Colonial encounters in international relations: Reading Wight, writing Australia

Australian Journal of International Affairs

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 309-323

  Dunne, Timothy ^a  

^a ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLONIAL SOCIETY; GEOPOLITICAL RELATIONS; HISTORICAL STUDY; HUMAN RIGHTS; INDIGENOUS POPULATION; RATIONALISM; SOCIAL THEORY; SOVEREIGNTY;

AUSTRALIA;

EID: 0031412552     PISSN: 10357718     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10357719708445220     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. The notable exceptions here being Paul Keal, 'Just Backward Children: International Law and the Conquest of Non-European Peoples', Australian Journal of International Affairs 49, 2 (November 1995) pp. 191-206; Kate Manzo, Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Paul Patton, 'Sovereignty, Law, and Difference in Australia: After the Mabo Case', Alternatives 21 (1996) pp. 149-70.
2. The notable exceptions here being Paul Keal, 'Just Backward Children: International Law and the Conquest of Non-European Peoples', Australian Journal of International Affairs 49, 2 (November 1995) pp. 191-206; Kate Manzo, Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Paul Patton, 'Sovereignty, Law, and Difference in Australia: After the Mabo Case', Alternatives 21 (1996) pp. 149-70.
3. The notable exceptions here being Paul Keal, 'Just Backward Children: International Law and the Conquest of Non-European Peoples', Australian Journal of International Affairs 49, 2 (November 1995) pp. 191-206; Kate Manzo, Creating Boundaries: The Politics of Race and Nation (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996); Paul Patton, 'Sovereignty, Law, and Difference in Australia: After the Mabo Case', Alternatives 21 (1996) pp. 149-70.
4. I am using the term 'conquest' in a geopolitical sense in the knowledge that it is not an accurate term from a legal perspective. According to international law, New South Wales was, of course, a settled rather than a conquered territory.
5. Gananath Obeyeskere, The Apotheosis of James Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992) p. 135.
6. Hobbes Danayarri, resident of Yarralin in the Northern Territory, in conversation with the anthropologist Deborah Bird Rose. Quoted in Tim Rowse, After Mabo: Interpreting Indigenous Traditions (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1993) p. 3.
7. This argument is made in my forthcoming book, Inventing International Society: A History of the English School (London: Macmillan, 1998).
8. It is important to underline that these 'maps' are representations of the identity relation between colonisers and colonised from the perspective of the Europeans, not from the perspective of the 'other'. Here I am following Todorov's approach to the Conquest of America 'read' principally through the minds of the Spanish explorers, theologians, missionaries and philosophers. For his attempt to 'read' the Conquest from the perspective of the colonised, see Tzvetan Todorov, The Morals of History (Minneapolis, MI: University of Minnesota Press, 1995) pp. 17-33.
9. This counterposing of 'inside' and Outside' in international relations theory and practice is laid bare by R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
10. Quoted in Edward Said, Orientalism (London: Penguin, 1995) p. 28.
11. The vocabulary 'settlers' and 'natives' belongs to Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967).
12. Bernard McGrane, Beyond Anthropology: Society and the Other (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989).
13. Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (London: Harper Collins, 1994) p. 42.
14. Bernard McGrane's approach to historical anthropology (add Foucault and stir) usefully highlights the implications of these metaphysical transformations in terms of Europe's relations with its Others': 'In the cosmography of the sixteenth century, it was Christianity which came between the European and the non-European Other. Anthropology did not exist; there was, rather, demonology, and it was upon this horizon that the Other took on his specific meaning. In the Enlightenment it was ignorance that came between the European and the Other ... In the nineteenth century, finally, it was time, geological time, evolutionary time, that came between the European and the non-European Other', McGrane, Beyond Anthropology: Society and the Other p. 77.
15. Said, Orientalism p. 332.
16. Said, Orientalism p. 332.
17. In addition to Todorov and Said, Naeem Inayatulluh and David Blaney have fruitfully drawn from Ashis Nandy's work on the cultural interaction between British and Indian responses to colonialism. See their 'Knowing Encounters: Beyond Parochialism in International Relations Theory' in Yosef Lapid and Friedrich Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1996).
18. Implied in Yosef Lapid, 'Culture's Ship: Returns and Departures in International Relations Theory' in Lapid and Kratochwil (eds), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory p. 3.
19. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society (London: Routledge, 1992); Andrew Hurrell, 'International Society and the Study of Regimes: A Reflective Approach' in Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Paul Keal, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance (London: Macmillan, 1983); Gerrit Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Andrew Linklater, 'Rationalism' in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds), Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996); Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17, 4 (1991) pp. 327-48.
20. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society (London: Routledge, 1992); Andrew Hurrell, 'International Society and the Study of Regimes: A Reflective Approach' in Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Paul Keal, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance (London: Macmillan, 1983); Gerrit Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Andrew Linklater, 'Rationalism' in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds), Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996); Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17, 4 (1991) pp. 327-48.
21. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society (London: Routledge, 1992); Andrew Hurrell, 'International Society and the Study of Regimes: A Reflective Approach' in Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Paul Keal, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance (London: Macmillan, 1983); Gerrit Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Andrew Linklater, 'Rationalism' in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds), Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996); Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17, 4 (1991) pp. 327-48.
22. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society (London: Routledge, 1992); Andrew Hurrell, 'International Society and the Study of Regimes: A Reflective Approach' in Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Paul Keal, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance (London: Macmillan, 1983); Gerrit Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Andrew Linklater, 'Rationalism' in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds), Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996); Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17, 4 (1991) pp. 327-48.
23. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society (London: Routledge, 1992); Andrew Hurrell, 'International Society and the Study of Regimes: A Reflective Approach' in Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Paul Keal, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance (London: Macmillan, 1983); Gerrit Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Andrew Linklater, 'Rationalism' in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds), Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996); Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17, 4 (1991) pp. 327-48.
24. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society (London: Routledge, 1992); Andrew Hurrell, 'International Society and the Study of Regimes: A Reflective Approach' in Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Paul Keal, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance (London: Macmillan, 1983); Gerrit Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Andrew Linklater, 'Rationalism' in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds), Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996); Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17, 4 (1991) pp. 327-48.
25. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society (London: Routledge, 1992); Andrew Hurrell, 'International Society and the Study of Regimes: A Reflective Approach' in Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Paul Keal, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance (London: Macmillan, 1983); Gerrit Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Andrew Linklater, 'Rationalism' in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds), Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996); Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17, 4 (1991) pp. 327-48.
26. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society (London: Routledge, 1992); Andrew Hurrell, 'International Society and the Study of Regimes: A Reflective Approach' in Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Paul Keal, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance (London: Macmillan, 1983); Gerrit Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Andrew Linklater, 'Rationalism' in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds), Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996); Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17, 4 (1991) pp. 327-48.
27. Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (eds), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984); Adam Watson, The Evolution of International Society (London: Routledge, 1992); Andrew Hurrell, 'International Society and the Study of Regimes: A Reflective Approach' in Volker Rittberger (ed.), Regime Theory and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993); Paul Keal, Unspoken Rules and Superpower Dominance (London: Macmillan, 1983); Gerrit Gong, The Standard of Civilization in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Andrew Linklater, 'Rationalism' in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds), Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996); Robert Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); R.J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Iver B. Neumann and Jennifer M. Welsh, 'The Other in European Self-Definition: An Addendum to the Literature on International Society', Review of International Studies 17, 4 (1991) pp. 327-48.
28. Martin Wight, The Development of the Legislative Council 1606-1945 (London: Faber, 1945); Martin Wight, The Gold Coast Legislative Council (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1947).
29. Martin Wight, The Development of the Legislative Council 1606-1945 (London: Faber, 1945); Martin Wight, The Gold Coast Legislative Council (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1947).
30. Wight's lectures on international theory have been posthumously published: Martin Wight, International Theory: The Three Traditions (Leicester: Leicester University Press/Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1991).
31. Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (eds), Diplomatic Investigations (London: Allen and Unwin, 1966).
32. Brian Porter, 'Martin Wight's International Theory' in Michael Donelan (ed.), Reason of State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1978); Timothy Dunne, 'Mythology or Methodology? Traditions in International Theory', Review of International Studies 19, 3 (1993); Ian Clark, 'Traditions of Thought and Classical Theories of International Relations' in Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (eds), Classical Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996).
33. Brian Porter, 'Martin Wight's International Theory' in Michael Donelan (ed.), Reason of State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1978); Timothy Dunne, 'Mythology or Methodology? Traditions in International Theory', Review of International Studies 19, 3 (1993); Ian Clark, 'Traditions of Thought and Classical Theories of International Relations' in Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (eds), Classical Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996).
34. Brian Porter, 'Martin Wight's International Theory' in Michael Donelan (ed.), Reason of State (London: Allen and Unwin, 1978); Timothy Dunne, 'Mythology or Methodology? Traditions in International Theory', Review of International Studies 19, 3 (1993); Ian Clark, 'Traditions of Thought and Classical Theories of International Relations' in Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann (eds), Classical Theories of International Relations (London: Macmillan, 1996).
35. It is important not to pass over Wight's outmoded expressions such as 'mankind' and 'barbarians'. Whilst acknowledging the crucial relationship between language and political power-words are weapons - we should also attempt to distance ourselves from judging past practices by the moralities we hold today. In other words, the fact that Athens was a slave-owning society is not a reason for dismissing forms of direct democracy pioneered in that society.
36. Wight, International Theory p. 49.
37. Wight, International Theory p. 50.
38. Wight, International Theory p. 55.
39. Wight, International Theory p. 61.
40. This argument is made in Nicholas J. Wheeler and Timothy Dunne, 'Solidarity Among Strangers: Ethical Encounters in the Society of States', Conference Paper (Makuhari, Japan: September 1996).
41. Wight, International Theory p. 69.
42. Todorov, The Conquest p. 116.
43. Wight, International Theory p. 69.
44. Equality between individuals, if not equality between states.
45. Todorov, The Conquest p. 162.
46. Wight, International Theory p. 70.
47. Todorov, The Conquest p. 150.
48. Todorov, The Conquest p. 143.
49. Wight, International Theory p. 83.
50. Wight associates assimilation with the French attitude to its colonies: 'the French are sublimely incapable of distinguishing between the universal Rights of Man and French culture, or nationalism', Wight, International Theory p. 91.
51. Wight, International Theory p. 96.
52. Todorov, The Conquest p. 150.
53. Wight, International Theory p. 76.
54. Adapted from Martin Wight, 'Theory of Mankind: Barbarians', International Theory chapter 4. In terms of the conquest of America, the three theories of colonialism could be aligned to the narratives of Cortes (Realism), Vitoria (Rationalism) and Las Casas (Revolutionism).
55. 'British Penetration into the Indian and Pacific Oceans: Secret Instructions for Captain James Cook's Third Voyage, 6 July 1776' in Vincent T. Harlow and Frederick Madden (eds), British Colonial Developments 1774-1834 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953) p. 4.
56. Harlow and Madden, British Colonial Developments p. 426.
57. Harlow and Madden, British Colonial Developments p. 427.
58. Richard Broome, 'Historians, Aborigines and Australia: Writing the National Past' in Bain Atwood (ed.), In the Age of Mabo: History, Aborigines and Australia (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1996) p. 55.
59. Quoted in Henry Reynolds, Dispossession: Black Australians and White Invaders (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1985) p. 6.
60. Reynolds, Dispossession p. 61.
61. The term used by Modrooroo, in Us Mob: History, Culture, Struggle: An Introduction to Indigenous Australia (Sydney: Harper Collins, 1995).
62. This coincided with the ascendancy of a pernicious Darwinian theory of competition between the races. Since the Aborigines were doomed to extinction, so the argument runs, there was no reason for white Australians to feel guilty about the conquest. Needless to say, the fact of the flourishing of Aboriginal culture for the preceding 50 000 years somewhat brings into question this Darwinian argument. For an exegesis of the impact of 'social Darwinism', see Richard Broome, Aboriginal Australians: Black Responses to While Dominance 1788-1994 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1994) chapter 6.
63. Henry Reynolds, The Other Side of the Frontier: Aboriginal Resistance to the European Invasion of Australia (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982) p. 123.
64. Broome, Aboriginal Australians p. 61.
65. Quoted in Helen Fein, Genocide: A Sociological Perspective (London: Sage, 1993) p. 10.
66. This 'directive' can be found in the instructions given to Governor Phillip by the British government on 23 April 1787. Should any settler 'destroy' them or 'give them any necessary interruption' (I take it that would include genocide), the offenders should be punished in accordance with 'the degree of the offence'. Reynolds, Dispossession p. 183. In addition to the intentionality dimension to the naming of the crime 'genocide', as a non-state party, Aborigines would not have been able to invoke any such Convention.
67. Quoted in Fein, Genocide p. 80. For a critique of Barta's Marxian approach to thinking about genocide, see Frank Chalk, 'Redefining Genocide' in George J. Andreopoulos (ed.), Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994) pp. 47-63.
68. Quoted in Fein, Genocide p. 80. For a critique of Barta's Marxian approach to thinking about genocide, see Frank Chalk, 'Redefining Genocide' in George J. Andreopoulos (ed.), Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994) pp. 47-63.
69. Todorov's treatment of the responsibility of the Spaniards is instructive here. He frames their responsibility in the following terms: 'By direct murder ... a high number, nonetheless relatively small; direct responsibility. By consequence of bad treatment: a higher number; a (barely) less direct responsibility. By diseases ... the majority of the population; an indirect and diffused responsibility'. Todorov, The Conquest p. 133.
70. For a thorough analysis of debates among international lawyers as to the status of land inhabited by non-European peoples, see Keal, 'Just Backward Children' pp. 191-206.
71. Wight recognises how Rationalist treaties with indigenous peoples are often despised by the colonial contracting party. He quotes the governor of the New Zealand Company in correspondence with Lord Stanley, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, in 1843: 'We have always had very serious doubts whether the Treaty of Waitangi, made with naked savages ... by the Crown, could be treated by lawyers as anything but a praiseworthy device for amusing and pacifying savages for the moment', Wight, International Theory p. 59.
72. Vattel, quoted in Reynolds, Dispossession pp. 69-71 (emphasis added).
73. Keal, 'Just Backward Children' p. 191.
74. Select Committee report quoted by Justice Brennan, in Mabo and Others v. Queensland (No.2) (1992) 175 CLR 1 F.C. 92/014, p. 17.
75. Broome, Aboriginal Australians p. 98. Not all Aborigines were incarcerated into protectorates. Broome estimates that this was the case for about half the black population living in Queensland, which pioneered this policy.
76. Philanthropic Europeans believed that segregating children from their families was the key to de-indigenisation. One missionary school in Perth, in 1844, had an elaborate set of rules to ensure that its children did not 'go off the rails'. For example, regulation 6 stated: 'Severe restrictions will be placed upon the children loitering on the road and playing marbles or other games ... ' ; Reynolds, Dispossession p. 170.
77. Engel's phrase, quoted in Andrew Linklater, 'Marxism' in Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater, with Richard Devetak, Matthew Paterson and Jacqui True (eds), Theories of International Relations (New York: St Martin's Press, 1996) p. 137.
78. Rowse, After Mabo p. 129.
79. Wight, International Theory p. 268.
80. A point noted by Justice Brennan in the 'Mabo' judgment, referring to the Crown's recognition of the possession of title in Ireland and Wales. Brennan, Mabo and Others p. 23.
81. This is Andrew Linklater's phrase. Indeed, much of the impetus for a radicalised Rationalism can be traced to him. See, for example, Andrew Linklater, 'What is a Good International Citizen?' in Paul Keal (ed.), Ethics and Foreign Policy (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1992); and Linklater, 'Rationalism'.
82. This is Andrew Linklater's phrase. Indeed, much of the impetus for a radicalised Rationalism can be traced to him. See, for example, Andrew Linklater, 'What is a Good International Citizen?' in Paul Keal (ed.), Ethics and Foreign Policy (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1992); and Linklater, 'Rationalism'.
83. In the words of Justice Brennan, 'a mere change in sovereignty does not extinguish title to land'. Quoted in Paul Patton, 'Sovereignty, Law, Difference', Alternatives 21 (1996) p. 162.
84. Henry Reynolds makes the powerful claim that after the Wik case, politicians and business leaders 'will have to deal with indigenous Australians as equals for the first time in 200 years'. Treating others as genuine equals is, of course, the pillar of Rationalist thought. Henry Reynolds, 'Good Decision, Poor Advice', Sydney Morning Herald (27 December 1996).