Temperate eucalypt woodlands: A review of their status, processes threatening their persistence and techniques for restoration

Australian Journal of Botany

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 949-973

  Yates, Colin J ^a   Hobbs, Richard J ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION STATION; EUCALYPT FOREST; RESTORATION;

AUSTRALIA;

EUCALYPTUS; MYRTACEAE;

EID: 0031417818     PISSN: 00671924     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/BT96091     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Abensperg-Traun, M., Smith, G. T., Arnold, G. W., and Steven, D. E. (1996). The effects of habitat fragmentation and livestock grazing on animal communities in remnants of Gimlet Eucalyptus salubris woodland in the Western Australian wheatbelt. I. Arthropods. Journal of Applied Ecology 33, 1281-1301.
2. Adair, R. J. (1995). The threat of environmental weeds to biodiversity in Australia: a search for solutions. In 'Conserving Biodiversity: Threats and Solutions'. (Eds R. A. Bradstock, T. D. Auld, D. A. Keith, R. T. Kingsford, D. Lunney and D. P. Sivertsen.) pp. 184-201. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
3. Adamson, D. A., and Fox, M. D. (1982). Change in Australasian vegetation since European settlement. In 'A History of Australasian Vegetation'. (Ed. J. M. B. Smith.) pp. 109-146. (McGraw-Hill: Sydney.)
4. Allee, W. C. (1949). Group survival value for Philodina roseola, a rotifer. Ecology 30, 395-397.
5. Andrews, A. (1920). 'The First Settlement of the Upper Murray, 1835-1845.' (D. S. Ford: Sydney.)
6. Anonymous (1985). 'Think Trees Grow Trees.' (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.)
7. Arnold, G. W., and Weeldenburg, J. R. (1991). The distribution and characteristics of remnant vegetation in parts of the Kellerberrin, Tammin, Trayning and Wyalkatchem Shires of Western Australia. CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology, Technical Memorandum No. 33, Perth.
8. Auld, T. D. (1990). Regeneration in populations of the arid zone plants Acacia carnei and A. oswaldii. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 16, 267-272.
9. Auslig (Australian Surveying and Land Information Group) (1990). 'Vegetation.' (Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.)
10. Barron, P., Bishop,. G., and Dalton, G. (1996). Regeneration of degraded mallee vegetation using direct seeding. Australian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 9, 40-44.
11. Beadle, N. C. (1981). 'The Vegetation of Australia.' (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)
12. Beard, J. S. (1990). 'Plant Life in Western Australia.' (Kangaroo Press: Sydney.)
13. Beard, J. S., and Sprenger, B. S. (1984). 'Geographical Data from the Vegetation Survey of Western Australia.' (Vegmap Publications: Perth.)
14. Bell, D. T., and Froend, R. H. (1990). Mortality and growth of tree species under stress at Lake Toolibin in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 72, 63-66.
15. Bennett, A. F. (1993). Fauna conservation in box and ironbark forests: a landscape approach. The Victorian Naturalist 110, 15-23.
16. Bennett, A. F., Lumsden, L. F., and Nicholls, A. O. (1994). Tree hollows as a resource for wildlife in remnant woodlands: spatial and temporal patterns across the northern plains of Victoria, Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 222-235.
17. Benson, J. (1989). Establishing priorities for the conservation of rare or threatened plants and plant associations in New South Wales. In 'The Conservation of Threatened Species and their Habitats'. (Eds M. Hicks and P. Heiser.) pp. 17-82. (Australian Committee for the IUCN: Canberra.)
18. Bird, R., Cumming, K. N., and Kearney, G. A. (1990). Research in direct seeding of trees in the 500-800 mm rainfall zone of Western Victoria. In 'Sowing the Seeds. Direct Seeding and Natural Regeneration Conference Proceedings'. pp. 65-74. (Greening Australia: Canberra.)
19. Boland, D. J., Brooker, M. I. H., Chippendale, G. M., Hall, N., Hyland, B. P. M., Johnston, R. D., Kleinig, D. A., and Turner, J. D. (1984). 'Forest Trees of Australia.' (Thomas Nelson and CSIRO: Melbourne.)
20. Bradley, J. (1988). 'Bringing Back the Bush. The Bradley Method of Bush Regeneration.' (Landsdowne Press: Sydney.)
21. Brooker, M. I. H., and Kleinig, D. A. (1983). 'Field Guide to Eucalypts of South-eastern Australia.' (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)
22. Brooker, M. I. H., and Kleinig, D. A. (1990). 'Field Guide to Eucalypts of South-western and Southern Australia.' (Inkata Press: Melbourne.)
23. Buchanan, R. A. (1989). 'Bush Regeneration: Recovering Australian Landscapes.' (TAFE, New South Wales: Sydney.)
24. Buchanan, R. (1995). Solution to weed problems in urban bushland. In 'Conserving Biodiversity: Threats and Solutions'. (Eds R. A. Bradstock, T. D. Auld, D. A. Keith, R. T. Kingsford, D. Lunney and D. P. Sivertsen.) pp. 210-219. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
25. Burrows, N., Gardiner, G., Ward, B., and Robinson, A. (1990). Regeneration of Eucalyptus wandoo following fire. Australian Forestry 53, 248-258.
26. Burvill, G. H. (1979). The first sixty years, 1829-1889. In 'Agriculture in Western Australia 1829-1979'. (Ed. G. H. Burvill.) pp. 4-17. (University of Western Australia Press: Perth.)
27. Cairns, J. J., McCormick, P. V., and Niederlehner, B. R. (1993). A proposed framework for developing indicators of ecosystem health. Hydrobiologia 263, 1-44.
28. Cale, P., and Hobbs, R. J. (1991). Condition of roadside vegetation in relation to nutrient status. In 'Nature Conservation 2: the Role of Corridors'. (Eds D. A. Saunders and R. J. Hobbs.) pp. 353-362. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
29. Caughley, J., and Gall, B. (1985). Relevance of zoogeographical transition to conservation of fauna: amphibians and reptiles in the south-western slopes of New South Wales. Australian Zoologist 21, 513-529.
30. Cluff, D., and Semple, B. (1994). Natural regeneration in mother nature's own time. Australian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 7, 28-33.
31. Cooke, B. D. (1987). The effect of rabbit grazing on regeneration of sheoaks, Allocasuarina verticillata, and saltwater ti-trees, Melaleuca halmaturorum, in the Coorong National Park, South Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 13, 11-20.
32. Costanza, R. (1992). Toward an operational definition of ecosystem health. In 'Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management.' (Eds R. Costanza, B. G. Norton and B. D. Haskell.) pp. 239-256. (Island Press: Washington DC.)
33. Costanza, R., Norton, B. G., Haskell, B. D. (Eds) (1992). 'Ecosystem Health: New Goals for Environmental Management.' (Island Press: Washington DC.)
34. Costin, A. B. (1954). 'A Study of the Ecosystems of the Monaro Region of New South Wales.' (Government Printer: Sydney.)
35. Crisp, M. T., and Lange, R. T. (1976). Age-structure distribution and survival under grazing of the arid zone shrub Acacia bukittii. Oikos 27, 86-92.
36. Curtis, D. (1990). Natural regeneration of eucalypts in the New England region. In 'Sowing the Seeds. Direct Seeding and Natural Regeneration Conference Proceedings', pp. 7-16. (Greening Australia: Canberra.)
37. Dalton, G. (1990). Direct seeding in southern South Australia. In 'Sowing the Seeds. Direct Seeding and Natural Regeneration Conference Proceedings.' pp. 75-80. (Greening Australia: Canberra.)
38. Dalton, G. S. (1993). 'Direct Seeding of Trees and Shrubs. A Manual for Australian Conditions.' (South Australian Department of Primary Industries: Adelaide.)
39. Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories (1995). Native vegetation clearance, habitat loss and biodiversity decline. Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, Biodiversity Series, Paper No. 6, Biodiversity Unit, Canberra.
40. Fensham, R. J. (1989). The pre-European vegetation of the Midlands. Tasmania: a floristic and historical analysis of vegetation patterns. Journal of Biogeography 16, 29-45.
41. Fensham, R. J., and Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1989). The conservation of original vegetation remnants in the Midlands, Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 123, 229-246.
42. Fox, M. D., and Fox, B. J. (1986). The susceptibility of natural communities to invasion. In 'Ecology of Biological Invasions: an Australian Perspective'. (Eds R. H. Groves and J. Burdon.) pp. 57-66. (Australian Academy of Science: Canberra.)
43. Frankel, O. H., and Soule, M. E. (1981). 'Conservation and Evolution.' (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)
44. Froend, R. H., and McComb, A. J. (1991). An account of the decline of Lake Towerrinning, a wheatbelt wetland. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 73, 123-128.
45. Froend, R. H., Heddle, E. M., Bell, D. T., and McComb, A. J. (1987). Effects of salinity and waterlogging on the vegetation of Lake Toolibin, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 12, 281-298.
46. George, R. J., McFarlane, D. J., and Speed, R. J. (1995). The consequences of a changing hydrologic environment for native vegetation in southwestern Australia. In 'Nature Conservation 4: the Role of Networks'. (Eds D. A. Saunders, J. L. Craig and E. M. Mattiske.) pp. 9-22. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
47. Gill, A. M. (1981). Patterns and processes in open forests of Eucalyptus in southern Australia. In 'Australian Vegetation'. (Ed. R. H. Groves.) pp. 152-176. (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.)
48. Goldney, D. C., and Bowie, J. S. (1990). Some management implications for the conservation of vegetation remnants and associated fauna in the central western region of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 16, 427-440.
49. Greening Australia (1990). 'Sowing the Seeds. Direct Seeding and Natural Regeneration Conference Proceedings.' (Greening Australia: Canberra.)
50. Hallam, S. J. (1985). The history of aboriginal firing. In 'Fire Ecology and Management in Western Australian Ecosystems'. (Ed. J. Ford.) pp. 7-20. (Western Australian Institute of Technology: Perth.)
51. Harrington, G. N., Mills, D. M. D., Pressland, A. J., and Hodgkinson, K. C. (1984). Semi-arid woodlands. In 'Management of Australia's Rangelands'. (Eds G. N. Harrington, A. D. Wilson and M. D. Young.) pp. 189-208. ( CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Rangelands Research: Melbourne.)
52. Heatwole, H., and Lowman, M. (1986). 'Dieback - Death of an Australian Landscape.' (Reed Books: Sydney.)
53. Hibberd, J. K., and Soutberg, T. L. (1991). Roadside reserve condition 1977-1989 in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. In 'Nature Conservation 2: the Role of Corridors'. (Eds D. A. Saunders and R. J. Hobbs.) pp. 177-186. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
54. Hobbs, R. J. (1989). Regeneration of Native Woodlands in Western Australia. World Wide Fund for Nature, Final Report P107, CSIRO Canberra ACT.
55. Hobbs, R. J. (1993a). Effects of landscape fragmentation on ecosystem processes in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Biological Conservation 64, 193-201.
56. Hobbs, R. J. (1993b). Can revegetation assist in the conservation of biodiversity in agricultural areas? Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 29-38.
57. Hobbs, R. J., and Atkins, L. (1988). Effects of disturbance and nutrient addition on native and introduced annuals in plant communities in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Australian Journal of Ecology 13, 171-179.
58. Hobbs, R. J., and Atkins, L. (1991). Interactions between annuals and woody perennials in a Western Australian nature reserve. Journal of Vegetation Science 2, 643-654.
59. Hobbs, R. J., and Huenneke, L. F. (1992). Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conservation Biology 6, 324-337.
60. Hobbs, R. J., and Humphries, S. E. (1995). An integrated approach to the ecology and management of plant invasions. Conservation Biology 9, 761-770.
61. Hobbs, R. J., and Norton, D. A. (1996). Towards a conceptual framework for restoration ecology. Restoration Ecology 4, 1-19.
62. Hobbs, R. J., Saunders, D. A., Lobry de Bruyn, L. A., and Main, A. R. (1993a). Changes in biota. In 'Re-integrating Fragmented Landscapes. Towards Sustainable Production and Nature Conservation'. (Eds R. J. Hobbs and D. A. Saunders.) pp. 65-106. (Springer: New York.)
63. Hobbs, R. J., Arnold, G. W., and Leone, J. (1993b). Weed control and the rehabilitation of woodland in the Western Australian wheatbelt. World Wide Fund for Nature, Report No. P146, CSIRO: Australia.
64. Humphries, S. E., Groves, R. H., and Mitchell, D. S. (1994). Plant invasions: homogenizing Australian ecosystems. In 'Conservation Biology in Australia and Oceania'. (Eds C. Moritz and J. Kikkawa.) pp. 149-170. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
65. Jennersten, O. (1988). Pollination in Dianthus deltoides (Caryophyllaceae): effects of habitat fragmentation on visitation and seed set. Conservation Biology 2, 359-366.
66. Johnston, T. N. (1968). The effect of sheep and rabbit grazing on regeneration of white cypress pine. Australian Forestry Research 4, 3-12.
67. Kealley, I. (1991). Management of inland arid and semi-arid woodland forest of Western Australia. In 'Forest Management in Australia'. (Eds F. H. McKinnell, E. R. Hopkins and J. E. D. Fox.) pp. 286-295. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
68. Kirkpatrick, J. B. (1986). The viability of bush in cities - ten years of change in an urban grassy woodland. Australian Journal of Botany 34, 691-708.
69. Kirkpatrick, J., and Gilfedder, L. (1995). Maintaining integrity compared with maintaining rare and threatened taxa in remnant bushland in subhumid Tasmania. Biological Conservation 74, 1-8.
70. Kirkpatrick, J., Gilfedder, L., and Fensham, R. (1988). 'City Parks and Cemeteries: Tasmania's Remnant Grasslands and Grassy Woodlands.' (Tasmanian Conservation Trust: Hobart.)
71. Kondinin-Group (1993). 'Tree Tops: The Tree Planting Book for Farmers.' (Kondinin-Group: Belmont, Western Australia.)
72. Lamb, D. (1994). Restoration of degraded forest ecosystems for nature conservation. In 'Conservation Biology in Oceania'. (Eds C. Moritz and J. Kikkawa.) pp. 101-114. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
73. Lamont, B. B., Klinkhamer, P. G. L., and Witkowski, E. T. F. (1993). Population fragmentation may reduce fertility to zero in Banksia goodii - a demonstration of the Allee effect. Oecologia 94, 446-450.
74. Landsberg, J. (1988). Dieback of rural eucalypts: tree phenology and damage caused by leaf feeding insects. Australian Journal of Ecology 13, 251-268.
75. Landsberg, J., and Wylie, F. R. (1991). A review of rural dieback in Australia. In 'Growback '91'. pp. 3-11. (Growback Publications and Greening Australia: Melbourne.)
76. Landsberg, J., Morse, J., and Khanna, P. (1990). Tree dieback and insect dynamics in remnants of native woodlands on farms. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 16, 149-165.
77. Lange, R. T., and Graham, C. R. (1983). Rabbits and the failure of regeneration in Australian arid zone Acacia. Australian Journal of Ecology 8, 377-381.
78. Leigh, J., Boden, R., and Briggs, J. (1984). 'Extinct and Endangered Plants of Australia.' (MacMillan: Australia.)
79. Loney, B. (1990). Direct seeding in Western Australia - its status and future. In 'Sowing the Seeds. Direct Seeding and Natural Regeneration Conference Proceedings'. pp. 103-112. (Greening Australia: Canberra.)
80. Ludwig, J. A., Hodgkinson, K. C., and Macadam, R. D. (1990). Principles, problems, and priorities for restoring degraded rangelands. Australian Rangeland Journal 12, 30-33.
81. Luken, J. O. (1990). 'Directing Ecological Succession.' (Chapman and Hall: London.)
82. Lunt, I. D. (1990). Species-area curves and growth-form spectra for some herb-rich woodlands in western Victoria, Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 15, 155-161.
83. Lunt, I. D. (1991). Management of remnant lowland grasslands and grassy woodlands for nature conservation: a review. The Victorian Naturalist 108, 57-66.
84. McIntyre, S. (1994). Integrating agricultural land-use and management for conservation of a native grassland flora in a variegated landscape. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 236-244.
85. McIntyre, S., and Barrett, G. W. (1992). Habitat variegation, an alternative to fragmentation. Conservation Biology 6, 146-147.
86. McIntyre, S., and Lavorel, S. (1994a). Predicting richness of native, rare, and exotic plants in response to habitat and disturbance variables across a variegated landscape. Conservation Biology 8, 521-531.
87. McIntyre, S., and Lavorel, S. (1994b). How environmental and disturbance factors influence species composition in temperate Australian grasslands. Journal of Vegetation Science 5, 373-384.
88. Moore, R. M. (1970). South-eastern temperate woodlands and grasslands. In 'Australian Grasslands'. (Ed. R. M. Moore.) pp. 169-190. (Australian National University Press: Canberra.)
89. Moran. G. F. (1992). Patterns of genetic diversity in Australian tree species. New Forests 6, 49-66.
90. Murray-Darling Basin Ministerial Council (1987). 'Murray-Darling Basin Environmental Resources Study.' (Murray-Darling Basin Commission: Canberra.)
91. Nicholson, P. H. (1981). Fire and the Australian aborigine - an enigma. In 'Fire and the Australian Biota'. (Eds A. M. Gill, R. H. Groves and I. R. Noble.) pp. 55-76. (Australian Academy of Science: Canberra.)
92. Norton, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., and Atkins, L. A. (1995). Fragmentation, disturbance, and plant distribution: mistletoes in woodland remnants in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Conservation Biology 9, 426-438.
93. Nulsen, R. A., Bligh, K. J., Baxter, I. N., Solin, E. J., and Imrie, D. H. (1986). The fate of rainfall in a mallee and heath vegetated catchment in southern Western Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 11, 361-371.
94. Onans, J., and Parsons, R. F. (1980). Regeneration of native plants on abandoned mallee farmland in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 28, 479-495.
95. Panetta, F. D., and Groves, R. H. (1990). Weed management and revegetation programs. In 'Australian Ecosystems 200 Years of Utilization Degradation and Reconstruction'. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 16, 537-543.
96. Panetta, F. D., and Hopkins, A. J. M. (1991). Weeds in corridors: invasion and management. In 'Nature Conservation 2: the Role of Corridors'. (Eds D. A. Saunders and R. J. Hobbs.) pp. 341-351. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
97. Petit, N. E., Froend, R. H., and Ladd, P. G. (1995). Grazing in remnant woodland vegetation: changes in species composition and life form groups. Journal of Vegetation Science 6, 121-130.
98. Prober, S. M. (1996). Conservation of grassy white box woodlands: rangewide floristic variation and implications for reserve design. Australian Journal of Botany 44, 57-77.
99. Prober, S. M., and Brown, A. H. D. (1994). Conservation of grassy white box woodlands: population genetics and fragmentation of Eucalyptus albens. Conservation Biology 8, 1003-1013.
100. Prober, S. M., and Thiele, K. R. (1993). The ecology and genetics of remnant grassy white box woodlands in relation to their conservation. The Victorian Naturalist 110, 30-36.
101. Prober, S. M., and Thiele, K. R. (1995). Conservation of the grassy white box woodlands: contributions of size and disturbance to floristic composition and diversity of remnants. Australian Journal of Botany 43, 349-366.
102. Purdie, R. W. (1977). Early stages of regeneration after burning in dry sclerophyll vegetation. II. Regeneration by seed germination. Australian Journal of Botany 25, 35-46.
103. Purdie, R. W., and Slatyer, R. O. (1976). Vegetation succession after fire in sclerophyll woodland communities in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 1, 223-236.
104. Robinson, D. (1985). Interrelationships between kangaroos, fire and vegetation dynamics at Gellibrand Hill Park, Victoria. PhD Thesis, University of Melbourne.
105. Robinson, D. (1993). Lest we forget to forge. The Victorian Naturalist 110, 6-10.
106. Robinson, D., and Traill, B. J. (1996). Conserving woodland birds in the wheat and sheep belts of southern Australia. RAOU Conservation Statement No. 10. Supplement to Wingspan 6.
107. Saunders, D. A., and Ingram, J. A. (1995). 'Birds of South-western Australia: an Atlas of Changes in the Distribution and Abundance of the Wheatbelt Avifauna.' (Surrey Beatty and Sons and CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology: Sydney and Perth.)
108. Saunders, D. A., Hobbs, R. J., and Margules, C. R. (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology 6, 493-504.
109. Scheltema, M. (1992). 'Direct Seeding of Trees and Shrubs.' (Greening Western Australia: Perth.)
110. Scougall, S. A., Majer, J. D., and Hobbs, R. J. (1993). Edge effects in grazed and ungrazed Western Australian wheatbelt remnants in relation to ecosystem reconstruction. In 'Nature Conservation 3: Reconstruction of Fragmented Ecosystems, Global and Regional Perspectives.' (Eds D. A. Saunders, R. J. Hobbs and P. R. Ehrlich.) pp. 163-178. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
111. Singh, G., Kershaw, A. P., and Clark, R. (1981). Quarternary vegetation and fire history in Australia. In 'Fire and the Australian Biota'. (Eds A. M. Gill, R. H. Groves and I. R. Noble.) pp. 23-54. (Australian Academy of Science: Canberra.)
112. Sivertsen, D. (1993). Conservation of remnant vegetation in the box and ironbark lands of New South Wales. Victorian Naturalist 110, 24-29.
113. Sivertsen, D. (1994). The native vegetation crisis in the wheatbelt of New South Wales. Search 25, 5-8.
114. Sivertsen, D. (1995). Habitat loss, its nature and effects (including case studies from New South Wales). In 'Conserving Biodiversity: Threats and Solutions'. (Eds R. A. Bradstock, T. D. Auld, D. A. Keith, R. T. Kingsford, D. Lunney and D. P. Sivertsen.) pp. 29-42. (Surrey Beatty and Sons: Sydney.)
115. Specht, R. L. (1970). Vegetation. In 'The Australian Environment'. (Ed. G. W. Leeper.) pp. 44-67. (CSIRO and Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.)
116. Specht, R. L., Specht, A., Whelan, M. B., and Hegarty, E. E. (1995). 'Conservation Atlas of Plant Communities in Australia.' (Centre for Coastal Management, Lismore, in conjunction with Southern Cross University Press: New South Wales.)
117. Stuwe, J. (1986). An assessment of the conservation status of native grasslands on the Western plains, Victoria and sites of botanical significance. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series No. 48. Department of Conservation Forests and Lands, Melbourne.
118. Tongway, D. J. (1990). Soil and landscape processes in the restoration of rangelands. Australian Rangeland Journal 12, 54-57.
119. Tongway, D. J. (1991). Functional analysis of degraded rangelands as a means of defining appropriate restoration techniques. In 'Proceedings of Fourth International Rangeland Congress, Montpellier, France'. pp. 166-168. (Association Francaise de Pastoralisme: Paris.)
120. Tongway, D. J., and Ludwig, J. A. (1993). Rehabilitation of mine sites and pastoral lands: the ecosystem function approach. In 'Goldfields International Conference on Arid Landcare, Milenadi Russo Inc., Hamilton Hill, Western Australia'. (Ed. Milenadi Russo Inc.) pp. 51-57.
121. Tremont, R. M., and McIntyre, S. (1994). Natural grassy vegetation and native forbs in temperate Australia: structure, dynamics and life histories. Australian Journal of Botany 42, 641-658.
122. Venning, J. (1988). 'Growing Trees for Farms, Parks and Roadsides. A Revegetation Manual.' (Lothian: Melbourne.)
123. Wilcove, D. S., Mclellan, C. H., and Dobson, A. P. (1986). Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone. In 'Conservation Biology: the Science of Scarcity and Diversity'. (Ed. M. E. Soule.) pp. 237-256. (Sinauer: Sunderland, Massachusetts.)
124. Withers, J., and Ashton, D. H. (1977). Studies on the status of unburnt woodland at Ocean Grove, Victoria. I. The structure and regeneration. Australian Journal of Botany 25, 623-637.
125. Woodgate, P., and Black, P. (1988). 'Forest Cover Changes in Victoria.' (Department of Conservation Forests and Lands: Melbourne.)
126. Wycherly, P. (1984). People, fire and weeds: can the vicious spiral be broken? In 'The Management of Small Bush Areas in the Perth Metropolitan Region'. (Ed. S. A. Moore.) pp. 11-17. (Department of Fisheries and Wildlife: Perth.)
127. Wylie, F. R. (1986). Native tree dieback in southern Queensland: its occurrence, severity and aetiology. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
128. Yates, C. J. (1995). Factors limiting the recruitment of Eucalyptus salmonophloia F. Muell. (salmon gum). PhD Thesis, Murdoch University, Perth.
129. Yates, C. J., and Hobbs, R. J. (1996). Woodland restoration in the Western Australian wheatbelt. A conceptual framework using a state and transition model. Restoration Ecology 5, 28-35.
130. Yates, C. J., Hobbs, R. J., and Bell, R. W. (1994a). Factors limiting the recruitment of Eucalyptus salmonophloia F. Muell. in remnant woodlands I. Pattern of flowering seed production and seed fall. Australian Journal of Botany 42, 531-542.
131. Yates, C. J., Hobbs, R. J., and Bell, R. W. (1994b). Landscape-scale disturbances and regeneration in semi-arid woodlands of south-western Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 1, 214-221.
132. Yates, C. J., Taplin, R., Hobbs, R. J., and Bell, R. W. (1995). Factors limiting the recruitment of Eucalyptus salmonophloia F. Muell. in remnant woodlands 2. Post-dispersal seed predation and soil seed reserves. Australian Journal of Botany 43, 145-155.
133. Yates, C. J., Hobbs, R. J., and Bell, R. W. (1996). Factors limiting the recruitment of Eucalyptus salmonophloia F. Muell. in remnant woodlands 3. Conditions necessary for seed germination. Australian Journal of Botany 44, 283-296.
134. Zeng, L. Z., and Whelan, R. J. (1993). Natural reforestation of abandoned farmland: the role of soils. Australian Geographer 24, 14-25.