Poisoned groundwater and contaminated soil - The tribulations and trial of the first major manufacturer of aniline dyes in Basel

Environmental History

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 1997, Pages

  Travis, Anthony S ^a  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORICAL STUDY;

SWITZERLAND;

EID: 0031419551     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3985354     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. H. W. Swenson, "The Montebello Incident," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt 2 (1962): 84-88; Morris Deutsch, "Phenol Contamination of an Artesian Glacial-Drift Aquifer at Alma, Michigan, USA," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt. 2 (1962): 94-100; Patrick Lagadec, Developpement, Environement et Politique vis-à-vis du Risque: Le Cas de L'Italie-Seveso (Paris: Ecole Polytechnique, 1980); Flaminio Cattabeni, "Environmental Contamination by TCDD: The Seveso Case," in Ecoaccidents, ed. John Cairns Jr. (New York: Plenum, 1985), 47-57; Adeline Cordon Levine, Love Canal: Science, Politics and People (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath, 1982); W. Eugene Smith and Aileen M. Smith, Minimata (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975); Edward J. Cleary, The Orsanco Story: Water Quality Management in the Ohio Valley Under an Interstate Compact (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967).
2. H. W. Swenson, "The Montebello Incident," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt 2 (1962): 84-88; Morris Deutsch, "Phenol Contamination of an Artesian Glacial-Drift Aquifer at Alma, Michigan, USA," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt. 2 (1962): 94-100; Patrick Lagadec, Developpement, Environement et Politique vis-à-vis du Risque: Le Cas de L'Italie-Seveso (Paris: Ecole Polytechnique, 1980); Flaminio Cattabeni, "Environmental Contamination by TCDD: The Seveso Case," in Ecoaccidents, ed. John Cairns Jr. (New York: Plenum, 1985), 47-57; Adeline Cordon Levine, Love Canal: Science, Politics and People (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath, 1982); W. Eugene Smith and Aileen M. Smith, Minimata (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975); Edward J. Cleary, The Orsanco Story: Water Quality Management in the Ohio Valley Under an Interstate Compact (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967).
3. H. W. Swenson, "The Montebello Incident," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt 2 (1962): 84-88; Morris Deutsch, "Phenol Contamination of an Artesian Glacial-Drift Aquifer at Alma, Michigan, USA," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt. 2 (1962): 94-100; Patrick Lagadec, Developpement, Environement et Politique vis-à-vis du Risque: Le Cas de L'Italie-Seveso (Paris: Ecole Polytechnique, 1980); Flaminio Cattabeni, "Environmental Contamination by TCDD: The Seveso Case," in Ecoaccidents, ed. John Cairns Jr. (New York: Plenum, 1985), 47-57; Adeline Cordon Levine, Love Canal: Science, Politics and People (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath, 1982); W. Eugene Smith and Aileen M. Smith, Minimata (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975); Edward J. Cleary, The Orsanco Story: Water Quality Management in the Ohio Valley Under an Interstate Compact (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967).
4. H. W. Swenson, "The Montebello Incident," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt 2 (1962): 84-88; Morris Deutsch, "Phenol Contamination of an Artesian Glacial-Drift Aquifer at Alma, Michigan, USA," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt. 2 (1962): 94-100; Patrick Lagadec, Developpement, Environement et Politique vis-à-vis du Risque: Le Cas de L'Italie-Seveso (Paris: Ecole Polytechnique, 1980); Flaminio Cattabeni, "Environmental Contamination by TCDD: The Seveso Case," in Ecoaccidents, ed. John Cairns Jr. (New York: Plenum, 1985), 47-57; Adeline Cordon Levine, Love Canal: Science, Politics and People (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath, 1982); W. Eugene Smith and Aileen M. Smith, Minimata (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975); Edward J. Cleary, The Orsanco Story: Water Quality Management in the Ohio Valley Under an Interstate Compact (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967).
5. H. W. Swenson, "The Montebello Incident," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt 2 (1962): 84-88; Morris Deutsch, "Phenol Contamination of an Artesian Glacial-Drift Aquifer at Alma, Michigan, USA," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt. 2 (1962): 94-100; Patrick Lagadec, Developpement, Environement et Politique vis-à-vis du Risque: Le Cas de L'Italie-Seveso (Paris: Ecole Polytechnique, 1980); Flaminio Cattabeni, "Environmental Contamination by TCDD: The Seveso Case," in Ecoaccidents, ed. John Cairns Jr. (New York: Plenum, 1985), 47-57; Adeline Cordon Levine, Love Canal: Science, Politics and People (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath, 1982); W. Eugene Smith and Aileen M. Smith, Minimata (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975); Edward J. Cleary, The Orsanco Story: Water Quality Management in the Ohio Valley Under an Interstate Compact (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967).
6. H. W. Swenson, "The Montebello Incident," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt 2 (1962): 84-88; Morris Deutsch, "Phenol Contamination of an Artesian Glacial-Drift Aquifer at Alma, Michigan, USA," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt. 2 (1962): 94-100; Patrick Lagadec, Developpement, Environement et Politique vis-à-vis du Risque: Le Cas de L'Italie-Seveso (Paris: Ecole Polytechnique, 1980); Flaminio Cattabeni, "Environmental Contamination by TCDD: The Seveso Case," in Ecoaccidents, ed. John Cairns Jr. (New York: Plenum, 1985), 47-57; Adeline Cordon Levine, Love Canal: Science, Politics and People (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath, 1982); W. Eugene Smith and Aileen M. Smith, Minimata (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975); Edward J. Cleary, The Orsanco Story: Water Quality Management in the Ohio Valley Under an Interstate Compact (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967).
7. H. W. Swenson, "The Montebello Incident," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt 2 (1962): 84-88; Morris Deutsch, "Phenol Contamination of an Artesian Glacial-Drift Aquifer at Alma, Michigan, USA," Proceedings of the Society for Water Treatment and Examination 11, pt. 2 (1962): 94-100; Patrick Lagadec, Developpement, Environement et Politique vis-à-vis du Risque: Le Cas de L'Italie-Seveso (Paris: Ecole Polytechnique, 1980); Flaminio Cattabeni, "Environmental Contamination by TCDD: The Seveso Case," in Ecoaccidents, ed. John Cairns Jr. (New York: Plenum, 1985), 47-57; Adeline Cordon Levine, Love Canal: Science, Politics and People (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books/D. C. Heath, 1982); W. Eugene Smith and Aileen M. Smith, Minimata (London: Chatto and Windus, 1975); Edward J. Cleary, The Orsanco Story: Water Quality Management in the Ohio Valley Under an Interstate Compact (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967).
8. Ernst Homburg, "Pollution and the Dutch Chemical Industry: The Turning Point of the 1850s," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914: Industrial Growth, Pollution and Professionalization, eds. Ernst Homburg, Harm G. Schröter, and Anthony S. Travis (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998), 177-93; Christopher Hamlin, What Becomes of Pollution: Adversary Science and the Controversy on the Self-Purification of Rivers in Britain, 1850-1000 (New York: Garland, 1987), and "Between Knowledge and Action: Themes in the History of Environmental Chemistry," in Chemical Sciences in the Modern World, ed. Seymour H. Mauskopf (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 295-321; Joel A. Tarr, James McCurley III, Francis C. Michael, and Terrie Yosie, "Water and Wastes: A Retrospective Assessment of Water Technology in the United States," Technology and Culture 25 (1984): 226-63.
9. Ernst Homburg, "Pollution and the Dutch Chemical Industry: The Turning Point of the 1850s," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914: Industrial Growth, Pollution and Professionalization, eds. Ernst Homburg, Harm G. Schröter, and Anthony S. Travis (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998), 177-93; Christopher Hamlin, What Becomes of Pollution: Adversary Science and the Controversy on the Self-Purification of Rivers in Britain, 1850-1000 (New York: Garland, 1987), and "Between Knowledge and Action: Themes in the History of Environmental Chemistry," in Chemical Sciences in the Modern World, ed. Seymour H. Mauskopf (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 295-321; Joel A. Tarr, James McCurley III, Francis C. Michael, and Terrie Yosie, "Water and Wastes: A Retrospective Assessment of Water Technology in the United States," Technology and Culture 25 (1984): 226-63.
10. Ernst Homburg, "Pollution and the Dutch Chemical Industry: The Turning Point of the 1850s," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914: Industrial Growth, Pollution and Professionalization, eds. Ernst Homburg, Harm G. Schröter, and Anthony S. Travis (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998), 177-93; Christopher Hamlin, What Becomes of Pollution: Adversary Science and the Controversy on the Self-Purification of Rivers in Britain, 1850-1000 (New York: Garland, 1987), and "Between Knowledge and Action: Themes in the History of Environmental Chemistry," in Chemical Sciences in the Modern World, ed. Seymour H. Mauskopf (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 295-321; Joel A. Tarr, James McCurley III, Francis C. Michael, and Terrie Yosie, "Water and Wastes: A Retrospective Assessment of Water Technology in the United States," Technology and Culture 25 (1984): 226-63.
11. Ernst Homburg, "Pollution and the Dutch Chemical Industry: The Turning Point of the 1850s," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914: Industrial Growth, Pollution and Professionalization, eds. Ernst Homburg, Harm G. Schröter, and Anthony S. Travis (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1998), 177-93; Christopher Hamlin, What Becomes of Pollution: Adversary Science and the Controversy on the Self-Purification of Rivers in Britain, 1850-1000 (New York: Garland, 1987), and "Between Knowledge and Action: Themes in the History of Environmental Chemistry," in Chemical Sciences in the Modern World, ed. Seymour H. Mauskopf (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 295-321; Joel A. Tarr, James McCurley III, Francis C. Michael, and Terrie Yosie, "Water and Wastes: A Retrospective Assessment of Water Technology in the United States," Technology and Culture 25 (1984): 226-63.
12. Arne Andersen, "Pollution and the Chemical Industry: The Case of the German Dye Industry," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914, 195-212, and "Historísche Technologiefolgenabschätzung: Das Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie," in Umweltgeschichte: Umweltverträgliches Wirtschaften in historischer Perspektiv. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, spec. ed. no. 15, ed. Werner Abelshauser (Göttingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht, 1994), 76-105, and Historische Technologiefolgensbschätzung am Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie, 1850-1933 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1996); Sarah Wilmot, "Pollution and Public Concern: The Response of the Chemical Industry in Britain to Emerging Environmental Issues, 1860-1900" in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1550-1914, 133-59. For the relative impacts of both domestic sewage and industrial waste prior to the nineteenth century, see André E. Guillerme, The Age of Water: The Urban Environment in the North of France, A.D. 300-1800 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), and E. Le Roy Ladurie, "Un concept: L'unification microbienne du monde (XVI-XVII siècles)," Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte 23 (1973): 627-96.
13. Arne Andersen, "Pollution and the Chemical Industry: The Case of the German Dye Industry," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914, 195-212, and "Historísche Technologiefolgenabschätzung: Das Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie," in Umweltgeschichte: Umweltverträgliches Wirtschaften in historischer Perspektiv. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, spec. ed. no. 15, ed. Werner Abelshauser (Göttingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht, 1994), 76-105, and Historische Technologiefolgensbschätzung am Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie, 1850-1933 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1996); Sarah Wilmot, "Pollution and Public Concern: The Response of the Chemical Industry in Britain to Emerging Environmental Issues, 1860-1900" in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1550-1914, 133-59. For the relative impacts of both domestic sewage and industrial waste prior to the nineteenth century, see André E. Guillerme, The Age of Water: The Urban Environment in the North of France, A.D. 300-1800 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), and E. Le Roy Ladurie, "Un concept: L'unification microbienne du monde (XVI-XVII siècles)," Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte 23 (1973): 627-96.
14. Arne Andersen, "Pollution and the Chemical Industry: The Case of the German Dye Industry," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914, 195-212, and "Historísche Technologiefolgenabschätzung: Das Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie," in Umweltgeschichte: Umweltverträgliches Wirtschaften in historischer Perspektiv. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, spec. ed. no. 15, ed. Werner Abelshauser (Göttingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht, 1994), 76-105, and Historische Technologiefolgensbschätzung am Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie, 1850-1933 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1996); Sarah Wilmot, "Pollution and Public Concern: The Response of the Chemical Industry in Britain to Emerging Environmental Issues, 1860-1900" in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1550-1914, 133-59. For the relative impacts of both domestic sewage and industrial waste prior to the nineteenth century, see André E. Guillerme, The Age of Water: The Urban Environment in the North of France, A.D. 300-1800 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), and E. Le Roy Ladurie, "Un concept: L'unification microbienne du monde (XVI-XVII siècles)," Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte 23 (1973): 627-96.
15. Arne Andersen, "Pollution and the Chemical Industry: The Case of the German Dye Industry," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914, 195-212, and "Historísche Technologiefolgenabschätzung: Das Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie," in Umweltgeschichte: Umweltverträgliches Wirtschaften in historischer Perspektiv. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, spec. ed. no. 15, ed. Werner Abelshauser (Göttingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht, 1994), 76-105, and Historische Technologiefolgensbschätzung am Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie, 1850-1933 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1996); Sarah Wilmot, "Pollution and Public Concern: The Response of the Chemical Industry in Britain to Emerging Environmental Issues, 1860-1900" in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1550-1914, 133-59. For the relative impacts of both domestic sewage and industrial waste prior to the nineteenth century, see André E. Guillerme, The Age of Water: The Urban Environment in the North of France, A.D. 300-1800 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), and E. Le Roy Ladurie, "Un concept: L'unification microbienne du monde (XVI-XVII siècles)," Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte 23 (1973): 627-96.
16. Arne Andersen, "Pollution and the Chemical Industry: The Case of the German Dye Industry," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914, 195-212, and "Historísche Technologiefolgenabschätzung: Das Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie," in Umweltgeschichte: Umweltverträgliches Wirtschaften in historischer Perspektiv. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, spec. ed. no. 15, ed. Werner Abelshauser (Göttingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht, 1994), 76-105, and Historische Technologiefolgensbschätzung am Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie, 1850-1933 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1996); Sarah Wilmot, "Pollution and Public Concern: The Response of the Chemical Industry in Britain to Emerging Environmental Issues, 1860-1900" in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1550-1914, 133-59. For the relative impacts of both domestic sewage and industrial waste prior to the nineteenth century, see André E. Guillerme, The Age of Water: The Urban Environment in the North of France, A.D. 300-1800 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), and E. Le Roy Ladurie, "Un concept: L'unification microbienne du monde (XVI-XVII siècles)," Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte 23 (1973): 627-96.
17. Arne Andersen, "Pollution and the Chemical Industry: The Case of the German Dye Industry," in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1850-1914, 195-212, and "Historísche Technologiefolgenabschätzung: Das Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie," in Umweltgeschichte: Umweltverträgliches Wirtschaften in historischer Perspektiv. Geschichte und Gesellschaft, spec. ed. no. 15, ed. Werner Abelshauser (Göttingen: Vandenhoek and Ruprecht, 1994), 76-105, and Historische Technologiefolgensbschätzung am Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie, 1850-1933 (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1996); Sarah Wilmot, "Pollution and Public Concern: The Response of the Chemical Industry in Britain to Emerging Environmental Issues, 1860-1900" in The Chemical Industry in Europe, 1550-1914, 133-59. For the relative impacts of both domestic sewage and industrial waste prior to the nineteenth century, see André E. Guillerme, The Age of Water: The Urban Environment in the North of France, A.D. 300-1800 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988), and E. Le Roy Ladurie, "Un concept: L'unification microbienne du monde (XVI-XVII siècles)," Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte 23 (1973): 627-96.
18. That the emphasis on sewage and domestic waste was perpetuated until well into the twentieth century is reflected in contributions relating to the chemical industry in a "Special Issue on Technology, Pollution, and the Environment," eds. Jeffrey K. Stine and Joel A. Tarr, Environmental History Review 18 (1994).
19. Edward Frankland, "On Some Points in the Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1876): 128-38; H. B. Cornwall, "Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1877): 253-55; Albert R. Leeds, "New York Academy of Sciences, Chemical Section, Meeting of October 9, 1876. II. Recent Progress in Sanitary Science," American Chemist 7 (1877): 290-99; Thomas H. Morgan, "On the Composition of a Well-Water at Grouville [Jersey, Channel Islands] which Occasioned an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever," Chemical News 40 (29 August 1879): 97; J. Fletcher, "An Examination of Some County Dublin Waters," Chemical News 40 (6 February 1880): 62-63. See also the entry on water in James Sheridan Muspratt, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical and Analytical, As Applied and Relating to the Arts and Manufactures, vol. 2 (Glasgow: William Mackenzie, 1861), 1077-1105. Most studies were made by British chemical analysts, and their work was extensively reported in the American technical press during the period leading up to the National Board of Health's 1880 survey of tests on polluted waters. A. R. Leeds was a noted New Jersey water expert For the most recent historical scholarship on contemporary knowledge about pollution caused by the chemical industry, mainly during the twentieth century and in the United States, see Craig E. Colten, "Creating a Toxic Landscape: Chemical Waste Disposal Polio and Practice, 1900-1960," Environmental History Review 18 (1994): 85-116; and Craig E. Colten and Peter N. Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).
20. Edward Frankland, "On Some Points in the Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1876): 128-38; H. B. Cornwall, "Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1877): 253-55; Albert R. Leeds, "New York Academy of Sciences, Chemical Section, Meeting of October 9, 1876. II. Recent Progress in Sanitary Science," American Chemist 7 (1877): 290-99; Thomas H. Morgan, "On the Composition of a Well-Water at Grouville [Jersey, Channel Islands] which Occasioned an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever," Chemical News 40 (29 August 1879): 97; J. Fletcher, "An Examination of Some County Dublin Waters," Chemical News 40 (6 February 1880): 62-63. See also the entry on water in James Sheridan Muspratt, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical and Analytical, As Applied and Relating to the Arts and Manufactures, vol. 2 (Glasgow: William Mackenzie, 1861), 1077-1105. Most studies were made by British chemical analysts, and their work was extensively reported in the American technical press during the period leading up to the National Board of Health's 1880 survey of tests on polluted waters. A. R. Leeds was a noted New Jersey water expert For the most recent historical scholarship on contemporary knowledge about pollution caused by the chemical industry, mainly during the twentieth century and in the United States, see Craig E. Colten, "Creating a Toxic Landscape: Chemical Waste Disposal Polio and Practice, 1900-1960," Environmental History Review 18 (1994): 85-116; and Craig E. Colten and Peter N. Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).
21. Edward Frankland, "On Some Points in the Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1876): 128-38; H. B. Cornwall, "Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1877): 253-55; Albert R. Leeds, "New York Academy of Sciences, Chemical Section, Meeting of October 9, 1876. II. Recent Progress in Sanitary Science," American Chemist 7 (1877): 290-99; Thomas H. Morgan, "On the Composition of a Well-Water at Grouville [Jersey, Channel Islands] which Occasioned an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever," Chemical News 40 (29 August 1879): 97; J. Fletcher, "An Examination of Some County Dublin Waters," Chemical News 40 (6 February 1880): 62-63. See also the entry on water in James Sheridan Muspratt, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical and Analytical, As Applied and Relating to the Arts and Manufactures, vol. 2 (Glasgow: William Mackenzie, 1861), 1077-1105. Most studies were made by British chemical analysts, and their work was extensively reported in the American technical press during the period leading up to the National Board of Health's 1880 survey of tests on polluted waters. A. R. Leeds was a noted New Jersey water expert For the most recent historical scholarship on contemporary knowledge about pollution caused by the chemical industry, mainly during the twentieth century and in the United States, see Craig E. Colten, "Creating a Toxic Landscape: Chemical Waste Disposal Polio and Practice, 1900-1960," Environmental History Review 18 (1994): 85-116; and Craig E. Colten and Peter N. Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).
22. Edward Frankland, "On Some Points in the Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1876): 128-38; H. B. Cornwall, "Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1877): 253-55; Albert R. Leeds, "New York Academy of Sciences, Chemical Section, Meeting of October 9, 1876. II. Recent Progress in Sanitary Science," American Chemist 7 (1877): 290-99; Thomas H. Morgan, "On the Composition of a Well-Water at Grouville [Jersey, Channel Islands] which Occasioned an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever," Chemical News 40 (29 August 1879): 97; J. Fletcher, "An Examination of Some County Dublin Waters," Chemical News 40 (6 February 1880): 62-63. See also the entry on water in James Sheridan Muspratt, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical and Analytical, As Applied and Relating to the Arts and Manufactures, vol. 2 (Glasgow: William Mackenzie, 1861), 1077-1105. Most studies were made by British chemical analysts, and their work was extensively reported in the American technical press during the period leading up to the National Board of Health's 1880 survey of tests on polluted waters. A. R. Leeds was a noted New Jersey water expert For the most recent historical scholarship on contemporary knowledge about pollution caused by the chemical industry, mainly during the twentieth century and in the United States, see Craig E. Colten, "Creating a Toxic Landscape: Chemical Waste Disposal Polio and Practice, 1900-1960," Environmental History Review 18 (1994): 85-116; and Craig E. Colten and Peter N. Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).
23. Edward Frankland, "On Some Points in the Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1876): 128-38; H. B. Cornwall, "Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1877): 253-55; Albert R. Leeds, "New York Academy of Sciences, Chemical Section, Meeting of October 9, 1876. II. Recent Progress in Sanitary Science," American Chemist 7 (1877): 290-99; Thomas H. Morgan, "On the Composition of a Well-Water at Grouville [Jersey, Channel Islands] which Occasioned an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever," Chemical News 40 (29 August 1879): 97; J. Fletcher, "An Examination of Some County Dublin Waters," Chemical News 40 (6 February 1880): 62-63. See also the entry on water in James Sheridan Muspratt, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical and Analytical, As Applied and Relating to the Arts and Manufactures, vol. 2 (Glasgow: William Mackenzie, 1861), 1077-1105. Most studies were made by British chemical analysts, and their work was extensively reported in the American technical press during the period leading up to the National Board of Health's 1880 survey of tests on polluted waters. A. R. Leeds was a noted New Jersey water expert For the most recent historical scholarship on contemporary knowledge about pollution caused by the chemical industry, mainly during the twentieth century and in the United States, see Craig E. Colten, "Creating a Toxic Landscape: Chemical Waste Disposal Polio and Practice, 1900-1960," Environmental History Review 18 (1994): 85-116; and Craig E. Colten and Peter N. Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).
24. Edward Frankland, "On Some Points in the Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1876): 128-38; H. B. Cornwall, "Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1877): 253-55; Albert R. Leeds, "New York Academy of Sciences, Chemical Section, Meeting of October 9, 1876. II. Recent Progress in Sanitary Science," American Chemist 7 (1877): 290-99; Thomas H. Morgan, "On the Composition of a Well-Water at Grouville [Jersey, Channel Islands] which Occasioned an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever," Chemical News 40 (29 August 1879): 97; J. Fletcher, "An Examination of Some County Dublin Waters," Chemical News 40 (6 February 1880): 62-63. See also the entry on water in James Sheridan Muspratt, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical and Analytical, As Applied and Relating to the Arts and Manufactures, vol. 2 (Glasgow: William Mackenzie, 1861), 1077-1105. Most studies were made by British chemical analysts, and their work was extensively reported in the American technical press during the period leading up to the National Board of Health's 1880 survey of tests on polluted waters. A. R. Leeds was a noted New Jersey water expert For the most recent historical scholarship on contemporary knowledge about pollution caused by the chemical industry, mainly during the twentieth century and in the United States, see Craig E. Colten, "Creating a Toxic Landscape: Chemical Waste Disposal Polio and Practice, 1900-1960," Environmental History Review 18 (1994): 85-116; and Craig E. Colten and Peter N. Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).
25. Edward Frankland, "On Some Points in the Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1876): 128-38; H. B. Cornwall, "Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1877): 253-55; Albert R. Leeds, "New York Academy of Sciences, Chemical Section, Meeting of October 9, 1876. II. Recent Progress in Sanitary Science," American Chemist 7 (1877): 290-99; Thomas H. Morgan, "On the Composition of a Well-Water at Grouville [Jersey, Channel Islands] which Occasioned an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever," Chemical News 40 (29 August 1879): 97; J. Fletcher, "An Examination of Some County Dublin Waters," Chemical News 40 (6 February 1880): 62-63. See also the entry on water in James Sheridan Muspratt, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical and Analytical, As Applied and Relating to the Arts and Manufactures, vol. 2 (Glasgow: William Mackenzie, 1861), 1077-1105. Most studies were made by British chemical analysts, and their work was extensively reported in the American technical press during the period leading up to the National Board of Health's 1880 survey of tests on polluted waters. A. R. Leeds was a noted New Jersey water expert For the most recent historical scholarship on contemporary knowledge about pollution caused by the chemical industry, mainly during the twentieth century and in the United States, see Craig E. Colten, "Creating a Toxic Landscape: Chemical Waste Disposal Polio and Practice, 1900-1960," Environmental History Review 18 (1994): 85-116; and Craig E. Colten and Peter N. Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).
26. Edward Frankland, "On Some Points in the Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1876): 128-38; H. B. Cornwall, "Analysis of Potable Waters," American Chemist 7 (1877): 253-55; Albert R. Leeds, "New York Academy of Sciences, Chemical Section, Meeting of October 9, 1876. II. Recent Progress in Sanitary Science," American Chemist 7 (1877): 290-99; Thomas H. Morgan, "On the Composition of a Well-Water at Grouville [Jersey, Channel Islands] which Occasioned an Outbreak of Typhoid Fever," Chemical News 40 (29 August 1879): 97; J. Fletcher, "An Examination of Some County Dublin Waters," Chemical News 40 (6 February 1880): 62-63. See also the entry on water in James Sheridan Muspratt, Chemistry, Theoretical, Practical and Analytical, As Applied and Relating to the Arts and Manufactures, vol. 2 (Glasgow: William Mackenzie, 1861), 1077-1105. Most studies were made by British chemical analysts, and their work was extensively reported in the American technical press during the period leading up to the National Board of Health's 1880 survey of tests on polluted waters. A. R. Leeds was a noted New Jersey water expert For the most recent historical scholarship on contemporary knowledge about pollution caused by the chemical industry, mainly during the twentieth century and in the United States, see Craig E. Colten, "Creating a Toxic Landscape: Chemical Waste Disposal Polio and Practice, 1900-1960," Environmental History Review 18 (1994): 85-116; and Craig E. Colten and Peter N. Skinner, The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996).
27. See for example, Friedrich Goppelsroeder, Capillaranalyse beruhend auf Capillaritätsund Adsorptionserscheinungen mit dem Schlusskapitel: das Emporsteigen der Farbstoffe m den Pflanzen (Basel: Emil Birkhäuser, 1901), 119-23. The study includes details of his analyses of water sources in Basel, as described in the 1860s to the Basler Medizinischen Gesellschaft and the Basler Naturforschenden Gesellschaft. Goppelsroeder was appointed deputy public chemist of Basel in 1860 and public chemist in 1861.
28. The main archival material used in this article is located at the Basel State Archive, where it is identified as Handel und Gewerbe EEE 2, 10 Müller-Pack, J. R. Geigy, 1861-1885 (hereafter cited as EEE 2, 10). The original documents are numbered at top right in red pencil, though some of these numbers were later changed. Certain sheets are missing, notably those related to three diagrams that indicate how the soil and the bed of a waterway (Teich, in Swiss German) were investigated. An earlier system of identification appears at the top left of each sheet in black ink. Many sheets are out of sequence. I thank the staff of the Basel State Archive for providing access to this material, and Christian Simon for great assistance during its examination.
29. For France, see Henk van den Belt, "Why Monopoly Failed : The Rise and Fall of La Fuchsine," British Journal for the History of Science 25 (1992): 56-59; for Germany, see Ralf Henneking, Chemische Industrie und Umwelt (Stuttgart Franz Steiner, 1994), 20-13, 216.
30. For France, see Henk van den Belt, "Why Monopoly Failed : The Rise and Fall of La Fuchsine," British Journal for the History of Science 25 (1992): 56-59; for Germany, see Ralf Henneking, Chemische Industrie und Umwelt (Stuttgart Franz Steiner, 1994), 20-13, 216.
31. Anthony S. Travis, The Rainbow Makers: The Origins of the Synthetic Dyestuffs Industry in Western Europe (Bethlehem, Pa.: Lehigh University Press, 1993), chs.1-6.
32. The Renards' monopoly, and its high prices, encouraged widespread smuggling across the Swiss-French border from Basel to Mulhouse and elsewhere during the early 1860s. Consignments of the red dye were sometimes hidden in the tenders of locomotives. Occasionally the illegal shipment were confiscated by the French customs authorities and fines were imposed, but this did not deter the enterprising manufacturers in Basel.
33. August Wilhelm Hofmann, "Colouring Derivatives of Organic Matter, Recent and Fossilised," in Reports of the Juries, International Exhibition, London, 1862 class 2, sec. A, eds. J .S. Iselin and P. Le Neve Foster (London: Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, 1863), 138.
34. "M. Charles Kestner, at Thann; where 100,000 kilogrammes of arsenic acid, the order of a single manufacturer of aniline red (Messers, J.J. Müller and Co, of Basel) were in the course of preparation." Hofmann, "Colouring Derivatives," n. 126. During the 1860s, the manufacture of arsenic acid for the calico printing industry and its use in the manufacture of aniline red at the Kestner works led to the poisoning of several wells in Old Thann. I am grateful to Martin Porter for this information.
35. Anthony S. Travis, "From Manchester to Massachusetts via Mulhouse: The Transatlantic Voyage of Aniline Black," Technology and Culture 35 (1994): 70-99, and "Artificial Dyes in John Lightfoot's Broad Oak Laboratory," Ambix 43 (1995): 1-21; and "Heinrich Caro at Roberts, Dale & Co.," Ambix 39 (1991): 113-34; Notebook of Heinrich Caro, item no. 37927, Caro Nachlass, Deutsches Museum, Munich.
36. Anthony S. Travis, "From Manchester to Massachusetts via Mulhouse: The Transatlantic Voyage of Aniline Black," Technology and Culture 35 (1994): 70-99, and "Artificial Dyes in John Lightfoot's Broad Oak Laboratory," Ambix 43 (1995): 1-21; and "Heinrich Caro at Roberts, Dale & Co.," Ambix 39 (1991): 113-34; Notebook of Heinrich Caro, item no. 37927, Caro Nachlass, Deutsches Museum, Munich.
37. Anthony S. Travis, "From Manchester to Massachusetts via Mulhouse: The Transatlantic Voyage of Aniline Black," Technology and Culture 35 (1994): 70-99, and "Artificial Dyes in John Lightfoot's Broad Oak Laboratory," Ambix 43 (1995): 1-21; and "Heinrich Caro at Roberts, Dale & Co.," Ambix 39 (1991): 113-34; Notebook of Heinrich Caro, item no. 37927, Caro Nachlass, Deutsches Museum, Munich.
38. Alfred Bürgin, Geschichte des Geigy-Unternehmens von 1758 bis 1939 (Basel: J. R. Geigy, 1958), 114; Report of Merian-Burckhardt, n April 1863, IIIh/XII 110, no. 1, accompanying Goppelsroeder's comments and suggestions to J. J. Im Hof, 13 May 1863, IIIh/XII. no, no. 2, EEE 2, 10. Parts of Bürgin's study are based on EEE 2, 10 and provide some prehistory of the arsenic poisoning case. Ibid., 114-20. The main sources dealing with the enquiries conducted in the 1860s are Markus Hämmerle, Die Anfänge der Basler chemischen Industrie in Lichte von Arbeitsmedizin um Umweltschutz (Basel: Schwabe and Co., 1979), covering mainly medical aspects of the early Swiss dye industry, and Paul Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit der chemischen Industrie Basels (Basel: Verlag Birkhäser, 1937). Both rely extensively on EEE 2, 10 and other sources at the Basel State Archive.
39. Alfred Bürgin, Geschichte des Geigy-Unternehmens von 1758 bis 1939 (Basel: J. R. Geigy, 1958), 114; Report of Merian-Burckhardt, n April 1863, IIIh/XII 110, no. 1, accompanying Goppelsroeder's comments and suggestions to J. J. Im Hof, 13 May 1863, IIIh/XII. no, no. 2, EEE 2, 10. Parts of Bürgin's study are based on EEE 2, 10 and provide some prehistory of the arsenic poisoning case. Ibid., 114-20. The main sources dealing with the enquiries conducted in the 1860s are Markus Hämmerle, Die Anfänge der Basler chemischen Industrie in Lichte von Arbeitsmedizin um Umweltschutz (Basel: Schwabe and Co., 1979), covering mainly medical aspects of the early Swiss dye industry, and Paul Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit der chemischen Industrie Basels (Basel: Verlag Birkhäser, 1937). Both rely extensively on EEE 2, 10 and other sources at the Basel State Archive.
40. Alfred Bürgin, Geschichte des Geigy-Unternehmens von 1758 bis 1939 (Basel: J. R. Geigy, 1958), 114; Report of Merian-Burckhardt, n April 1863, IIIh/XII 110, no. 1, accompanying Goppelsroeder's comments and suggestions to J. J. Im Hof, 13 May 1863, IIIh/XII. no, no. 2, EEE 2, 10. Parts of Bürgin's study are based on EEE 2, 10 and provide some prehistory of the arsenic poisoning case. Ibid., 114-20. The main sources dealing with the enquiries conducted in the 1860s are Markus Hämmerle, Die Anfänge der Basler chemischen Industrie in Lichte von Arbeitsmedizin um Umweltschutz (Basel: Schwabe and Co., 1979), covering mainly medical aspects of the early Swiss dye industry, and Paul Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit der chemischen Industrie Basels (Basel: Verlag Birkhäser, 1937). Both rely extensively on EEE 2, 10 and other sources at the Basel State Archive.
41. Alfred Bürgin, Geschichte des Geigy-Unternehmens von 1758 bis 1939 (Basel: J. R. Geigy, 1958), 114; Report of Merian-Burckhardt, n April 1863, IIIh/XII 110, no. 1, accompanying Goppelsroeder's comments and suggestions to J. J. Im Hof, 13 May 1863, IIIh/XII. no, no. 2, EEE 2, 10. Parts of Bürgin's study are based on EEE 2, 10 and provide some prehistory of the arsenic poisoning case. Ibid., 114-20. The main sources dealing with the enquiries conducted in the 1860s are Markus Hämmerle, Die Anfänge der Basler chemischen Industrie in Lichte von Arbeitsmedizin um Umweltschutz (Basel: Schwabe and Co., 1979), covering mainly medical aspects of the early Swiss dye industry, and Paul Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit der chemischen Industrie Basels (Basel: Verlag Birkhäser, 1937). Both rely extensively on EEE 2, 10 and other sources at the Basel State Archive.
42. Alfred Bürgin, Geschichte des Geigy-Unternehmens von 1758 bis 1939 (Basel: J. R. Geigy, 1958), 114; Report of Merian-Burckhardt, n April 1863, IIIh/XII 110, no. 1, accompanying Goppelsroeder's comments and suggestions to J. J. Im Hof, 13 May 1863, IIIh/XII. no, no. 2, EEE 2, 10. Parts of Bürgin's study are based on EEE 2, 10 and provide some prehistory of the arsenic poisoning case. Ibid., 114-20. The main sources dealing with the enquiries conducted in the 1860s are Markus Hämmerle, Die Anfänge der Basler chemischen Industrie in Lichte von Arbeitsmedizin um Umweltschutz (Basel: Schwabe and Co., 1979), covering mainly medical aspects of the early Swiss dye industry, and Paul Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit der chemischen Industrie Basels (Basel: Verlag Birkhäser, 1937). Both rely extensively on EEE 2, 10 and other sources at the Basel State Archive.
43. Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit, 112, 117, 110-40; Society of the Chemical Industry in Basel, 1884-1934 (Basel: CIBA, [1934]), 7.
44. Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit, 112, 117, 110-40; Society of the Chemical Industry in Basel, 1884-1934 (Basel: CIBA, [1934]), 7.
45. Hofmann, "Colouring Derivatives," 127.
46. August Leonhardt, "Remarks on the Manufacture of Magenta," May 1876, manuscript for the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition of 1876, item no. 1977-32/187, Caro Nachlass, Deutsches Museum, Munich.
47. Hämmerle, Die Anfänge der Basler chemischen Industrie, 29-30, 51-52.
48. Ibid., 31-32. The license for working the new Clavel factory is reproduced in The Story of the Chemical Industry in Basel (Olten and Laussane: Urs Graf/CIBA, 1959), 108-9; Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit, 118, 121.
49. Ibid., 31-32. The license for working the new Clavel factory is reproduced in The Story of the Chemical Industry in Basel (Olten and Laussane: Urs Graf/CIBA, 1959), 108-9; Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit, 118, 121.
50. Ibid., 31-32. The license for working the new Clavel factory is reproduced in The Story of the Chemical Industry in Basel (Olten and Laussane: Urs Graf/CIBA, 1959), 108-9; Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit, 118, 121.
51. Goppelsroeder's experiments on samples taken 28 May to 7 June 1864, Sanitary Commission document, July 1864, IIIh/XII. 110, no. 40, sheets 47-87, EEE 2, 10. See also document dated 8 June 1864, IIIh/XII. no, no. 31, sheets 13-15, EEE 2, 10.
52. Goppelsroeder's experiments on samples taken 28 May to 7 June 1864.
53. Hämmerle, Die Anfänge der Basler chemischen Industrie, 47.
54. Goppelsroeder's experiments on samples taken 28 May to 7 June 1864, sheet 70.
55. Goppelsroeder's experimente on samples taken 28 May to 7 June 1864, sheets 75, 87; Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit 122. In 1987, the author dyed fabric using waste of the magenta (fuchsine) process employed by Ivan Levinstein at Blackley, Manchester, demonstrating the great resistance of these dyes toward breakdown. This waste had been buried on site, probably at the end of the nineteenth century.
56. Goppelsroeder's experimente on samples taken 28 May to 7 June 1864, sheets 75, 87; Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit 122. In 1987, the author dyed fabric using waste of the magenta (fuchsine) process employed by Ivan Levinstein at Blackley, Manchester, demonstrating the great resistance of these dyes toward breakdown. This waste had been buried on site, probably at the end of the nineteenth century.
57. Goppelsrocder's experiments on samples of water taken from the J. J. Müller-Pack factory and various other properties, 20 July 1864, III/XII. no, no. 41, EEE 2, 10.
58. J. J. Im Hof to Basel City Council, 20 July 1864, IIIh/XII. no, no. 50, EEE a, 10. On 21 fury 1864, Goppelsroeder advised Dr. G. Bischoff that examination of material taken from the bed of the Teich showed that aniline red was present, and that a sample of sediment [supplied to Bischoff] contained fuchsine IIIh/XII. no, no. 44, EEE 2, 10. The carefully drawn section along a line from the Teich to the well survives (see Figure 2), as does Goppelsroeder's summary of his chemical analyses, but without the sort of detailed data provided for other investigations.
59. See IIIh/XII no, nos. 33 and 55, 27 July 1864, EEE 2, 10.
60. Hämmerle. Die Anfänge der Basler chemischen Industrie, 50.
61. Goppelsroeder to Sanitary Commission, 26 August 1864, IIIh/XII. no, no. 50 (not to be confused with Im Hofs document of 20 July 1864). sheets 1-7, EEE 2, 10, 153-59.
62. Goppelsroeder to Sanitary Commission, 26 August 1864, sheets 5/157 and 6/158, EEE 2, 10.
63. Goppelsroeder to Sanitary Commission, 26 August 1864, sheet 7/159, EEE 2, 10.
64. Im Hof. 7 September 1864, IIIh/XII no, no. 64, sheets 173-77, EEE 2,10; Goppelsroeder to Sanitary Commission, sheets 173-75, EEE 2, 10; Im Hof, 23 September 1864, IIIh/XII, no. 96, EEE 2, 10.
65. J. J. Burchardt to J. J. Im Hof 29 September 1864, IIIh/XII. no, no. 77, sheet 222, EEE 2, 10; Report of Committee of Experts Concerning Aniline Dye Manufacture, 5 October 1864, IIIh/XII no, sheet 134 (renumbered 234), EEE 2, 10.
66. Report of Committee of Experts, sheets 134 (234) and 235, EEE 2, 10.
67. Response of Trade Commission to Sanitary Commission. 23 November 1864, IIIh/ XII. 110, sheets 258-80, 261, EEE 2, 10; document dated December 1864, IIIh/XII no, no. 89, EEE 2, 10.
68. Hämmerle, Die Anfänge der Basler chemischen Industrie, 50-51; Koclner, Aus der Frühzeit, 128-29.
69. Hämmerle, Die Anfänge der Basler chemischen Industrie, 50-51; Koclner, Aus der Frühzeit, 128-29.
70. Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit, 130-33; J. J. Müller & Cie to Heinrich Caro, 9 September 1865, and J. J. Müller & Cie to Heinrich Caro, 30 September 186?, Caro Nachlass, Special Collection, Deutsches Museum, Munich. Müller-Packs notepaper gave his firm's address as 50 Rue de Paradis-Poissonière 50, with the factory at St. Ouen, Seine.
71. Sanitary Commission to Basel City Council. 19 December 1872, III/XII. no, no. 156, EEE 2,10; Order of 18 December 1872, III/XII, no, EEE 2, 10.
72. Casimir Nienhaus, Bericht über die Verunreinigung des Rheines durch Abfallstoffe der Fabriken im Baseler Industrie-Bezirk (Basel, 1883).
73. A. Chevallier, "De la fuchsine, de sa préparation, des accidents qui peuvent en résulter relativement aux ouvrîers et des dangers graves pour les habitants des localités près desquelles sont situés les fabriques," Annales d'Hygiène Publique 25 (1865): 27-37. August Leonhardt. at Roberts. Dale and Company, began to investigate ways of reducing the release of toxic waste from the arsenic acid process circa 1864, in part through concentration and recovery of arsenic compounds in the residue of the reaction mixture. This investigation was stimulated by the need to overcome the same problems that Muller-feck was confronting, although Roberts. Dale and Company could not operate the arsenic acid process until 1865, when the original British patent was declared invalid. After 1866, an oxidation process employing nitrobenzene rather than arsenic acid was available (Coupier's process) and this gradually displaced the arsenic acid procedure.
74. Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit, 129; Erik Verg, Gottfried Plumpe, and Heinz Schultheis, Milestones:The Bayer Story, 1863-1988 (Leverkusen: Bayer, 1988), 30.
75. Koelner, Aus der Frühzeit, 129; Erik Verg, Gottfried Plumpe, and Heinz Schultheis, Milestones:The Bayer Story, 1863-1988 (Leverkusen: Bayer, 1988), 30.
76. Andersen, "Historische Technologiefolgenabschatung: Das Beispiel des Metallhüttenwesens und der Chemieindustrie," 76-105.
77. I thank Martin Porter for sharing with me information on landfill sites into which waste from the Basel chemical industry was dumped. For a discussion of scientific and political approaches to surface and ground water pollution in the Basel region, see his "'...bis technische Massnahmen in die Wege geleitet sind.' Ein Naturwissenschaftler im Spannungsfeld zwischen Wissenschaflicher Erkenntnis und politischer Machbarkeit." Regio Basiliensis 3 (1993): 193-202.
78. The Poisoning of the Rhine," Newsweek, 28 November 1986, 8-14; Contributions to the newsletter Faltblatt: Nachrichten für die Region Basel, 1 November 1996;
79. The Poisoning of the Rhine," Newsweek, 28 November 1986, 8-14; Contributions to the newsletter Faltblatt: Nachrichten für die Region Basel, 1 November 1996;
80. Philip Revzin, Tor Swiss Deal, Secrecy Bordered on Comedy," Wall Street Journal Europe, 16 July 1996, 4. This last article draws attention to a 1990s dispute concerning pollution at Toms River, New Jersey, arising from what had been a production site jointly owned by Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy.