Cytokinin biosynthesis and interconversion

Physiologia Plantarum

Volumn 101, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 665-673

  Chen, Chong Maw ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN PARKSIDE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biosynthesis; Cytokinin; Enzymes; Metabolism

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031415127     PISSN: 00319317     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1010402.x     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Akiyoshi, D. E., Klee, H., Amasino, R. M., Nester, E. W. & Gordon, M. P. 1984. T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens encodes an enzyme of cytokinin biosynthesis. - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 5994-5998.
2. Armstrong, D. J. 1994. Cytokinin oxidase und the regulation of cytokinin degradation. - In Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function (D. W. S. Mok and M. C. Mok, eds). pp. 113-137. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 0-8493-6252-0.
3. Barry, G. F., Rogen, S. G., Fraley, R. T. & Brand. L. 1984. Identification of a cloned cytokinin biosynthetic gene. - Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 4776-4780.
4. 2-isopentenyl)adenosine: Biosynthesis in vitro in transfer RNA by an enzyme purified from Escherichia coli. - Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 40: 1481-1485.
5. Bassil, N. V., Mok, D. W. S. & Mok, M. C. 1993. Partial purification of zeatin O-xylosyltransferase in Phaseolus. - Plant Physiol. 102: 867-872.
6. Beaty, J. S., Powell, G. K., Lica, L., Regier, D. A., MacDonald, E. M. S., Hommes, N. G. & Morris, R. O. 1986. Tzs, a nopaline Ti plasmid gene. from Agrobacterium tumefaciens associated with trans-zeatin biosynthesis. - Mol. Gen. Genet. 203: 274-280.
7. Binns, A. N. 1994. Cytokinin accumulation and action: Biochemical, genetic. and molecular approaches. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 45: 173-196.
8. Blackwell, J. R. & Horgan, R. 1994. Cytokinin biosynthesis by extracts of Zea mays. - Photochemistry 35: 339-342.
9. Brzobohaty, B., Moore, I., Kristoffersen, P., Bako, L. Campos, N., Schell, J. & Palme, K. 1993. Release of active cytokinin by β-glucoside localized to the maize root meristem. - Science 262: 1051-1054.
10. - , Moore, I. & Palme, K. 1994. Cytokinin metabolism: Implications for regulation of plant growth and development. Plant Mol. Biol. 26: 1483-1497.
11. Buchmann, I., Marner, F. J., Schroder, G., Waffenschmidt, S. & Schroder, J. 1985. Tumour genes in plants: T-DNA encoded cytokinin biosynthesis. - EMBO J. 4: 853-859.
12. Burch, L. R. & Stuchbury, T. 1987. Activity and distribution of enzymes that interconvert purine bases, ribosides for cytokinin metabolism. - Physiol. Plant. 69: 283-288.
13. Burrows, W. J., Armstrong, D. J., Kaminek, M., Skoog, F., Bock, R. M., Hecht, S. M., Damann, L. G., Leonard, N. J. & Occolowitz, J. 1970. Isolation and identification of four cytokinins from wheat germ transfer ribonucleic acid. - Biochemistry 9: 1867-1872.
14. - , Skoog, F. & Leonard, N. J. 1971. Isolation and identification of cytokinins located in the transfer rihonucleic acid of tobacco callus grown in the presence of 6-benzylaminopurine. - Biochemistry 10: 2189-2194.
15. Chen, C. M. 1981. Biosynthesis and enzymatic regulation of the interconversion of cytokinin. - In Metabolism and Molecular Activities of Cytokinins (J. Guem and C. Peaud-Lenoel. eds). pp. 34-13. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-54010711-8.
16. - 1982. Cytokinin biosynthesis in cell-free systems. - In Plant Growth Substances (P. F. Warcing, ed.). pp. 155-163. Academic Press, New York, NY. ISBN 0-12-735380-1.
17. - & Eckert, R. I., 1977. Phosphorylation of cytokinin by adenosine kinase from wheat germ. - Plant Physiol. 59: 443-447.
18. - & Ertl, J. R. 1994. Cytokinin biosynthelic enzymes in plants and slime mold. - In Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function (D. W. S. Mok and M. C. Mok. eds). pp. 81-85. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 0-8493-6252-0.
19. 2-isopentcnyl) adenosine in the transfer ribonucleic acid of cultured tobacco pith tissue. - Phytochemistry 8: 1687-1695.
20. - & Kristopeit, S. M. 1981a. Dephosphorylation of cytokinin ribonucleotide by 5′-nucleotidases from wheat germ cytosol. - Plant Physiol. 67: 494-498.
21. - & Kristopeit, S. M. 1981b. Deribosylation of cytokinin ribonucleoside by adenosine nucleosidase from wheat germ cells. - Plant Physiol. 68: 1020-1023.
22. - & Leisner, S. M. 1984. Modification of cytokinins by cauliflower microsomal enzymes. - Plant Physiol. 75: 442-446.
23. - & Melitz. D. K. 1979. Cytokinin biosynthesis in a cell-free system from cytokinin-autotrophic tobacco tissue cultures. FEBS Lett. 107: 15-20.
24. - & Petschow, B. 1978a. Cytokinin biosynthesis in cultured rootless tobacco plants. - Plant Physiol. 62: 861-865.
25. - & Petschow, B. 1978b. Metabolism of cytokinin. Ribosylation of cytokinin base by adenosine phosphorylase from wheat germ. - Plant Physiol. 62: 872-874.
26. 2-isopentenyl) adenosine. - Plant Physiol. 43(Suppl.): 18.
27. 2-isopemenyl)adenine. - Biochemistry 14: 3088-3093.
28. , Melitz, D. K. & Clough, F. W. 1982. Metabolism of cytokinins: Phosphorylation of cytokinin bases by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase from wheat germ. - Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 214:634-641.
29. - , Ertl, J. R., Leisner, S. M. & Chang, C. C. 1985. Localisation of cytokinin biosynthetic sites in pea plants and carrot roots. - Plant Physiol. 78: 510-513.
30. Cherayil, J. D. & Lipsett, M. N. 1977. Zeatin ribonucleosides in the transfer ribonucleic acid of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Agrobarterium tumefaciens, Corynebacterium fasciens. and Erwinia amylavara. - J. Bacteriol. 131: 741-744.
31. 6-isopentenyludenine to zeatin by Actinidia tissues. - Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 124: 470-474.
32. Entsch, B. & Letham, D. S. 1979. Enzymic glucosylation of the cytokinin, 6-benzylaminopurine. - Plant Sci. Lett. 14: 205-212.
33. 2-isopentenyl) adenosine: Biosynthesis in vitro by an enzyme extract from yeast and rat liver. - Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 31: 541-576.
34. 6-benzyladenine into soluble RNA. - Plant Physiol, 41: 75-82.
35. 14C containing cytokinins. - J. Biol. Chem. 242: 4490-4494.
36. - , Sood, C, K., Buckwalter, B. & McChesney, J. D. 1971. Metabolism and biological activity of 9-substituted cytokinins, - Plant Physiol. 47: 275-281.
37. , Cornette, J., Deleuze, G., Dyson, W., Ciersak, C. & McChesney, J. 1973. The formation, isolation and biological activity of a cytokinin 7-glucoside. - Plant Physiol. 52: 627-632.
38. Gray, J., Gelvin, S. B., Meilan, R. & Morris, R. O. 1996. Transfer RNA is the source of extracellular isopentenyludenine in a Ti-plasmidless strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Physiol. 110: 431 438.
39. 2-isopentenyl) adenosine: Chemical reactions, biosynthesis, metabolism and significance to the structure and function of tRNA. - Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 10:57-86.
40. - 1971. The Modified Nucleosides in Nucleic Acids. - Columbia University Press. New York. NY. pp. 317-346. ISBN 0-231-03018-5.
41. 6(γ,γ-dimethylallyl) adenosine from soluble ribonucleic acid. - J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88: 2614-2615.
42. Hamill, J. D. 1993. Alteration in auxin and cytokinin metabolism of higher plants due to expression of specific genes from pathogenic bacteria: A review. - Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 20: 405-423.
43. Hammerton, R. D., Nicander, B. & Tillberg, E. 1996. Identification of some major cytokinins in Phaseolus vulgaris and their distribution. - Physiol. Plant. 96: 77-84.
44. 2-isopentenyltransferase from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. - Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 230: 652-660.
45. Jameson, P. E. 1994. Cytokinin metabolism and compartmentation. - In Cytokinins: Chemistry. Activity, and Function (D. W. S. Mok and M. C. Mok, eds). pp. 113-128. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 0-8493-6252-0.
46. Kaiss-Chapman, R. W. & Morris, R. O. 1977. trans-Zeatin in culture filtrates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. - Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 76: 453-459.
47. Kaminek, M. 1992. Progress in cylokinin research. - TIBTECH 10: 159-164.
48. Kende, H. 1971. The cytokinins. - Int. Rev. Cytol. 31: 301-338.
49. Klee, H. J. & Lanahan, M. B. 1995. Transgenic plants in hormone biology. - In Plant Hormones. Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P. J. Davies, ed.). pp. 340-353. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht. ISBN 0-7923-2985-6.
50. Korszun, Z. R., Knight, C. & Chen, C. M. 1989. A stereochemical model for cytokinin activity. - FEBS Lett. 243: 53-56.
51. Kulaeva, O. N., Corse, J. & Selivankina, S. Y. 1995. Effect of trans- and cis-zeatin and optical isomers of synthetic cytokinins. - J. Plant Gowth Regul. 14: 41-47.
52. Laloue, M. & Pethe, C. 1982. Dynamics of cytokinin metabolism in tobacco cells. - In Plant Growth Substances 1982 (P. F. Wareing, ed.). pp. 185-195. Academic Press, New York, NY. ISBN 0-12-735380-1.
53. - , Pethe, C. & Guern, J. 1981. Uptake and metabolism of cytokinins in tobacco cells: Studies in relation to the expression of their biological activities. - In Metabolism and Molecular Activities of Cytokinins (J. Guern and C. Peaud-Lenoel. eds). pp. 80-96. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 3-54010711-8.
54. Letham, D. S. 1978. Cytokinins. - In Phytohormones and Related Compounds - A Comprehensive Treatise (D. S. Letham, P. B. Goodwin and T. J. V. Higgins, eds). pp. 205-263. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, NY. ISBN 0-444-00530-7.
55. - 1994. Cytokinins as phytohormones - sites of biosynthesis, translocation, and function of translocated cytokinin. - In Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function (D. W. S. Mok and M. C. Mok, eds). pp. 57-80. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 0-8493-6252-0.
56. - & Palni, L. M. S. 1983. The biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinins. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 34: 163-197.
57. Madyastha, K. M., Meehan, T. D. & Coscin, C. J. 1976. Characterization of a cytochrome P-450-dependent monoterpene hydroxylase from the higher plant Vinca roaea. - Biochemistry 15: 1097-1102.
58. Martin, R. C., Mok, M. C., Shaw, G. & Mok, D. W. S. 1989. An enzyme mediating the conversion of zeatin to dihydrozeatin in Phaseolus embryos. - Plant Physiol. 90: 1630-1635.
59. McGaw, B. A. & Burch, L. R. 1995. Cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism. - In Plant Hormones. Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P. J. Davies, ed.). pp. 98-117. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN 0-7923-2985-6.
60. - , Heald, J. K. & Horgan, R. 1984. Dihydrozeatin metabolism in radish seedlings. - Phytochemistry 23: 1373-1377.
61. Moffatt, B., Pethe, C. & Laloue, M. 1991. Metabolism of benzyladenine is impaired in a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana lacking adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. - Plant Physiol. 95: 900-908.
62. Mok, D. W. S. & Martin, R. C. 1994. Cytokinin metabolic enzymes. - In Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function (D. W. S. Mok and M. C. Mok, eds). pp. 129-137. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 0-8493-6252-0.
63. Mok, M. C., Martin, R. C., Mok, D. W. S. & Shaw, G. 1992. Cytokinin activity, metabolism and function in Phaseolus. - In Physiology and Biochemistry of Cytokinins in Plants (M. Kaminek, D. W. S. Mok and E. Zazimalova, eds). pp. 41-46. SPB Academic Publishing. The Hague. ISBN 90-5103-066-
64. Morris, R. O. 1995. Genes specifying auxin and cytokinin bio-synthesis in prokaryotes. - In Plant Hormones. Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (P. J. Davies, ed.). pp. 318-339. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. ISBN 0-7923-2985-6.
65. Motyka, V., Faiss, M., Strnad, M., Kaminek, M. & Schmülling, T. 1996. Changes in cytokinin content and cytokinin oxidase activity in response to derepression of ipt gene transcription in transgenic tobacco calli and plants. - Plant Physiol. 112: 1035-1043.
66. Murai, N. 1981. Cytokinin biosynthesis and its relationship to the presence of plasmids in strains of Corynebacterium fascians. - In Metabolism and Molecular Activities of Cytokinins (J. Guern and C. Peaud-Lenoel, eds). pp. 17-26. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 3-540-10711-8.
67. - 1994. Cytokinin biosynthesis in tRNA and cytokinin incorporation into plant RNA. - In Cytokinins: Chemistry, Activity, and Function (D. W. S. Mok and M. C. Mok, eds). pp. 87-99. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN 0-8493-6252-0.
68. - , Armstrong, D. J. & Skoog, F. 1975. Incorporation of mevalonic acid into ribosylzeatin in tobacco callus ribonucleic acid preparations. - Plant Physiol. 55: 853-858.
69. Murphy, P. J. & West, C. A. 1969. The role of mixed function oxidases in kaurene metabolism in Echnacystis macrocaypa Greene endosperm. - Arch Biochem. Biophys. 133: 395-407.
70. Nishinari, N. & Syono, K. 1980. Cell-free biosynthesis of cytokinins in cultured tobacco cells. - 7., Pflanzenphysiol. 99: 383-392.
71. Noodén, L. D. & Lethani, D. S. 1993. Cytokinin metabolism and signaling in the soybean plant. - Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 20: 639-653.
72. 2-isopentenyl)adenosine to adenosine by enzyme activity in tobacco tissue. - Plant Physiol. 48: 775-778.
73. 2-isopenlenyl)adenosine of transfer ribonucleic acid in Lactobacillus acidaphilus. - Biochemistry 7: 472-482.
74. Powell, G. K. & Morris, R. O. 1986. Nucleotide sequence and expression of a Pseudomonas savastanoi cytokinin biosynthetic gene: Homology with Agrobacterium tumefaciens tmr and tzs loci. - Nucleic Acids Res. 14: 2555-2565.
75. Redig, P., Schmülling, T. & Van Onckelen, H. 1996. Analysis of cytokinin metabolism in ipt transgenic tobacco by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. - Plant Physiol. 112: 141-148.
76. Rcinecke, D. M., Brenner, M. L. & Rubenstein, I. 1991. Cytokinin biosynthesis in developing corn kernels. - Plant Physiol. 96 (Suppl.): 77.
77. - , Brenner, M. L. & Rubenstein, I. 1992. Cytokinin biosynthesis in developing Zea mays kernels. - Plant Physiol. 99 (Suppl.): 66.
78. Skoog, F. & Armstrong, D. J. 1970. Cytokinins. - Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 21:359-384.
79. - , Hamzi, Q., Szweykowska, A. M., Leonard, N. J., Carraway, K. L., Fuji, T., Helgeson, J. P. & Loeppky, R. N. 1967. Cytokinins: Structure/activity relationships. - Phytochemistry: 1169-1192.
80. Surico, G., Sparapano, L., Legario, P., Durbin, R. D. & lacobellis, N. 1975. Cytokinin-like activity in extracts from the culture nitrate of Pseudomonas savastanoi. - Experientia 31: 929-930.
81. Taya, Y., Tanaka, Y. & Nishimura, S. 1978. 5′-AMP is a direct precursor of cytokinin in Dictyostelium discoideum. - Nature 271: 545-547.
82. 2-isopentenyl) adenosine degradation in tobacco cells. - Plant Physiol. 65: 1090-1095.
83. van Staden, J. & Davey, J. E. 1979. The synthesis, transport and metabolism of endogenous Cytokinins. - Plant Cell Environ. 2:93-106.
84. Vreman, H. J., Thomas, R., Corse, J., Swaminathan, S. & Murai, N. 1978. Cytokinins in tRNA obtained from Spinacia olera- cea L. leaves and isolated chloroplasts. - Plant Physiol. 61: 296-302.
85. Walker, G. C., Leonard, N. J., Armstrong, D. J. & Skoog, F. 1974. The mode of incorporation of 6-benzylaminopurine into tobacco callus transfer ribonucleic acid. A double labelling determination. - Plant Physiol. 54: 737-744.
86. Whitty, C. D. & Hall, R. H. 1974. A cytokinin oxidase in Zea mays. - Can. J. Biochem. 52: 789-799.
87. Zachau, H. G., Dutting, D. & Feldman, H. 1966. Nucleolide sequences of two serinc-specific transfer ribonucleic acids. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 5: 422.