Socioeconomic status, subcultural definitions, and violent delinquency

Social Forces

Volumn 75, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 799-833

  Heimer, Karen ^a  

^a E11 SSH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL STUDY; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; VIOLENT DELINQUENCY;

EID: 0031410113     PISSN: 00377732     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/sf/75.3.799     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Agnew, Robert. 1994. "Techniques of Neutralization and Violence." Criminology 32:555-79.
2. Akers, Ronald L. 1985. Deviant Behavior: A Social Learning Approach. 3d ed. Wadsworth.
3. Akers, Ronald L., Marvin D. Krohn, Lonn Lanza-Kaduce, and Marcia Radosevich. 1979. "Social Learning and Deviant Behavior: A General Test of a Specific Theory." American Sociological Review 44:635-55.
4. Alwin, Duane F. 1973. "Making Inferences from Attitude-Behavior Correlations." Sociometry 36:253-78.
5. Athens, Lonnie H. 1977. "Violent Crime: A Symbolic Interactionist Study." Symbolic Interaction 1:56-70.
6. Bandura, Albert. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall.
7. Belsley, D., E. Kuh, and R. Welsch. 1980. Regression Diagnostics. Wiley.
8. Black, Donald. 1983. "Crime as Social Control." American Sociological Review 48:34-45.
9. Blau, Judith R., and Peter M. Blau. 1982. "The Cost of Inequality: Metropolitan Structure and Violent Crime." American Sociological Review 47:114-29.
10. Blumenthal, Monica D., Robert L. Kahn, Frank M. Andrews, and Kendra B. Head. 1972. Justifying Violence: Attitudes of American Men. Institute for Social Research.
11. Boomsma, Anne. 1983. "On the Robustness of LISREL (Maximum Likelihood Estimation) against Small Sample Size and Non-Normality." Ph.D. diss., University of Groningen, Groningen.
12. Box, Steven. 1987. Recession, Crime, and Punishment. London, Eng.: Macmillan.
13. Bronfenbrenner, Urie. 1958. "Socialization and Social Class through Time and Space." Pp. 400-25 in Readings in Social Psychology, edited by Eleanor C. Macoby, Theodore M. Newcomb, and Eugene L. Hartley. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
14. Browne, Michael W., and Robert Cudeck. 1993. "Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit." Pp. 136-62 in Testing Structural Equation Models, edited by Kenneth A. Bollen and J. Scott Long. Sage Publications.
15. Brownfield, David. 1986. "Social Class and Violent Behavior." Criminology 24:421-38.
16. Bruinsma, Gerben J.N. 1992. "Differential Association Theory Reconsidered: An Extension and Its Empirical Test." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 8:29-49.
17. Cantor, David, and Kenneth C. Land. 1985. "Unemployment and Crime Rates in Post-World War II United States: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis." American Sociological Review 50:317-32.
18. Coward, Richard A., and Lloyd E Ohlin. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity. Free Press.
19. Cohen, Albert K. 1955. Delinquent Boys. Free Press.
20. Colvin, Mark, and John Pauly. 1983. "A Critique of Criminology: Toward an Integrated Structural-Marxist Theory of Delinquency Production." American Journal of Sociology 89:513-51.
21. Cook, R.D. 1977. "Detection of Influential Observations in Linear Regression." Technometrics 19:15-18.
22. Corsaro, William A., and Donna Eder. 1990. "Children's Peer Cultures." Annual Review of Sociology 16:197-220.
23. Crutchfield, Robert D. 1989. "Labor Stratification and Violent Crime." Social Forces 68:489-512.
24. Dishion, T.J., G.R. Patterson, M. Stoolmiller, and M.L. Skinner. 1991. "Family, School, and Behavioral Antecedents to Early Adolescent Involvement with Antisocial Peers." Developmental Psychology 27:172-80.
25. Dixon, Jo, and Alan J. Lizotte. 1987. "Gun Ownership and the 'Southern Subculture of Violence.'" American Journal of Sociology 93:383-405.
26. Elliott, Delbert S., and Suzanne S. Ageton. 1980. "Reconciling Race and Class Differences in Self-Reported and Official Estimates of Delinquency." American Sociological Review 45:95-110.
27. Elliott, Delbert S., Suzanne S. Ageton, David Huizinga, Brian A. Knowles, and Rachelle J. Canter. 1983. The Prevalence and Incidence of Delinquent Behavior: 1976-1980. Project Report No. 26, National Youth Survey. Boulder, Colo.: Behavioral Research Institute.
28. Elliott, Delbert S., and David Huizinga. 1983. "Social Class and Delinquent Behavior in a National Youth Panel, 1976-1980." Criminology 21:149-77.
29. Elliot, Delbert S., David Huizinga, and Suzanne S. Ageton. 1985. Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Sage.
30. Elliott, Delbert S., David Huizinga, and Scott Menard. 1989. Multiple Problem Youth: Delinquency, Substance Use, and Mental Health Problems. Springer-Verlag.
31. Elliott, Delbert S., Brian A. Knowles, and Rachelle J. Canter. 1981. The Epidemiology of Delinquent Behavior and Drug Use among American Adolescents. Project Report No. 14, National Youth Survey. Boulder, Colo.: Behavioral Research Institute.
32. Farnworth, Margaret, Terence P. Thornberry, Marvin D. Krohn, and Alan J. Lizotte. 1994. "Measurement in the Study of Class and Delinquency: Integrating Theory and Research." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31:32-61.
33. Farrington, David P. 1974. "The Family Backgrounds of Aggressive Youths." Pp. 73-93 in Aggressive ana Antisocial Behaviour in Childhood and Adolescence, edited by L.A. Hersov, M. Berger, and D. Shaffer. Oxford, Eng.: Pergamon.
34. Felson, Richard B. 1978. "Aggression as Impression Management." Social Psychology Quarterly 41:205-12.
35. _. 1982. "Impression Management and the Escalation of Aggression and Violence." Social Psychology Quarterly 45:245-54.
36. Felson, Richard B., and Stephen A. Ribner. 1981. "An Attributional Approach to Accounts and Sanctions for Criminal Violence." Social Psychology Quarterly 44:137-42.
37. Fine, Gary Alan, and Sherryl Kleinman. 1979. "Rethinking Subculture: An Interactionist Analysis." American Journal of Sociology 85:1-20.
38. Gartner, Rosemary. 1990. "The Victims of Homicide." American Sociological Review 55:92-106.
39. Gecas, Viktor. 1979. "The Influence of Social Class in Socialization." Pp. 365-404 in Contemporary Theories about the Family. Vol. 1, edited by Wesley R. Burr, Reuben Hill, F. Ivan Nye, and Ira L. Reiss. Free Press.
40. Gecas, Viktor, and F. Ivan Nye. 1974. "Sex and Class Differences in Parent-Child Interaction: A Test of Kohn's Hypothesis." Journal of Marriage and the Family 36:742-49.
41. Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of a Theory of Structuration. University of California.
42. Gottfredson, Michael R., and Travis Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University.
43. Greenstone, J. David. 1991. "Culture, Rationality, and the Underclass." Pp. 399-408 in The Urban Underclass, edited by Christopher Jencks and Paul E. Peterson. Brookings Institution.
44. Hagan, John L. 1989. Structural Criminology. Rutgers University.
45. _. 1991. "Destiny and Drift: Tlie Risks and Rewards of Youth." American Sociological Review 56:567-82.
46. _. 1993. "The Social Embeddedness of Crime and Unemployment." Criminology 31:465-92.
47. Hartup, Willard W. 1983. "Peer Relations." Pp. 103-96 in Handbook of Child Psychology. Vol. 4, Socialization, Personality and Social Development, edited by Paul H. Mussen and E. Mavis Hetherington. 4th ed. Wiley.
48. Heimer, Karen. 1996. "Gender, Interaction, and Delinquency: Testing a Theory of Differential Social Control." Social Psychology Quarterly 59:39-61.
49. Heimer, Karen, and Stacy De Coster. 1996. "The Gendered Learning of Violent Delinquency." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York
50. Heimer, Karen, and Ross L. Matsueda. 1994. "Role-Taking, Role-Commitment, and Delinquency: A Theory of Differential Social Control." American Sociological Review 59:365-90.
51. Heitgerd, Janet L., and Robert J. Bursik, Jr. 1987. "Extracommunity Dynamics and the Ecology of Delinquency." American Journal of Sociology 92:775-87.
52. Hindelang, Michael, Travis Hirschi, and Joseph G. Weis. 1981. Measuring Delinquency. Sage.
53. Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Free Press.
54. Jackson, Elton F., Charles R. Tittle, and Mary Jean Burke. 1986. "Offense-Specific Models of the Differential Association Process." Social Problems 33:335-56.
55. Jencks, Christopher. 1992. Rethinking Social Policy: Race, Poverty, and the Underclass. Harvard University Press.
56. Jöreskog, Karl G., and Dag Sörbom. 1993a. USREL 8: A Guide to the Program and Applications. Scientific Software International.
57. _. 1993b. PRELIS 2: A Program for Multivariate Data Screening and Data Summarization. A Preprocessor for LISREL Scientific Software International.
58. Kessler, Ronald C., and David F. Greenberg. 1981. Linear Panel Analysis. Academic.
59. Kohn, Melvin L. 1977. Class and Conformity. 2d ed. University of Chicago Press.
60. Kohn, Melvin L., and Carmi Schooler. 1969. "Class, Occupation, and Orientation." American Sociological Review 34:659-78.
61. _. 1983. Work and Personality: An Inquiry into the Impact of Social Stratification. Ablex.
62. Kornhauser, Ruth R. 1978. Social Sources of Delinquency. University of Chicago Press.
63. Krohn, Marvin D., William F. Skinner, James L., Massey, and Ronald L. Akers. 1985. "Social Learning Theory and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking: A Longitudinal Study." Social Problems 32:455-73.
64. Lewis, Oscar. 1966. La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty - San Juan and New York. Random House.
65. Loeber, Rolf, and Magda Stouthamer-Loeber. 1986. "Family Factors as Correlates and Predictors of Juvenile Conduct Problems and Delinquency." Crime and Justice 7:29-151.
66. Loftin, Colin, and Robert H. Hill. 1974. "Regional Subculture and Homicide: An Examination of the Gastil-Hackney Thesis." American Sociological Review 39:714-24.
67. Luckenbill, David F. 1977. "Criminal Homicide as a Situated Transaction." Social Problems 25:176-86.
68. Luckenbill, David F., and Daniel P. Doyle. 1989. "Structural Position and Violence: Developing a Cultural Explanation." Criminology 27:419-36.
69. MacLeod, Jay. 1987. Ain't No Making It: Leveled Aspirations in a Low-Income Neighborhood. Westview.
70. Matsueda, Ross L. 1982. "Testing Control Theory and Differential Association." American Sociological Review 47:489-504.
71. _. 1988. "The Current State of Differential Association Theory." Crime and Delinquency 34:277-306.
72. Matsueda, Ross L., and Karen Heimer. 1987. "Race, Family Structure and Delinquency: A Test of Differential Association and Social Control Theories." American Sociological Review 52:826-40.
73. McCord, Joan. 1979. "Some Child Rearing Antecedents of Criminal Behavior in Adult Men." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37:1477-86.
74. _ (ed.). 1995. Coercion and Punishment in Long-Term Perspectives. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press.
75. Messerschmidt, James W. 1986. Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Crime. Rowman and Littlefield.
76. Messner, Steven F. 1982. "Poverty, Inequality, and the Urban Homicide Rate: Some Unexpected Findings." Criminology 20:103-14.
77. _. 1983. "Regional and Racial Effects on the Urban Homicide Rate: The Subculture of Violence Revisited." American Journal of Sociology 88:997-1007.
78. Messner, Steven S., and Marvin Krohn. 1990. "Class, Compliance Structures, and Delinquency: Assessing Integrated Structural-Marxist Theory." American Journal of Sociology 96:300-328.
79. Miller, Walter B. 1958. "Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency." Journal of Social Issues 14:5-19.
80. Neter, John, William Wasserman, and Michael H. Kutner. 1990. Applied Linear Statistical Models. 3d ed. Irwin.
81. O'Connor, James F., and Alan J. Lizotte. 1978. "The Southern Subculture of Violence Thesis and Patterns of Gun Ownership." Social Problems 24:420-29.
82. Olweus, Dan. 1977. "Aggression and Peer Acceptance in Adolescent Boys: Two Short-Term Longitudinal Studies of Ratings." Child Development 48:1301-13.
83. _. 1980. "Familial and Temperamental Determinants of Aggressive Behavior in Adolescent Boys: A Causal Analysis." Developmental Psychology 16:644-60.
84. Orcutt, James D. 1987. "Differential Association and Marijuana Use: A Closer Look at Sutherland (With a Little Help from Becker)." Criminology 25:341-58.
85. Parker, Robert Nash. 1989. "Poverty, Subculture of Violence, and Type of Homicide." Social Forces 67:983-1007.
86. Parker, Robert Nash, and Dwayne Smith. 1979. "Deterrence, Poverty, and Type of Homicide." American Journal of Sociology 85:614-24.
87. Patterson, Gerald R. 1974. "The Aggressive Child: Victim and Architect of a Coercive System." Pp. 267-316 in Behavior Modification and Families, edited by Eric J. Mash, Leo A. Hamerlynck, and Lee C. Handy. Brunner/Mazel.
88. _. 1982. Coercive Family Process. Castalia.
89. Patterson, Gerald R., Thomas J. Dishion, and Lew Bank. 1984. "Family Interaction: A Process Model of Deviancy Training." Aggressive Behavior 10:253-67.
90. Patterson, Gerald R., John B. Reid, and Thomas J. Dishion. 1992. Antisocial Boys: A Social Interactional Process. Castalia.
91. Sampson, Robert J. 1987. "Urban Black Violence: The Effect of Male Joblessness and Family Disruption." American Journal of Sociology 93:348-82.
92. Sampson, Robert J., and W. Byron Groves. 1989. "Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory." American Journal of Sociology 94:774-802.
93. Samspon, Robert J., and John H. Laub. 1993. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Harvard University Press.
94. Savelsberg, Joachim. 1994. "Knowledge, Domination, and Criminal Punishment" American Journal of Sociology 99:911-43.
95. Schooler, Carmi. 1989. "Social Structural Effects and Experimental Situations: Mutual Lessons of Cognitive and Social Science." Pp. 129-47 in Social Structure and Aging: Psychological Processes, edited by K. Warner Schaie and Carmi Schooler. Lawrence Erlbaum.
96. Scully, Diana, and Joseph Marolla. 1984. "Convicted Rapists' Vocabulary of Motive: Excuses and Justifications." Social Problems 31:530-44.
97. _. 1985. "Tiding the Bull at Gilleys: Convicted Rapists Describe the Rewards of Rape." Social Problems 32:251-63.
98. Sears, Robert R., Eleanor C. Macoby, and Harry Levin. 1957. Patterns of Child Rearing. Row, Peterson.
99. Sewell, William H., Jr. 1992. "A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation." American Journal of Sociology 98:1-29.
100. Short, James F., Jr., and F. Ivan Nye. 1958. "Extent of Unrecorded Juvenile Delinquency: Tentative Conclusions." Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 49:296-302.
101. Slomczynski, Kazimierz M., Joanne Miller, and Melvin L. Kohn. 1981. "Stratification, Work and Values: A Polish-United States Comparison." American Sociological Review 46:720-44.
102. Straus, Murray A. 1991. "Discipline and Deviance: Physical Punishment of Children and Violence and Other Crimes in Adulthood." Social Problems 38:133-54.
103. Stryker, Robin S. 1994. "Rules, Resources, and Legitimacy Processes: Some Implications for Social Conflict, Order, and Change." American Journal of Sociology 99:847-910.
104. Sullivan, Mercer L. 1989. "Getting Paid": Youth Crime and Work in the Inner City. Cornell University.
105. Sutherland, Edwin H. 1947. Principles of Criminology. 4th ed. Lippincott.
106. Sutherland, Edwin H., Donald R. Cressey, and David F. Luckenbill. 1992. Principles of Criminology, 11th ed. General Hall.
107. Sykes, Gresham M., and David Matza. 1957. "Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency." American Sociological Review 22:664-70.
108. Thornberry, Terence, and Margaret Farnworth. 1982. "Social Correlates of Criminal Involvement." American Sociological Review 47:505-18.
109. Tittle, Charles R., Mary Jean Burke, and Elton F. Jackson. 1986. "Modeling Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association: Toward an Empirical Clarification." Social Forces 65:405-32.
110. Tittle, Charles R., and Robert F. Meier. 1990. "Specifying the SES/Delinquency Relationship." Criminology 28:271-99.
111. Vuchinich, Samuel, Lew Bank, and Gerald R. Patterson. 1992. "Parenting, Peers, and the Stability of Antisocial Behavior in Preadolescent Boys." Developmental Psychology 28:510-21.
112. Warr, Mark, and Mark Stafford. 1991. "The Influence of Delinquent Peers: What They Think or What They Do?" Criminology 29:851-66.
113. Williams, Kirk. 1984. "Economic Sources of Homicide: Reestimating the Effects of Poverty and Inequality." American Sociological Review 49:283-89.
114. Willis, Paul E. 1977. Learning to Labour. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
115. Wilson, William Julius. 1987. The Truly Disadvantoged. University of Chicago Press.
116. Wolfgang, Marvin E., and Franco Ferracuti. 1967. The Subculture of Violence. Tavistock.
117. Wright, James D., and Sonia R. Wright. 1976. "Social Class and Parental Values for Children: A Partial Replication and Extension of the Kohn Thesis." American Sociological Review 41:527-37.