A magma ocean on Vesta: Core formation and petrogenesis of eucrites and diogenites

Meteoritics and Planetary Science

Volumn 32, Issue 6, 1997, Pages 929-944

  Righter, Kevin ^a   Drake, Michael J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASTEROID 4 VESTA; DIOGENITE; EUCRITE; HED METEORITE; MAGMA OCEAN;

EID: 0031416455     PISSN: 10869379     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01582.x     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. ABE Y. (1992) Thermal evolution and chemical differentiation of the terrestrial magma ocean. In Evolution of the Earth and Planets (eds. R. Jeanloz and D. Weidner), pp. 41-54. Geophys Monogr. 74, IUGG Vol. 14, IUGG/AGU, Washington, D.C.
2. AGEE C. B., LI J., SHANNON M. C. AND CIRCONE S. (1995) Pressure-temperature diagram for the Allende meteorite. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 17725-17740.
3. ALLEGRE C. J., MANHES G. AND GOPEL C. (1995) The age of the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 1445-1456.
4. ARNDT N. T. (1985) Differentiation of komatiite flows. J. Petrol. 27, 279-301.
5. ASPHAUG E. (1996) Large Ejecta Fragments from Vesta and Other Asteroids. LPI Tech. Rept. 96-02. 44 pp.
6. BARTELS K. S. AND GROVE T. L. (1991) High-pressure experiments on magnesian eucrite compositions: Constraints on magmatic processes in the eucrite parent body. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 21st, 351-365.
7. BASALTIC VOLCANISM STUDY PROJECT (BVSP) (1981) Basaltic Volcanism on the Terrestrial Planets. Pergamon Press, New York, New York. 1286pp.
8. BINZEL R. P. AND XU S. (1993) Chips off of asteroid 4 Vesta: Evidence for the parent body of basaltic achondrite meteorites. Science 260, 186-191.
9. BOESENBERG J. S. AND DELANEY J. S. (1997) A model composition of the basaltic achondrite planetoid. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 3205-3226.
10. Boss A. P. (1993) Evolution of the solar nebula. II. Thermal structure during nebula formation. Astrophys. J. 417, 351-367.
11. BOTTINGA Y. AND WEILL D. F. (1972) The viscosity of magmatic silicate liquids: A model for calculation. Am. J. Sci. 272, 438-475.
12. BUCHANAN P. C. AND REID A. R. (1996) Petrology of the polymict eucrite Petersburg. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 135-146.
13. BUCHWALD V. F. (1977) Handbook of Iron Meteorites: Volume 1. University of California Press, Los Angeles, California. 242 pp.
14. CAPOBIANCO C. J., JONES J. H. AND DRAKE M. J. (1993) Metal-silicate thermochemistry at high temperature: Magma oceans and the "excess siderophile element" problem of the Earth's Upper Mantle. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 5433-5443.
15. CARLSON R. W., TERA F. AND BOCTOR N. Z. (1988) Radiometric geochronology of the eucrites Nuevo Laredo and Bereba (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 19, 166-167.
16. CHEN C-Y., FREY F. A., GARCIA M. O., DALRYMPLE G. B. AND HART S. R. (1991) The tholeiite to alkalic basalt transition at Haleakala Volcano, Maui, Hawaii. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 106, 183-200.
17. CLAYTON R. N. AND MAYEDA T. K. (1996) Oxygen isotopes studies of achondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 1999-2017.
18. COLSON R. O., McKAY G. A. AND TAYLOR L. A. (1988) Temperature and composition dependencies of trace element partitioning: Olivine/melt and low-Ca pyroxene/melt. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 539-553.
19. CONSOLMAGNO G. J. AND DRAKE M. J. (1977) Composition and evolution of the eucrite parent body: Evidence from rare earth elements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41, 1271-1282.
20. CRAWFORD A. J. AND CAMERON W. E. (1985) Petrology and geochemistry of Cambrian boninites and low-Ti andesites from Heathcote, Victoria. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 91, 93-104.
21. DELANEY J. S., PRINZ M. AND TAKEDA H. (1984) The polymict eucrites. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 15th, C251-C288.
22. DELANO J. W. (1986) Abundances of cobalt, nickel, and volatiles in the silicate portion of the Moon. In Origin of the Moon (eds. W. K. Hartmann, R. J. Phillips and G. J. Taylor), pp. 231-248. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas.
23. DICKEY J. S., FREY F. A., HART S. R., WATSON E. B. AND THOMPSON G. (1977) Geochemistry and petrology of dredged basalts from the Bouvet triple junction, South Atlantic. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41, 1105-1118.
24. DRAKE M. J., NEWSOM H. E. AND CAPOBIANCO C. J. (1989) V, Cr, and Mn in the Earth, Moon, EPB and SPB and the origin of the Moon: Experimental studies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 2101-2111.
25. DREIBUS G. AND WANKE H. (1980) The bulk composition of the eucrite parent asteroid and its bearing on planetary evolution. Z. Naturforsch. 35a, 204-216.
26. DREIBUS G., PALME H., SPETTEL B., ZIPFEL J. AND WÄNKE H. (1995) Sulfur and selenium in chondritic meteorites. Meteoritics 30, 439-445.
27. DUKE M. B. AND SILVER L. T. (1967) Petrology of eucrites, howardites and mesosiderites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31, 1637-1665.
28. FOWLER G. W., PAPIKE J. J., SPILDE M. N. AND SHEARER C. K. (1994) Diogenites as asteroidal cumulates: Insights from orthopyroxene major and minor element chemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 3921-3929.
29. FOWLER G. W., SHEARER C. K., PAPIKE J. J. AND LAYNE G. D. (1995) Diogenites as asteroidal cumulates: Insights from orthopyroxene trace element chemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 3071-3084.
30. FUKUOKA T., BOYNTON W. V., MA M-S. AND SCHMITT R. A. (1977) Genesis of howardites, diogenites and eucrites. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 8th, 187-210.
31. GAFFEY M. J. (1983) The asteroid (4) Vesta: Rotational spectral variations, surface material heterogeneity, and implications for the origin of the basaltic achondrites (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 14, 231-232.
32. GAST P. W. (1960) Alkali metals in stone meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 19, 1-4.
33. GHIORSO M. S. AND SACK R. O. (1995) Chemical mass transfer in magmatic processes IV. A revised and internally consistent thermodynamic model for the interpolation and extrapolation of liquid-solid equilibria in magmatic systems at elevated temperatures and pressures. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 119, 197-212.
34. GHOSH A. AND MCSWEEN H. Y., JR. (1996) The Thermal History of Asteroid 4 Vesta, Based on Radionuclide and Collisional Heating. LPI Tech. Rept. 96-02, 9-10.
35. GREEN T. H. (1994) Experimental studies of trace element partitioning applicable to igneous petrogenesis - Sedona 16 years later. Chem. Geol. 117, 1-36.
36. GROVE T. L. AND BARTELS K. S. (1992) The relation between diogenite cumulates and eucrite magmas. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 22nd, 437-445.
37. HARPER C. L. AND JACOBSEN S. B. (1995) Accretion and differentiation history of the Earth based on extinct radionuclides. In Isotopic Studies of Crust-Mantle Evolution (eds. A. R. Basu and S. R. Hart), pp. 47-74. American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, California.
38. HEWINS R. H. (1981) Orthopyroxene-olivine assemblages in diogenites and mesosiderites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45, 123-126.
39. HEWINS R. H. AND NEWSOM H. E. (1988) Igneous activity in the early solar system. In Meteorites and the Early Solar System (eds. J. F. Kerridge and M. S. Matthews.), pp. 73-101. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.
40. HORN I., FOLEY S. F., JACKSON S. E. AND JENNER G. A. (1994) Experimentally determined partitioning of high field strength- and selected transition elements between spinel and basaltic melt. Chem. Geol. 117, 193-218.
41. HUMAYUN M. AND CLAYTON R. N. (1995) Potassium isotope cosmochemistry: Genetic implications of volatile element depletion. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 2131-2148.
42. IKEDA Y. AND TAKEDA H. (1985) A model for the origin of basaltic achondrites based on the Yamato 7308 howardite. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci Conf. 15th; J. Geophys. Res. 90 (Suppl.), C649-C663.
43. ISHII T. AND TAKEDA H. (1974) Inversion, decomposition and exsolution phenomena of terrestrial and extraterrestrial pigeonites. Mem. Geol. Soc. Japan 11, 19-36.
44. JAGOUTZ E., PALME H., BADDENHAUSEN H., BLUM K., CENDALES M., DREIBUS G., SPETTEL B., LORENZ V. AND WANKE H. (1979) The abundances of major, minor and trace elements in the earth's mantle as derived from primitive ultramafic nodules. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 10th, 2031-2050.
45. JOCHUM K. P., MCDONOUGH W. F., PALME H. AND SPETTEL B. (1989) Compositional constraints on the continental lithospheric mantle from trace elements in spinel peridotite xenoliths. Nature 340, 548-550.
46. JONES J. H. (1984) The composition of the mantle of the eucrite parent body and the origin of eucrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48, 641-648.
47. JONES J. H., MITTLEFEHLDT D. W., JUREWICZ A. J. G., LAUER H. V., JR., HANSON B. Z., PASLICK C. R. AND MCKAY G. A. (1996) The Origin of Eucrites: An Experimental Perspective. LPI Tech. Rept. 96-02, 15.
48. JUREWICZ A. J. G., MITTLEFEHLDT D. W. AND JONES J. H. (1991) Partial melting of the Allende (CV3) meteorite: Implications for origins of basaltic meteorites. Science 252, 695-698.
49. JUREWICZ A. J. G., MITTLEFEHLDT D. W. AND JONES J. H. (1995) Experimental partial melting of the St. Severin (LL) and Lost City (H) chondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 391-408.
50. KAY R, HUBBARD N. J. AND GAST P. W. (1970) Chemical characteristics and origin of oceanic ridge volcanic rocks. J. Geophys. Res. 75, 1585-1613.
51. KRAICHAN R. H. (1962) Turbulent thermal convection at arbitrary Prandtl number. Phys. Fluids 5, 1374-1389.
52. 3 and the effect of composition, temperature, oxygen fugacity and pressure on their redox states. Contrib. Mineral Petrol. 108, 82-92.
53. KUBASCHEWSKI O. (1982) Iron Binary Phase Diagrams. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 179pp.
54. 2 liquids: New measurements and derived partial molar properties. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 2195-2204.
55. LEE D-C. AND HALLIDAY A. N. (1996) Hafnium-tungsten chronometry and the timing of terrestrial core formation. Nature 378, 771-774.
56. LEE D-C. AND HALLIDAY A. N. (1997) Hf-W evidence for early differentiation of Mars and the eucrite parent body (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 28, 795-796.
57. LONGHI J. (1987) On the connection between mare basalts and picntic volcanic glasses. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 17th, E349-E360.
58. LONGHI J. AND PAN V. (1988) Phase equilibrium constraints on the howarditeeucrite-diogenite association. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 18th, 459-470.
59. LOVERING J. F. (1975) The Moama eucrite-A pyroxene-plagioclase adcumulate. Meteoritics 10, 101-114.
60. 53Cr isotope systematics of the HED parent body (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 28, 851-852.
61. MARSH B. D. (1988) Crystal capture, sorting, and retention in convecting magma. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 100, 1720-1737.
62. MARTIN D. AND NOKES R. (1988) Crystal settling in a vigorously convecting magma chamber. Nature 332, 534-536.
63. MASON B. (1962) Meteorites. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York. 274 pp.
64. MASON B. (1969) The Bununu meteorite, and a discussion of the pyroxene plagioclase achondrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 31, 107-115.
65. MCCORD T. B., ADAMS J. B. AND JOHNSON T. V. (1970) Asteroid Vesta: Spectral reflectivity and compositional implications. Science 168, 1445-1447.
66. MCKENZIE D. AND BICKLE M. J. (1988) The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. J. Petrol. 29, 625-679.
67. MITTLEFEHLDT D. W. (1979) Petrographic and chemical characterization of igneous lithic clasts from mesosiderites and howardites and comparison with eucrites and diogenites. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 43, 1917-1935.
68. MITTLEFEHLDT D. W. (1987) Volatile degassing of basaltic achondrite parent bodies: Evidence from alkali elements and phosphorus. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 51, 267-278.
69. MITTLEFEHLDT D. W. (1994) The genesis of diogenites and HED parent body petrogenesis. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 58, 1537-1552. ]
70. MITTLEFEHLDT D. W. AND LINDSTROM M. M. (1993) Geochemistry and petrology of a suite often Yamato HED meteorites. Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarct. Meteorites 6, 268-292.
71. MITTLEFEHLDT D. W. AND LINDSTROM M. M. (1997) Magnesian basalt clasts from the EET 92014 and Kapoeta howardites and a discussion of alleged primary magnesian HED basalts. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 61, 453-462.
72. 26Al as heat source of meteorite parent bodies. Proc. ISAS Lunar and Planet. Symp. 24th, Inst. Space Aeron. Sci., 248-254.
73. MIYAMOTO M. AND TAKEDA H. (1994) Evidence for excavation of deep crustal material of a Vesta-like body from Ca compositional gradients in pyroxene. Earth Planet. Sci Lett. 122, 343-349.
74. MORGAN J. W., HIGUCHI H., TAKAHASHI H. AND HERTOGEN J. (1978) A "chondritic" eucrite parent body: Inference from trace elements. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 42, 27-38.
75. MURASE T. AND MCBIRNEY A. R. (1973) Properties of some common igneous rocks and their melts at high temperatures. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 84, 3563-3592.
76. NEWSOM H. E. (1985) Molybdenum in eucrites: Evidence for a metal core in the eucrite parent body. J. Geophys. Res. 90 (Suppl.), C613-C617.
77. NEWSOM H. E. (1995) Composition of the solar system, planets, meteorites, and major terrestrial reservoirs. In Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants: AGU Reference Shelf volume 1 (ed. T. J. Ahrens), pp. 159-189. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
78. NEWSOM H. E. AND DRAKE M. J. (1982) The metal content of the eucrite parent body: Constraints from the partitioning behavior of tungsten. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 46, 2483-2489.
79. NEWSOM H. E., SIMS K. W. W., NOLL P. D., JR., JAEGER W. L., MAEHR S. A. AND BESERRA T. B. (1996) The depletion of tungsten in the bulk silicate earth: Constraints on core formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 1155-1169.
80. NYQUIST L. E., TAKEDA H., BANSAL B. M., SHIH C-Y., WIESMANN H. AND WOODEN J. L. (1986) Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd internal isochron ages of a subophitic basalt clast and a matrix sample from the Y75011 eucrite. J. Geophys. Res. 91, 8137-8150.
81. PALME H. AND RAMMENSEE W. (1981) The significance of W in planetary differentiation processes: Evidence from new data on eucrites. Proc. Lunar. Planet. Sci. Conf. 12B, 949-964.
82. PALME H., BADDENHAUSEN H., BLUM K., CENDALES M., DREIBUS G., HOFMEISTER H., KRUSE H., PALME C., SPETTEL B., VILCZEK E., WÄNKE H. AND KURAT G. (1978) New data on lunar samples and achondrites and a comparison of the least fractionated samples from the Earth, Moon and the eucrite parent body. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 9th, 25-57.
83. PUN A. AND PAPIKE J. J. (1995) Ion microprobe investigation of exsolved pyroxenes in cumulate eucrites: Determination of selected trace element partition coefficients. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta 59, 2279-2289.
84. RICHTER K. AND DRAKE M. J. (1996) Core formation in Earth's Moon, Mars and Vesta. Icarus 124, 513-529.
85. 2 and melt composition. Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 100, 115-134.
86. 26Al in the solar nebula and constraints for nebula time scales. Science 273, 757-762.
87. RUZICKA A., SNYDER G. A. AND TAYLOR L. A. (1996) Asteroid 4 Vesta as the HED Parent Body: Implications for a Metallic Core and Magma Ocean Crystallization. LPI Tech. Rept. 96-02, 23-24.
88. RUZICKA A., SNYDER G. A. AND TAYLOR L. A. (1997) Formation of eucrites and diogenites in a magma ocean on the HED parent body (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 28, 1215-1216.
89. SACK R. O., AZEREDO W. J. AND LIPSCHUTZ M. E. (1991) Olivine diogenites: The mantle of the eucrite parent body. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 1111-1120.
90. SAIKI K. AND TAKEDA H. (1994) The origin of cumulate eucrite deduced from magma differentiation simulation. Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarct. Meteorites 7, 47-50.
91. SCHMITT R. A., SMITH R. H. AND OLEHY D. A. (1964) Rare earth, yttrium and scandium abundances in meteorite and terrestrial matter-II. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 28, 67-86.
92. SCHUBART J. AND MATSON D. L. (1979) Masses and densities of asteroids. In Asteroids (ed. T. Gehrels), pp. 84-97. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.
93. SCHWANDT C. S. AND MCKAY G. A. (1996) REE Partition Coefficients from Synthetic Diogenite-like Enstatite and the Implications of Petrogenetic Modelling. LPI Tech. Rept. 96-02, 25-26. 44 pp.
94. SHEARER C. K., PAPIKE J. J. AND LAYNE G. D. (1993) Orthopyoxenes as recorders of diogenite petrogenesis: Trace element systematics (abstract). Lunar Planet. Sci. 24, 1289-1290.
95. SHEARER C. K., FOWLER G. AND PAPIKE J. J. (1996) Petrogenetic Models for the Origin of Diogenites and Their Relationship to Basaltic Magmatism on the HED Parent Body. LPI Tech. Rept. 96-02, 28-29.
96. SHUKOLYUKOV A. AND LUGMAIR G. W. (1993) Live Iron-60 in the early solar system. Science 259, 1138-1143.
97. 53Cr chronology of non-cumulate and cumulate eucrites (abstract). Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32 (Suppl.), A120-A121.
98. SIMS K. W. W., NEWSOM H. E. AND GLADNEY E. S. (1990) Abundances of As, Sb, Mo, and W in the crust and mantle: Implications for terrestrial accretion and core formation through geologic time. In The Origin of the Earth (eds. H. E. Newsom and J. H. Jones), pp. 291-317. Oxford Press, London, U.K.
99. SMITH M. R. AND SCHMITT R. A. (1982) Chemical composition of the howardite parent body deduced from Kapoeta primary "mafic" magmas. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci Conf. 13th, A331-A338.
100. 6 and the transport of heat through magmas. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 15503-15516.
101. SPERA F. J. (1992) Lunar magma transport phenomena. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2253-2266.
102. STOLPER E. M. (1977) Experimental petrology of eucritic meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41, 587-611.
103. TAKAHASHI E. (1983) Melting of a Yamato L3 chondrite (Y-74191) up to 30 kbar. Mem. Natl. Inst. Polar Res., Spec. Issue 30, 168-180.
104. TAKEDA H. (1979) A layered crust model of a howardite parent body. Icarus 40, 455-470.
105. TAKEDA H. (1986) Mineralogy of Yamato 791073 with reference to crystal fractionation of the howardite parent body. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci Conf. 16th, D355-D363.
106. TAKEDA H. AND MORI H. (1985) The diogenite-eucrite links and the crystallization history of a crust of their parent body. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci Conf. 15th; J. Geophys. Res. 90 (Suppl.), C636-C648.
107. TAKEDA H., MIYAMOTO M., ISHII T. AND REID A. M. (1976) Characterization of crust formation on a parent body of achondrites and the moon by pyroxene crystallography and chemistry. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci Conf. 7th, 3535-3548.
108. TAYLOR G. J. (1992) Core formation in asteroids. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 14717-14726.
109. TAYLOR G. J., KEIL K., MCCOY T., HAACK H. AND SCOTT E. R. D. (1993) Asteroid differentiation: Pyroclastic volcanism to magma oceans. Meteoritics 28, 34-52.
110. TERA F., CARLSON R. W. AND BOCTOR N. Z. (1997) Radiometric ages of basaltic achondrites and their relation to the early history of the Solar System. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61, 1713-1721.
111. TONKS W. B. AND MELOSH H. J. (1990) The physics of crystal settling and suspension in a turbulent magma ocean. In Origin of the Earth (eds. H. E. Newsom and J. H. Jones), pp. 151-174. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, New York.
112. TREIMAN A. H, (1997) The parent magma of the cumulate eucrites: A mass balance approach. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, 217-230.
113. WÄNKE H., BADDENHAUSEN H., BALACESCU A., TESCHKE F. SPETTEL B., DREIBUS G., PALME H., QUIJANO-RICO M., KRUSE H., WLOTZKA F. AND BEGEMANN F. (1972) Multi-element analyses of lunar samples and some implications of the results. Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 3rd, 1251-1268.
114. WÄNKE H., PALME H., BADDENHAUSEN H., DREIBUS G., JAGOUTZ E., KRUSE H., SPETTEL B., TESCHKE F. AND THACKER R. (1974) Chemistry of Apollo 16 and 17 samples: Bulk composition, late stage accumulation and early differentiation of the Moon. Proc. Lunar Sci. Conf. 5th, 1307-1335.
115. WÄNKE H., BADDENHAUSEN H., BLUM K., CENDALES M., DREIBUS G., HOFMEISTER H., KRUSE H., JAGOUTZ E., PALME C., SPETTEL B., THACKER R. AND VILCZEK E. (1977) On the chemistry of lunar samples and achondrites. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 8th, 2191-2213.
116. WARREN P. H. (1985a) Origin of howardites, diogenites and eucrites: A mass balance constraint. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 577-586.
117. WARREN P. H. (1985b) The magma ocean concept and lunar evolution. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 13, 201-240.
118. WARREN P. H. AND JERDE E. A. (1987) Composition and origin of Nuevo Laredo trend eucrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 713-725.
119. WARREN P. H., JERDE E. A., MIGDISOVA L. F. AND YAROSHEVSKY A. A. (1990) Pomozdino: An anomalous, high MgO/FeO, yet REE-rich eucrite. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 20th, 281-297.
120. WARREN P. H., KALLEMEYN G. W., ARAI T. AND KANEDA K. (1996) Compositional-petrologic investigations of eucrites and the QUE 94201 shergottite. Antarc. Meteor. 21, 195-197.
121. WATSON E. B. (1977) Partitioning of manganese between forsterite and silicate liquid. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41, 1363-1374.
122. WHITFORD D. J. AND ARNDT N. T. (1978) Rare earth element abundances in a thick, layered komatiite lava flow from Ontario, Canada. Earth Planet. Sci Lett. 41, 188-196.
123. WILSON L. AND KEIL K. (1996) Volcanic eruptions and intrusions on the asteroid 4 Vesta. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 18927-18940.
124. YAMAGUCHI A., TAYLOR G. J. AND KEIL K. (1996) Global crustal metamorphism of the Eucrite Parent Body. Icarus 124, 97-112.