock, P., and W. Schlager. 1986. Nutrient excess and the demise of coral reefs and carbonate platforms. Palaios 1:389-398.
53. Highsmith, R. C. 1982. Reproduction by fragmentation in corals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 7:207-226.
54. Highsmith, R. C., A. C. Riggs, and C. M. D'Antonio. 1980. Survival of hurricane-generated coral fragments and a disturbance model of reef calcification/ growth rates. Oecologia 46: 322-329.
55. Hoffman, A. 1979. Community paleoecology as an epiphenomenal science. Paleobiology 5:357-379.
56. Hubbard, D. K. 1988. Controls of modern and fossil reef development: common ground for biological and geological research. Proceedings of the Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium, Townsville 1:243-252.
57. Hubbard, D. K., E. H. Gladfelter, and J. C. Bythell. 1994. Comparison of biological and geological perspectives of coral-reef community structure at Buck Island, U.S. Virgin Islands. Pp. 201-207 in Ginsburg 1994.
58. Hughes, T. P. 1989. Community structure and diversity of coral reefs: the role of history. Ecology 70:275-279.
59. _. 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265:1547-1551.
60. _. 1996. Demographic approaches to community dynamics: a coral reef example. Ecology 77:2256-2260.
61. Hughes, T. P., and J. B. C. Jackson. 1985. Population dynamics and life histories of foliaceous corals. Ecological Monographs 55:141-166.
62. Hughes, T. P., D. Ayre, and J. H. Connell. 1992. The evolutionary ecology of corals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7:292-295.
63. Hunter, I. G., and B. Jones. 1996. Coral associations of the Pleistocene Ironshore Formation, Grand Cayman. Coral Reefs 15: 249-267.
64. Jablonski, D., and J. J. Sepkoski Jr. 1996. Paleobiology, community ecology, and scales of ecological pattern. Ecology 77: 1367-1378.
65. Jackson, J. B. C. 1992. Pleistocene perspectives of coral reef community structure. American Zoologist 32:719-731.
66. _. 1994a. Community unity? Science 264:1412-1413.
67. _. 1994b. Constancy and change of life in the sea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 344: 55-60.
68. James, N. P., and R. N. Ginsburg. 1979. The geological setting of Belize reefs. In N. P. James and R. N. Ginsburg, eds. The seaward margin of Belize barrier and atoll reefs. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 3:1-14. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
69. James, N. P., and I. G. Macintyre. 1985. Carbonate depositional environments: modern and ancient. Part I: Reefs: zonation, depositional facies, and diagenesis. Colorado School of Mines Quarterly 80(3):1-70.
70. Johnson, K. G., A. F. Budd, and T. A. Stemann. 1995. Extinction selectivity of Neogene Caribbean reef corals. Paleobiology 21: 52-73.
71. Karlson, R. H., and L. E. Hurd. 1993. Disturbance, coral reef communities, and changing ecological paradigms. Coral Reefs 12:117-125.
72. Kauffman, E. G., and J. A. Fagerstrom. 1993. The Phanerozoic evolution of reef diversity. Pp. 315-329 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, eds. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
73. Kinzie, R. A., III. 1973. The zonation of West Indian gorgonians. Bulletin of Marine Science 23:93-155.
74. Kitchell, J. F., and S. R. Carpenter. 1987. Piscivores, planktivores, fossils and phorbins. Pp. 132-146 in W. C. Kerfoot and A. Sih, eds. Predation: direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities. University Press of New England, Hanover, N.H.
75. Kjerfve, B. J., and S. P. Dinnel. 1983. Hindcast hurricane characteristics on the Belize Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 1:203-207.
76. Knowlton, N. 1992. Thresholds and multiple stable states in coral reef community dynamics. American Zoologist 32:674-682.
77. Knowlton, N., J. C. Lang, and B. D. Keller. 1990. Case study of natural population collapse: post-hurricane predation on Jamaican staghorn corals. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 31. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
78. Lang, J. C., and E. A. Chornesky. 1990. Competition between scleractinian corals - a review of mechanisms and effects. Pp. 209-252 in Z. Dubinsky, ed. Ecosystems of the world 25: coral reefs. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
79. Lessios, H. A. 1988. Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean: what have we learned? Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19:371-393.
80. Liddell, W. D., and S. L. Ohlhorst. 1981. Geomorphology and community composition of two adjacent reef areas. Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Journal of Marine Research 39:791-804.
81. _. 1993. Ten years of disturbance and change on a Jamaican fringing reef. Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam 1:144-150.
82. Lighty, R. G. 1981. Fleshy-algal domination of a modern Bahamian barrier reef: example of an alternate climax reef community. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, Manila 1:722. [Abstract.]
83. Lighty, R. G., I. G. Macintyre, and R. Stuckenrath. 1982. Acropora palmata reef framework: a reliable indication of sea level in the western Atlantic for the past 10,000 years. Coral Reefs 1:125-130.
84. Loya, Y. 1978. Plotless and transect methods. In D. R. Stoddart and R. E. Johannes, eds. Coral reefs: research methods. UNESCO Monographs on Oceanographic Methodology 5: 197-217. UNESCO, Paris.
85. Macintyre, I. G. 1988. Modern coral reefs of western Atlantic: new geological perspective. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 72:1360-1369.
86. Macintyre, I. G., and J. F. Marshall. 1988. Submarine lithification in coral reefs: some facts and misconceptions. Proceedings of the Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium, Townsville 1: 263-272.
87. Macintyre, I. G., R. B. Burke, and R. Stuckenrath. 1977. Thickest recorded Holocene reef section, Isla Pérez core hole, Alacran Reef, Mexico. Geology 5:749-754.
88. McIntosh, R. P. 1995. H. A. Gleason's 'individualistic concept' and theory of animal communities: a continuing controversy. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 70:317-357.
89. Mesolella, K. J. 1967. Zonation of uplifted Pleistocene coral reefs on Barbados, West Indies. Science 156:638-640.
90. Montebon, A. R. F. 1993. Use of the line intercept technique to determine trends in benthic cover. Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam 1:151-155.
91. Morris, P. J., L. C. Ivany, K. M. Schopf, and C. E. Brett. 1995. The challenge of paleoecological stasis: reassessing sources of evolutionary stability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92:11269-11273.
92. Neese, D. G., and R. K. Goldhammer. 1981. Constructional framework in buttress zone: role of Acropora cervicornis and Agaricia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 65:1015. [Abstract.]
93. Neumann, A. C., and I. Macintyre. 1985. Reef response to sea level rise: keep-up, catch-up or give-up. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti 3:105-110.
94. Ogden, J. C. 1974. The major marine environments of St. Croix. In H. G. Multer and L. C. Gerhard, eds. Guidebook to the geology and ecology of some marine and terrestrial environments, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Special Publication No. 5:5-19. West Indies Laboratory, St. Croix.
95. Ohlhorst, S. L., W. D. Liddell, R. J. Taylor, and J. M. Taylor. 1988. Evaluation of reef census techniques. Proceedings of the Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium, Townsville 2:319-324.
96. Pandolfi, J. M. 1996. Limited membership in Pleistocene reef coral assemblages from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea: constancy during global change. Paleobiology 22: 152-176.
97. Paulay, G. 1990. Effects of late Cenozoic sea-level fluctuations on the bivalve faunas of tropical oceanic islands. Paleobiology 16:415-434.
98. Peters, E. C. 1993. Diseases of other invertebrate phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Annelida, Echinodermata. Pp. 393-449 in J. A. Couch and J. W. Fournie, eds. Pathobiology of marine and estuarine organisms. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
99. _. 1997. Diseases of coral-reef organisms. Pp. 114-139 in C. Birkeland, ed. Life and death of coral reefs. Chapman and Hall, New York.
100. Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance of nature? Ecological issues in the conservation of species and communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
101. Porter, J. W. 1974. Community structure of coral reefs on opposite sides of the Isthmus of Panama. Science 186:543-545.
102. Porter, J. W., and O. W. Meier. 1992. Quantification of loss and change in Floridian reef coral populations. American Zoologist 32:625-640.
103. Porter, J. W., J. D. Woodley, G. J. Smith, J. E. Neigel, J. F. Battey, and D. G. Dallmeyer. 1981. Population trends among Jamaican reef corals. Nature 294:249-250.
104. Porter, J. W., J. F. Battey, and J. G. Smith. 1982. Perturbation and change in coral reef communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79:1678-1681.
105. Precht, W. F. 1990. Geologic and ecologic perspectives of catastrophic storms and disturbance on coral reefs: lessons from Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 22:A331.
106. _. 1993. Holocene coral patch reef ecology and sedimentary architecture, northern Belize, Central America. Palaios 8: 499-503.
107. _. 1997. Divergent wrench faulting in the Belize southern lagoon: implication for Tertiary Caribbean plate movements and Quaternary reef distribution: discussion. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 81:329-333.
108. Precht, W. F., and M. E. McClain. 1988. Submerged pinnacle reef complexes, southern shelf lagoon, Belize, C.A. Florida Scientist 51, Supplement 1:1-13.
109. Purdy, E. G. 1974a. Karst-determined facies patterns in British Honduras: Holocene carbonate sedimentation model. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 58:825-855.
110. _. 1974b. Reef configurations: cause and effect. In L. F. Laporte, ed. Reefs in time and space. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 18:9-76. Tulsa, Okla.
111. Purser, B. H., and J. H. Schroeder. 1986. The diagenesis of reefs: a brief review of our present understanding. Pp. 424-446 in J. H. Schroeder and B. H. Purser, eds. Reef diagenesis. Springer, Berlin.
112. Richmond, R. H., and C. L. Hunter. 1990. Reproduction and recruitment of corals: comparisons among the Caribbean, the Tropical Pacific, and the Red Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 60:185-203.
113. Ricklefs, R. E., and D. Schluter. 1993. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
114. Rogers, C. S. 1985. Degradation of Caribbean and western Atlantic coral reefs and decline of associated fisheries. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress, Tahiti 6: 491-496.
115. _. 1990. Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 62:185-202.
116. _. 1993. Hurricanes and coral reefs: the intermediate disturbance hypothesis revisited. Coral Reefs 12:127-137.
117. Rogers, C. S., H. C. Fitz III, M. Gilnack, J. Beets, and J. Hardin. 1984. Scleractinian coral recruitment patterns at Salt River Submarine Canyon, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Coral Reefs 3:69-76.
118. Rützler, K., and I. G. Macintyre. 1982. The habitat distribution and community structure of the barrier reef complex at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. In K. Rützler and I. G. Macintyre, eds. The Atlantic barrier reef ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, I. Structure and communities. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences 12:9-45. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
119. Rylaarsdam, K. W. 1983. Life histories and abundance patterns of colonial corals on Jamaican reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 13:249-260.
120. Sammarco, P. W. 1982. Echinoid grazing as a structuring force in coral communities: whole reef manipulations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 61:31-55.
121. Shinn, E. A. 1966. Coral growth rate, an environmental indicator. Journal of Paleontology 40:233-240.
122. _. 1989. What is really killing the corals? Sea Frontiers 35: 72-81.
123. Shinn, E. A., R. B. Halley, J. H. Hudson, B. Lidz, and D. M. Robbin. 1979. Three-dimensional aspects of Belize patch reefs. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 63: 528. [Abstract.]
124. Shinn, E. A., B. H. Lidz, R. B. Halley, J. H. Hudson, and J. L. Kindinger. 1989. Reefs of Florida and the Dry Tortugas. Field Trip Guidebook T176, 28th International Geological Congress, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
125. Smith, D. B. 1991. The reproduction and recruitment of Porites panamensis Verrill at Uva Island, Pacific Panama. M.Sc. thesis. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.
126. Smith, S. R. 1992. Patterns of coral recruitment and post-settlement mortality on Bermuda's reefs: comparison to Caribbean and Pacific reefs. American Zoologist 32:663-673.
127. Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry, 2d ed. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.
128. Stemann, T. A., and K. G. Johnson. 1992. Coral assemblages, biofacies, and ecological zones in the mid-Holocene reef deposits of the Enriquillo Valley, Dominican Republic. Lethaia 25:231-241.
129. _. 1995. Ecologic stability and spatial continuity in a Holocene reef, Lago Enriquillo, Dominican Republic. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 27:A166.
130. Sutherland, J. P. 1990. Perturbations, resistance, and alternative views of the existence of multiple stable points in nature. American Naturalist 136:270-275.
131. Szmant, A. M. 1986. Reproductive ecology of Caribbean reef corals. Coral Reefs 5:43-53.
132. Taylor, J. D. 1978. Faunal response to the instability of reef habitats: Pleistocene molluscan assemblages of Aldabra Atoll. Palaeontology 21:1-30.
133. Tomascik, T., and F. Sander. 1987. Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. II. Structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs, Barbados, West Indies. Marine Biology 94:53-75.
134. Tunnicliffe, V. 1981. Breakage and propagation of the stony coral Acropora cervicornis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 78:2427-2431.
135. _. 1983. Caribbean staghorn coral populations: pre-Hurricane Allen conditions in Discovery Bay, Jamaica. Bulletin of Marine Science 33:132-151.
136. Valentine, J. W., and D. Jablonski. 1993. Fossil communities: compositional variation at many time scales. Pp. 341-349 in R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter, eds. Species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
137. Vrba, E. S. 1985. Environment and evolution: alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events. South African Journal of Science 81:229-236.
138. Weil, E., and N. Knowlton. 1994. A multi-character analysis of the Caribbean coral Montastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and its two sibling species, M. faveolata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) and M. franksi (Gregory, 1895). Bulletin of Marine Science 55:151-175.
139. Welden, C. W., and W. L. Slauson. 1986. The intensity of competition versus its importance: an overlooked distinction and some implications. Quarterly Review of Biology 61:23-44.
140. Westphall, M. J. 1986. Anatomy and history of a ringed-reef complex, Belize, Central America. M.Sc. thesis. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla.
141. Westphall, M. J., and R. N. Ginsburg. 1984. Substrate control and taphonomy of Recent (Holocene) lagoon reefs from Belize, Central America. Pp. 135-136 in P. W. Glynn, A. M. Szmant-Froelich, and P. K. Swart, eds. Advances in reef science. Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami.
142. _. 1985. Taphonomy of coral reefs from southern Lagoon of Belize. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 69:315. [Abstract.]
143. Wilkinson, C. R. 1993. Coral reefs of the world are facing widespread devastation: can we prevent this through sustainable management practices? Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam 1:11-21.
144. Wilkinson, L. 1989. SYSTAT: the system for statistics for the PC, 2d ed. Systat, Inc., Evanston, Ill.
145. Williams, E. H., Jr., and L. Bunkley-Williams. 1990. The worldwide coral reef bleaching cycle and related sources of coral mortality. Atoll Research Bulletin 335:1-71.
146. Woodley, J. D. 1992. The incidence of hurricanes on the north coast of Jamaica since 1870: are the classic reef descriptions atypical? Hydrobiologia 247:133-138.
147. Woodley, J. D., E. A. Chornesky, P. A. Clifford, J. B. C. Jackson, L. S. Kaufman, N. Knowlton, J. C. Lang, M. P. Pearson, J. W. Porter, M. C. Rooney, K. W. Rylaarsdam, V. J. Tunnicliffe, C. M. Wahle, J. L. Wulff, A. S. G. Curtis, M. D. Dallmeyer, B. P. Jupp, M. A. R. Koehl, J. Neigel, and E. M. Sides. 1981. Hurricane Allen's impact on Jamaican coral reefs. Science 214: 749-755.
148. Wu, J., and O. L. Loucks. 1995. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology 70:439-466.