Dependence of large-scale precipitation climatologies on temporal and spatial sampling

Journal of Climate

Volumn 10, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 1099-1113

  Hulme, Mike ^a   New, Mark ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SPATIAL SAMPLING; TEMPORAL SAMPLING;

AFRICA, (NORTH); EUROPE;

EID: 0031411435     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1099:DOLSPC>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Arkin, P. A., and P. Xie, 1994: The Global Precipitation Climatology Project: First algorithm intercomparison project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 401-419.
2. Arnell, N. W., 1995: Grid mapping of river discharge. J. Hydrol., 167, 39-56.
3. Bates, D., and G. Wahba, 1982: Computational methods for generalised cross validation with large data sets. Treatment of Integral Equations by Numerical Methods, C. T. H. Baker and G. F. Miller, Eds., Academic Press, 283-296.
4. Berg, W., and S. K. Avery, 1995: Evaluation of monthly rainfall estimates derived from the special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) over the tropical Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 100D, 1295-1315.
5. Briggs, P. R., and J. G. Cogley, 1996: Topographic bias in mesoscale precipitation networks. J. Climate, 9, 205-218.
6. Climatic Research Unit, cited 1997: Global precipitation datasets. [Available on-line from http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/.]
7. Daly, C., R. P. Neilson, and D. L. Phillips, 1994: A statistical-topographic model for mapping climatological precipitation over mountainous terrain. J. Appl. Meteor., 33, 140-158.
8. Easterling, D. R., and T. C. Peterson, 1995: A new method for detecting undocumented discontinuities in climatological time series. Int. J. Climatol., 14, 369-378.
9. Eischid, J. K., H. F. Diaz, R. S. Bradley, and P. D. Jones, 1991: A comprehensive precipitation data set for global land areas. U.S. Department of Energy DOE/ER-6901T-H1, 81 pp. [Available from Office of Energy Research, Carbon Dioxide Research Program, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1000 Independence Ave. S.W., Washington, DC 20585.]
10. Elden, L., 1984: A note on the computation of the generalised cross-validation function for ill-conditioned least squares problems. BIT, 24, 467-472.
11. Groisman, P. Y., and D. R. Legates, 1995: Documenting and detecting long-term precipitation trends: Where are we and what should be done? Climate Change, 31, 601-622.
12. _, V. V. Koknaeva, T. A. Belokrylova, and T. R. Karl, 1991: Overcoming biases of precipitation measurement: A history of the USSR experience. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1725-1733.
13. Hulme, M., 1992: A 1951-80 global land precipitation climatology for the evaluation of general circulation models. Climate Dyn., 7, 57-72.
14. _, 1994: Validation of large-scale precipitation fields in general circulation models. Global Precipitation and Climate Change, M. Desbois and F. Desalmand, Eds., Springer-Veriag, 387-405.
15. _, D. Conway, P. D. Jones, T. Jiang, E. M. Barrow, and C. Turney, 1995: Construction of a 1961-1990 European climatology for climate change modelling and impact applications. Int. J. Climatol., 15, 1333-1363.
16. _, _, A. Joyce, and H. Mulenga, 1996: A 1961-90 climatology for Africa south of the equator and a comparison of PET estimates. S. Afr. J. Sci., 92,334-343.
17. Hutchinson, M. F., 1984: A summary of some surface fitting and contouring programs for noisy data. CSIRO Division of Mathematics and Statistics Consulting Rep. ACT 84/6, 25 pp. [Available from CSIRO Publishing, P.O. Box 1139, Collingwood, VIC 3066, Australia.]
18. _, 1991: The application of thin plate smoothing splines to continent-wide data assimilation. Data Assimilation Systems, J. D. Jasper, Ed., Bureau of Meteorology, 104-113.
19. _, 1995: Interpolating mean rainfall using thin plate smoothing splines. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sys., 9, 385-403.
20. _, and P. E. Gessler, 1994: Splines - More than just a smooth interpolator. Geoderma, 62, 45-67.
21. Leemans, R., and W. Cramer, 1991: The IIASA database for mean monthly values of temperature, precipitation and cloudiness on a global terrestrial grid. IIASA Rep. RR-91-18, 63 pp. [Available from IIASA, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.]
22. Legates, D. R., 1995: Global and terrestrial precipitation: A comparative assessment of existing climatologies. Int. J. Climatol., 15, 237-258.
23. _, and C. J. Willmott, 1990: Mean seasonal and spatial variability in gauge-corrected, global precipitation. Int. J. Climatol., 10, 111-127.
24. _, and T. L. DeLiberty, 1993: Precipitation measurement biases in the United States. Water Resour. Bull., 29, 855-861.
25. National Geophysical Data Center, 1988: ETOPO5: Digital relief of the surface of the earth. N.G.D.C. Data Announcement 88-MGG-02, 2 pp. [Available from NGDC, NOAA, Mail Code E/GC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303-3328.]
26. Pan, Y. A., A. D. McGuire, D. W. Kicklighter, and J. D. Melillo, 1996: The importance of climate and soils for estimates of net primary production: A sensitivity analysis with the terrestrial ecosystem model. Global Change Biology, 2, 5-23.
27. Peterson, T. C., and D. R. Easterling, 1994: Creation of homogenous composite climatological reference series. Int. J. Climatol., 14, 671-680.
28. Potter, C. S., J. T. Randerson, C. B. Field, P. A. Matson, P. M. Vitousek, H. A. Mooney, and S. A. Klooster, 1993: Terrestrial ecosystem production: A process model based on global satellite and surface data. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 7, 811-841.
29. Sevruk, B., 1982: Methods of correction for systematic error in point precipitation measaurement for operational use. World Meteorological Organization Operational Hydrology Rep. 21, 91 pp. [Available from World Meteor. Org., 41 avenue Guisseppe Motta, Case Postale 1211, Geneva 2, Switzerland.]
30. Spencer, R. W., 1993: Global oceanic precipitation from the MSU during 1979-91 and comparisons to other climatologies. J. Climate, 6, 1301-1326.
31. UNESCO, 1978: World water balance and water resources of the Earth. UNESCO Series Studies and Rep. in Hydrology 25, 663 pp. [Available from UNESCO, 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07, SP France.]
32. Wahba, G., 1979: How to smooth curves and surfaces with splines and cross-validation. 24th Conf. on the Design of Experiments, U.S. Army Research Office, 167-192.
33. _, 1990: Spline Models for Observational Data. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 169 pp.
34. Whetton, P., 1997: Comment on 'Global and terrestrial precipitation: A comparative assessment of existing climatologies' by D. R. Legates. Int. J. Climatol., in press.
35. Wigley, T. M. L., and B. D. Santer, 1990: Statistical comparison of spatial fields in model validation, perturbation and predictability experiments. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 851-865.
36. Willmott, C. J., C. M. Rowe, and W. D. Philpot, 1985: Small-scale climate maps: A sensitivity analysis of some common assumptions associated with grid point interpolation and contouring. Amer. Cartogr., 12, 5-16.
37. _, S. M. Robeson, and M. J. Janis, 1997: Comparison of approaches for estimating time-averaged precipitation using data from the United States. Int. J. Climatol., in press.
38. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1996: Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. J. Climate, 9, 840-858.