A model for microwave Doppler sea return at high incidence angles: Bragg scattering from bound, Tilted waves

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 102, Issue C9, 1997, Pages 21131-21146

  Plant, William J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACKSCATTER; CENTIMETRIC WAVE; CENTIMETRIC WAVES; DOPPLER EFFECT; MICROWAVE RADAR; MODEL; RADAR; SAR; SEA SURFACE; SURFACE WAVES;

EID: 0031414222     PISSN: 21699275     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/97JC01225     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Banner, M. L., and E. H. Fooks, On the microwave reflectivity of small-scale breaking water waves, Proc. R. Soc. London A, 399, 93-109, 1985.
2. Barrick, D. E., Rough surface scattering based on the specular point theory, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 16, 449-454, 1968.
3. Bass, F. G., I. M. Fuks, A. I. Kalmykov, I. E. Ostrovsky, and A. D. Rosenberg, Very high frequency radiowave scattering by a disturbed sea surface, I, Scattering from a slightly disturbed boundary, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 16, 554-559, 1968a.
4. Bass, F. G., I. M. Fuks, A. I. Kalmykov, I. E. Ostrovsky, and A. D. Rosenberg, Very high frequency radiowave scattering by a disturbed sea surface, II, Scattering from an actual sea surface, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 16, 560-568, 1968b.
5. Cox, C., and W. Munk, Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter, J. Mar. Res., 13, 198-227, 1954.
6. Feindt, F., J. Schroter, and W. Alpers, Measurement of the ocean wave-radar modulation transfer function at 35 GHz from a sea-based platform in the North Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 9701-9708, 1986.
7. Frasier, S. J., and R. E. Mcintosh, Observed wavenumber- frequency properties of microwave backscatter from the ocean surface at near-grazing angles, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 18391-18407, 1996.
8. Hara, T., E. J. Bock, J. B. Edson, and W. R. McGillis, Observation of short wind waves in coastal waters, J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press, 1997.
9. Hasselmann, K., and M. Schieler, Radar backscatter from the sea surface, in Eighth Symposium, Naval Hydrodynamics, edited by M. S. Plessett, T. Y. T. Wu, and S. W. Doroff, pp. 361-388, Off. of Nav. Res., Arlington, VA, 1970.
10. Jackson, F. C., W. T. Walton, D. E. Hines, B. A. Walters, and C. Y. Peng, Sea surface mean square slope from Ku band backscatter data, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 11411- 11427, 1992.
11. Lee, P. H. Y., J. D. Barter, K. L. Beach, C. L. Hindman, B. M. Lake, H. Rungaldier, J. C. Shelton, A. B. Williams, R. Yee, and H. C. Yuen, X-band microwave backscatter- ing from ocean waves, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 2591-2611, 1995.
12. Lee, P. H. Y., J. D. Barter, E. Caponi, M. Caponi, C. L. Hindman, B. M. Lake, and H. Rungaldier, Wind-speed dependence of small-grazing-angle microwave backscatter from sea surfaces, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 44, 333-340, 1996.
13. Longuett-Higgins, M. S., The generation of capillary waves by steep gravity waves, J. Fluid Mech., 16, 138-159, 1963.
14. Longuett-Higgins, M. S., Capillary rollers and bores, J. Fluid Mech., 240, 659-679, 1992.
15. Perlin, M., H. Lin, and C. L. Ting, On parasitic capillary waves generated by steep gravity waves: An experimental investigation with spatial and temporal measurements, J. Fluid Mech., 255, 597-620, 1993.
16. Phillips, O. M., The equilibrium range in the spectrum of wind-generated ocean waves, J. Fluid Mech., 4, 426-434, 1958.
17. Pidgeon, V. W., Doppler dependence of radar sea return, J. Geophys. Res., 73, 1333-1341, 1968.
18. Plant, W. J., A two-scale model of short wind-generated waves and scatterometry, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10735-10749, 1986.
19. Plant, W. J., The modulation transfer function: Concept and applications, in Radar Scattering FYom Modulated Wind Waves, edited by G. J. Komen and W. A. Oost, pp. 155-172, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1989.
20. Plant, W. J., Bragg scattering of electromagnetic waves from the air/sea interface, in Surface Waves and Fluxes, edited by G. L. Geernaert and W. J. Plant, pp. 41-108, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1990.
21. Plant, W. J., and W. Alpers, An introduction to SAXON- FPN, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9699-9703, 1994.
22. Plant, W. J., and W. C. Keller, Evidence of Bragg scattering in microwave Doppler spectra of sea return, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 16299-16310, 1990.
23. Plant, W. J., W. C. Keller, and A. Cross, Parametric dependence of ocean wave-radar modulation transfer functions, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 9747-9756, 1983.
24. Plant, W. J., W. C. Keller, R. A. Petitt Jr., and E. A. Terray, The dependence of microwave backscatter from the sea on illuminated area: Correlation times and lengths, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9705-9723, 1994.
25. Rozenberg, A. D., I. E. Ostrovskii, and A. I. Kalmykov, Frequency shift of radiation scattered from a rough sea surface, Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved Radiofiz., 8, 234-240, 1966.
26. Rozenberg, A. D., D. C. Quigley, and W. K. Melville, Laboratory study of polarized scattering by surface waves at grazing incidence, I, Wind waves, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 33, 1037-1046, 1995.
27. Rozenberg, A. D., D. C. Quigley, and W. K. Melville, Laboratory study of polarized scattering at grazing incidence: The influence of long waves, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34, 1331-1342, 1996.
28. Smith, M. J., E. M. Poulter, and J. A. McGregor, Doppler radar measurements of wave groups and breaking waves, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 14269-14282, 1996.
29. Trizna, D. B. and D. J. Carlson, Studies of dual polarized low grazing angle radar sea scatter in nearshore regions, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 34, 747-757, 1996.
30. Trizna, D. B., J. P. Hansen, P. Hwang, and J. Wu, Laboratory studies of radar sea spikes at low grazing angles, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 12529-12537, 1991.
31. Valenzuela, G. R., Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves-A review, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 13, 61-85, 1978.
32. Valenzuela, G. R., and M. B. Laing, Study of Doppler spectra of radar sea echo, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 551-563, 1970.
33. Wentz, F. J., S. Peteherych, and L. A. Thomas, A model function for ocean radar cross sections at 14.6 GHz, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3689-3704, 1984.
34. Wright, J. W., Backscattering from capillary waves with application to sea clutter, IEEE Thins. Antennas Propag., 14, 749-754, 1966.
35. Wright, J. W., A new model for sea clutter, IEEE Thins. Antennas Propag., 16, 217-223, 1968.