Gender, feminism, and attitudes toward international conflict: Exploring relationships with survey data from the Middle East

World Politics

Volumn 49, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 250-281

  Tessler, Mark ^a   Warriner, Ina ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPING REGION; GENDER ROLE; INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT; POLITICAL SYSTEM; WOMEN'S ATTITUDES;

MIDDLE EAST;

EID: 0031412692     PISSN: 00438871     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/wp.1997.0005     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. For discussions of the connection between gender and international studies from a variety of perspectives, see V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993); Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds., Gender and International Relations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1992); Hilary Charlesworthy, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright, "Feminist Approaches to International Law," American Journal of International Law 85 (October 1991); Sue Ellen M. Charlton, Jana Everett, and Kathleen Staudt, eds., Women, the State, and Development (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989); Christine Sylvester, "Empathetic Cooperation: A Feminist Method for IR," Millennium 23, no. 2 (1994); and Yolande Cohen, ed., Women and Counter-Power (New York: Black Rose Books, 1989).
2. For discussions of the connection between gender and international studies from a variety of perspectives, see V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993); Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds., Gender and International Relations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1992); Hilary Charlesworthy, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright, "Feminist Approaches to International Law," American Journal of International Law 85 (October 1991); Sue Ellen M. Charlton, Jana Everett, and Kathleen Staudt, eds., Women, the State, and Development (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989); Christine Sylvester, "Empathetic Cooperation: A Feminist Method for IR," Millennium 23, no. 2 (1994); and Yolande Cohen, ed., Women and Counter-Power (New York: Black Rose Books, 1989).
3. For discussions of the connection between gender and international studies from a variety of perspectives, see V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993); Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds., Gender and International Relations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1992); Hilary Charlesworthy, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright, "Feminist Approaches to International Law," American Journal of International Law 85 (October 1991); Sue Ellen M. Charlton, Jana Everett, and Kathleen Staudt, eds., Women, the State, and Development (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989); Christine Sylvester, "Empathetic Cooperation: A Feminist Method for IR," Millennium 23, no. 2 (1994); and Yolande Cohen, ed., Women and Counter-Power (New York: Black Rose Books, 1989).
4. For discussions of the connection between gender and international studies from a variety of perspectives, see V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993); Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds., Gender and International Relations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1992); Hilary Charlesworthy, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright, "Feminist Approaches to International Law," American Journal of International Law 85 (October 1991); Sue Ellen M. Charlton, Jana Everett, and Kathleen Staudt, eds., Women, the State, and Development (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989); Christine Sylvester, "Empathetic Cooperation: A Feminist Method for IR," Millennium 23, no. 2 (1994); and Yolande Cohen, ed., Women and Counter-Power (New York: Black Rose Books, 1989).
5. For discussions of the connection between gender and international studies from a variety of perspectives, see V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993); Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds., Gender and International Relations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1992); Hilary Charlesworthy, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright, "Feminist Approaches to International Law," American Journal of International Law 85 (October 1991); Sue Ellen M. Charlton, Jana Everett, and Kathleen Staudt, eds., Women, the State, and Development (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989); Christine Sylvester, "Empathetic Cooperation: A Feminist Method for IR," Millennium 23, no. 2 (1994); and Yolande Cohen, ed., Women and Counter-Power (New York: Black Rose Books, 1989).
6. For discussions of the connection between gender and international studies from a variety of perspectives, see V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993); Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds., Gender and International Relations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1992); Hilary Charlesworthy, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright, "Feminist Approaches to International Law," American Journal of International Law 85 (October 1991); Sue Ellen M. Charlton, Jana Everett, and Kathleen Staudt, eds., Women, the State, and Development (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989); Christine Sylvester, "Empathetic Cooperation: A Feminist Method for IR," Millennium 23, no. 2 (1994); and Yolande Cohen, ed., Women and Counter-Power (New York: Black Rose Books, 1989).
7. For discussions of the connection between gender and international studies from a variety of perspectives, see V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1993); Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds., Gender and International Relations (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1992); Hilary Charlesworthy, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright, "Feminist Approaches to International Law," American Journal of International Law 85 (October 1991); Sue Ellen M. Charlton, Jana Everett, and Kathleen Staudt, eds., Women, the State, and Development (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989); Christine Sylvester, "Empathetic Cooperation: A Feminist Method for IR," Millennium 23, no. 2 (1994); and Yolande Cohen, ed., Women and Counter-Power (New York: Black Rose Books, 1989).
8. Palestine here refers to the West Bank and Gaza. The public opinion data from Palestine employed in the present study are from a survey of the Palestinian population of these Israeli-occupied territories.
9. Lisa Brandes, "The Gender Gap and Attitudes toward War" (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1992); Robert Y. Shapiro and Harpreet Mahajan, "Gender Differences in Policy Preferences: A Summary of Trends from the 1960's to the 1980s," Public Opinion Quarterly 50 (1986); and Tom W. Smith, "Gender and Attitudes toward Violence," Public Opinion Quarterly 48 (1984).
10. Lisa Brandes, "The Gender Gap and Attitudes toward War" (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1992); Robert Y. Shapiro and Harpreet Mahajan, "Gender Differences in Policy Preferences: A Summary of Trends from the 1960's to the 1980s," Public Opinion Quarterly 50 (1986); and Tom W. Smith, "Gender and Attitudes toward Violence," Public Opinion Quarterly 48 (1984).
11. Lisa Brandes, "The Gender Gap and Attitudes toward War" (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 1992); Robert Y. Shapiro and Harpreet Mahajan, "Gender Differences in Policy Preferences: A Summary of Trends from the 1960's to the 1980s," Public Opinion Quarterly 50 (1986); and Tom W. Smith, "Gender and Attitudes toward Violence," Public Opinion Quarterly 48 (1984).
12. Pamela Johnston Conover and Virginia Shapiro, "Gender, Feminist Consciousness, and War," American Journal of Political Science 37 (November 1993).
13. Ibid., 1095.
14. Carol Gilligan, In a Different Voice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982).
15. Dorothy G. McGuigan, ed., The Role of Women in Conflict and Peace (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1977).
16. For example, see Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace (New York: Ballantine, 1989); Jean Bethke Elshtain, "Reflections on War and Political Discourse," Political Theory 13, no. 1 (1985); Mary G. Dietz, "Citizenship with a Feminist Face: The Problem with Maternal Thinking," Political Theory 13, no. 1 (1985); and Patricia Ward Scaltsas, "Do Feminist Ethics Counter Feminist Aims?" in Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds., Explorations in Feminist Ethics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).
17. For example, see Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace (New York: Ballantine, 1989); Jean Bethke Elshtain, "Reflections on War and Political Discourse," Political Theory 13, no. 1 (1985); Mary G. Dietz, "Citizenship with a Feminist Face: The Problem with Maternal Thinking," Political Theory 13, no. 1 (1985); and Patricia Ward Scaltsas, "Do Feminist Ethics Counter Feminist Aims?" in Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds., Explorations in Feminist Ethics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).
18. For example, see Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace (New York: Ballantine, 1989); Jean Bethke Elshtain, "Reflections on War and Political Discourse," Political Theory 13, no. 1 (1985); Mary G. Dietz, "Citizenship with a Feminist Face: The Problem with Maternal Thinking," Political Theory 13, no. 1 (1985); and Patricia Ward Scaltsas, "Do Feminist Ethics Counter Feminist Aims?" in Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds., Explorations in Feminist Ethics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).
19. For example, see Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace (New York: Ballantine, 1989); Jean Bethke Elshtain, "Reflections on War and Political Discourse," Political Theory 13, no. 1 (1985); Mary G. Dietz, "Citizenship with a Feminist Face: The Problem with Maternal Thinking," Political Theory 13, no. 1 (1985); and Patricia Ward Scaltsas, "Do Feminist Ethics Counter Feminist Aims?" in Eve Browning Cole and Susan Coultrap-McQuin, eds., Explorations in Feminist Ethics (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992).
20. See Marysia Zalewski, "The Women/'Women' Question in International Relations," Millennium 23, no. 2 (1994).
21. See Alison M. Jaggar, "Feminist Ethics: Projects, Problems, Prospects," in Claudia Card, ed., Feminist Ethics (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1991); Elshtain (fn. 8).
22. Ruddick (fn. 8); Dietz (fn. 8).
23. Elshtain (fn.8).
24. Jaggar (fn. 10).
25. See Kumari Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (London: Zed Books, 1986); Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pluto Press, 1983); Julie Marie Peteet, Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Anne Russo, and Lourdes Torres, eds., Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); Deniz Kandiyoti, "Introduction," in Kandiyoti, ed., Women, Islam, and the State (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991); Roberta Hamilton and Michele Barrett, eds., The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism, and Nationalism (London: Verso, 1986); Fred Halliday, "Hidden from International Relations: Women and the International Arena," in Grant and Newland (fn. 1); and Mary E. Hawkesworth, Beyond Of pression: Feminist Theory and Political Strategy (New York: Continuum, 1990).
26. See Kumari Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (London: Zed Books, 1986); Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pluto Press, 1983); Julie Marie Peteet, Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Anne Russo, and Lourdes Torres, eds., Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); Deniz Kandiyoti, "Introduction," in Kandiyoti, ed., Women, Islam, and the State (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991); Roberta Hamilton and Michele Barrett, eds., The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism, and Nationalism (London: Verso, 1986); Fred Halliday, "Hidden from International Relations: Women and the International Arena," in Grant and Newland (fn. 1); and Mary E. Hawkesworth, Beyond Of pression: Feminist Theory and Political Strategy (New York: Continuum, 1990).
27. See Kumari Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (London: Zed Books, 1986); Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pluto Press, 1983); Julie Marie Peteet, Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Anne Russo, and Lourdes Torres, eds., Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); Deniz Kandiyoti, "Introduction," in Kandiyoti, ed., Women, Islam, and the State (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991); Roberta Hamilton and Michele Barrett, eds., The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism, and Nationalism (London: Verso, 1986); Fred Halliday, "Hidden from International Relations: Women and the International Arena," in Grant and Newland (fn. 1); and Mary E. Hawkesworth, Beyond Of pression: Feminist Theory and Political Strategy (New York: Continuum, 1990).
28. See Kumari Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (London: Zed Books, 1986); Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pluto Press, 1983); Julie Marie Peteet, Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Anne Russo, and Lourdes Torres, eds., Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); Deniz Kandiyoti, "Introduction," in Kandiyoti, ed., Women, Islam, and the State (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991); Roberta Hamilton and Michele Barrett, eds., The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism, and Nationalism (London: Verso, 1986); Fred Halliday, "Hidden from International Relations: Women and the International Arena," in Grant and Newland (fn. 1); and Mary E. Hawkesworth, Beyond Of pression: Feminist Theory and Political Strategy (New York: Continuum, 1990).
29. See Kumari Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (London: Zed Books, 1986); Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pluto Press, 1983); Julie Marie Peteet, Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Anne Russo, and Lourdes Torres, eds., Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); Deniz Kandiyoti, "Introduction," in Kandiyoti, ed., Women, Islam, and the State (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991); Roberta Hamilton and Michele Barrett, eds., The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism, and Nationalism (London: Verso, 1986); Fred Halliday, "Hidden from International Relations: Women and the International Arena," in Grant and Newland (fn. 1); and Mary E. Hawkesworth, Beyond Of pression: Feminist Theory and Political Strategy (New York: Continuum, 1990).
30. See Kumari Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (London: Zed Books, 1986); Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pluto Press, 1983); Julie Marie Peteet, Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Anne Russo, and Lourdes Torres, eds., Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); Deniz Kandiyoti, "Introduction," in Kandiyoti, ed., Women, Islam, and the State (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991); Roberta Hamilton and Michele Barrett, eds., The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism, and Nationalism (London: Verso, 1986); Fred Halliday, "Hidden from International Relations: Women and the International Arena," in Grant and Newland (fn. 1); and Mary E. Hawkesworth, Beyond Of pression: Feminist Theory and Political Strategy (New York: Continuum, 1990).
31. See Kumari Jayawardena, Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World (London: Zed Books, 1986); Cynthia Enloe, Does Khaki Become You? The Militarization of Women's Lives (London: Pluto Press, 1983); Julie Marie Peteet, Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991); Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Anne Russo, and Lourdes Torres, eds., Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991); Deniz Kandiyoti, "Introduction," in Kandiyoti, ed., Women, Islam, and the State (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991); Roberta Hamilton and Michele Barrett, eds., The Politics of Diversity: Feminism, Marxism, and Nationalism (London: Verso, 1986); Fred Halliday, "Hidden from International Relations: Women and the International Arena," in Grant and Newland (fn. 1); and Mary E. Hawkesworth, Beyond Of pression: Feminist Theory and Political Strategy (New York: Continuum, 1990).
32. Jayawardena (fn. 14).
33. Valentine M. Moghadam, "Introduction," in Moghadam, ed., Identity Politics and Women: Cultural Reassertions and Feminisms in International Perspective (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1994).
34. Elshtain (fn. 8); Hanna Papanek, "The Ideal Woman and the Ideal Society: Control and Autonomy and the Construction of Identity," in Moghadam (fn. 16).
35. See Maxine Molyneux, "Women's Rights and the International Context: Some Reflections on the Post-Communist States," Millennium 23, no. 2 (1994).
36. See Peteet (fn. 14); Salim Tamari, "The Palestinian Movement in Transition: Historical Reversals and the Uprising," in Rex Brynen, ed., Echoes of the Intifada: Regional Repercussions of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991); and Raymonda Tawil, My Home, My Prison (London: Zed Press, 1983).
37. See Peteet (fn. 14); Salim Tamari, "The Palestinian Movement in Transition: Historical Reversals and the Uprising," in Rex Brynen, ed., Echoes of the Intifada: Regional Repercussions of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991); and Raymonda Tawil, My Home, My Prison (London: Zed Press, 1983).
38. See Catherine Hoskyns, "Gender Issues in International Relations," Review of International Studies 20 (October 1994).
39. Enloe (fn. 14).
40. Adam Przeworski and Henry Teune, The Logic of Comparative Social Inquiry (New York; Wiley, 1970).
41. Dafna N. Izraeli and Ephraim Taboury, "The Political Context of Feminist Attitudes in Israel," in Yael Azman and Dafna N. Izraeli, eds., Women in Israel (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1993); and Natalie Rein, Daughters of Rachel: Women in Israel (New York: Penguin Books, 1980).
42. Dafna N. Izraeli and Ephraim Taboury, "The Political Context of Feminist Attitudes in Israel," in Yael Azman and Dafna N. Izraeli, eds., Women in Israel (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1993); and Natalie Rein, Daughters of Rachel: Women in Israel (New York: Penguin Books, 1980).
43. See Naomi Chazan, "Israeli Women and Peace Activism," in Barbara Swirski and Marilyn Safir, eds., Calling the Equality Bluff (New York: Pergamon Press, 1991); Simona Sharoni, "Is Feminism a Threat to National Security," Ms. Magazine, January-February 1993; Nurit Gillath, "Women against War: Parents against Silence," in Barbara Swirski and Marilyn Safir, eds., Calling the Equality Bluff (New York: Pergamon Press, 1991); Roberta Micallef, "Israeli and Palestinian Women's Peace Movements," in Elizabeth Warnock Fernea and Mary Evelyn Hocking, eds., The Struggle for Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992).
44. See Naomi Chazan, "Israeli Women and Peace Activism," in Barbara Swirski and Marilyn Safir, eds., Calling the Equality Bluff (New York: Pergamon Press, 1991); Simona Sharoni, "Is Feminism a Threat to National Security," Ms. Magazine, January-February 1993; Nurit Gillath, "Women against War: Parents against Silence," in Barbara Swirski and Marilyn Safir, eds., Calling the Equality Bluff (New York: Pergamon Press, 1991); Roberta Micallef, "Israeli and Palestinian Women's Peace Movements," in Elizabeth Warnock Fernea and Mary Evelyn Hocking, eds., The Struggle for Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992).
45. See Naomi Chazan, "Israeli Women and Peace Activism," in Barbara Swirski and Marilyn Safir, eds., Calling the Equality Bluff (New York: Pergamon Press, 1991); Simona Sharoni, "Is Feminism a Threat to National Security," Ms. Magazine, January-February 1993; Nurit Gillath, "Women against War: Parents against Silence," in Barbara Swirski and Marilyn Safir, eds., Calling the Equality Bluff (New York: Pergamon Press, 1991); Roberta Micallef, "Israeli and Palestinian Women's Peace Movements," in Elizabeth Warnock Fernea and Mary Evelyn Hocking, eds., The Struggle for Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992).
46. See Naomi Chazan, "Israeli Women and Peace Activism," in Barbara Swirski and Marilyn Safir, eds., Calling the Equality Bluff (New York: Pergamon Press, 1991); Simona Sharoni, "Is Feminism a Threat to National Security," Ms. Magazine, January-February 1993; Nurit Gillath, "Women against War: Parents against Silence," in Barbara Swirski and Marilyn Safir, eds., Calling the Equality Bluff (New York: Pergamon Press, 1991); Roberta Micallef, "Israeli and Palestinian Women's Peace Movements," in Elizabeth Warnock Fernea and Mary Evelyn Hocking, eds., The Struggle for Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992).
47. See Barbara Swirski, "Israeli Feminism: New and Old," in Swirski and Safir (fn. 24); Nahla Abdo, "Women of the Intifada: Gender, Class, and National Liberation," Race and Class 32, no. 4 (1991); and Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Syraucse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994), 24.
48. See Barbara Swirski, "Israeli Feminism: New and Old," in Swirski and Safir (fn. 24); Nahla Abdo, "Women of the Intifada: Gender, Class, and National Liberation," Race and Class 32, no. 4 (1991); and Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Syraucse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994), 24.
49. See Barbara Swirski, "Israeli Feminism: New and Old," in Swirski and Safir (fn. 24); Nahla Abdo, "Women of the Intifada: Gender, Class, and National Liberation," Race and Class 32, no. 4 (1991); and Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Syraucse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994), 24.
50. Madeleine Tress, "Halacha, Zionism, and Gender: The Case of Gush Emunim," in Moghadam (fh. 16).
51. See Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, "The Revolutionary Gentlewoman in Egypt," in Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie, eds., Women in the Muslim World (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978); and Thomas Philipp, "Feminism in Nationalist Politics in Egypt," in Beck and Keddie. See Margot Badran, "Independent Women: More than a Century of Feminism in Egypt," in Judith Tucker, ed., Arab Women (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993).
52. See Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, "The Revolutionary Gentlewoman in Egypt," in Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie, eds., Women in the Muslim World (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978); and Thomas Philipp, "Feminism in Nationalist Politics in Egypt," in Beck and Keddie. See Margot Badran, "Independent Women: More than a Century of Feminism in Egypt," in Judith Tucker, ed., Arab Women (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993).
53. See Afaf Lutfi al-Sayyid Marsot, "The Revolutionary Gentlewoman in Egypt," in Lois Beck and Nikki Keddie, eds., Women in the Muslim World (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978); and Thomas Philipp, "Feminism in Nationalist Politics in Egypt," in Beck and Keddie. See Margot Badran, "Independent Women: More than a Century of Feminism in Egypt," in Judith Tucker, ed., Arab Women (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993).
54. Valentine M. Moghadam, Modernizing Women (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1993), 157.
55. Mark Tessler and Jolene Jesse, "Gender and Support for Islamist Movements: Evidence from Egypt, Kuwait and Palestine," Muslim World '84 (April 1996).
56. Elizabeth W. Fernea, "The Veiled Revolution," in Donna Lee Bowen and Evelyn A. Early, eds., Everyday Life in the Muslim Middle East (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Moghadam (fn. 16); Kandiyoti (fn. 14).
57. Moghadam (fn. 16); Badran (fn. 28).
58. Souad Dajani, "Palestinian Women under Israeli Occupation," in Tucker (fn. 28).
59. Mervat Hatem, "Post-Islamist and Post-Nationalist Feminist Discourses," in Tucker (fn. 28).
60. 35 Tessler and Jesse (fn. 30).
61. Philippa Strum, The Women Are Marching: The Second Sex and the Palestinian Revolution (New York: Lawrence Hill, 1992).
62. Abdo (fn. 25). See also Dajani (fn. 33); and Tawil (fn. 19).
63. Nuha Abu Daleb, "Palestinian Women and Their Role in the Revolution," Peuples Méditerranéens 5 (October-December 1978);
64. Soraya Antonius, "Fighting on Two Fronts: Conversations with Palestinian Women," Journal of Palestine Studies 8 (Spring 1979).
65. Abdo (fn. 25).
66. Abdo (fn. 25); Micallef (fn. 24); Sharoni (fn. 25).
67. See Suad M. Al-Sabah, Development Planning in an Oil Economy and the Role of Women: The Case of Kuwait (London: East Lords Publishing, 1983); Shamlan Y. Al-Essa, The Manpower Problem in Kuwait (London: Routledge, Kegan Paul International, 1981); and Kamla Nath, "Education and Employment among Kuwaiti Women," in Beck and Keddie (fn. 27).
68. See Suad M. Al-Sabah, Development Planning in an Oil Economy and the Role of Women: The Case of Kuwait (London: East Lords Publishing, 1983); Shamlan Y. Al-Essa, The Manpower Problem in Kuwait (London: Routledge, Kegan Paul International, 1981); and Kamla Nath, "Education and Employment among Kuwaiti Women," in Beck and Keddie (fn. 27).
69. See Suad M. Al-Sabah, Development Planning in an Oil Economy and the Role of Women: The Case of Kuwait (London: East Lords Publishing, 1983); Shamlan Y. Al-Essa, The Manpower Problem in Kuwait (London: Routledge, Kegan Paul International, 1981); and Kamla Nath, "Education and Employment among Kuwaiti Women," in Beck and Keddie (fn. 27).
70. Farida Allaghi and Aisha Almana, "Survey of Research on Women in the Arab Gulf Region," in Social Science Research and Women in the Arab World (Paris: UNESCO, 1984).
71. Jamal Sanad and Mark Tessler, "Women and Religion in a Modern Islamic Society: The Case of Kuwait," in Emile Sahliyeh, ed., The Politics of Religious Resurgence in the Contemporary World (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990).
72. Hatem (fn. 34), 35; David Ottoway, "Feminists Seek Voice in Kuwaiti Politics," Washington Post, April 14, 1984.
73. Hatem (fn. 34), 37.
74. For additional methodological information and discussion of this project, see Mark Tessler and Jamal Sanad, "Will the Arab Public Accept Peace with Israel: Evidence from Surveys in Three Arab Societies," in Gregory Mahler and Efraim Karsh, eds., Israel at the Crossroads (London: I. B. Tauris, 1994).
75. Ibid. See also Mark Tessler, "The Origins of Popular Support for Islamist Movements: A Political Economy Analysis," in John Entelis, ed., Islam, Democracy and the State of North Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, forthcoming).
76. Ibid. See also Mark Tessler, "The Origins of Popular Support for Islamist Movements: A Political Economy Analysis," in John Entelis, ed., Islam, Democracy and the State of North Africa (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, forthcoming).
77. Khalil Shikaki, Results of a Public Opinion Poll: The West Bank and Gaza Strip, September 29-30 and October 1, 1994 (Nablus: Center for Palestine Research and Studies, 1994).
78. Charlotte Bunch, Passionate Politics (New York; St. Martin's Press, 1987), 303.
79. For an interesting study that advances a similar conclusion, see Eileen F. Babbitt and Tamra Pearson D'estrée, "An Israeli-Palestinian Women's Workshop: Application of an Interactive Problem-Solving Approach," in Chester A. Crocker, Fen Olser Hampson, and Pamela Aall, eds., Managing Global Chaos: Sources and Responses to International Conflict (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1995). The authors conducted a workshop involving Israeli and Palestinian women in December 1992. They report that participants did see themselves has having an important role to play in the pursuit of peace, but not one that is more important than, or even qualitatively different from, that to be played by men.