메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 162-180

Position paper of the American Council on Science and Health: Lead and human health

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GASOLINE; HAIR DYE; LEAD; PAINT;

EID: 0031409425     PISSN: 01476513     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1997.1591     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (119)

References (102)
  • 1
    • 33847449403 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1988). The Nature and Extent of Lead Poisoning in Children in the United States: A Report to Congress. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA.
    • (1988) The Nature and Extent of Lead Poisoning in Children in the United States: a Report to Congress
  • 2
    • 0003608565 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (1992). Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Lead Toxicity. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    • (1992) Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Lead Toxicity
  • 4
    • 33646302078 scopus 로고
    • Lead abatement in buildings and related structures: ASTM standards for identification and mitigation of lead hazards
    • Ashley, K., and McKnight, M. E. (1993). Lead abatement in buildings and related structures: ASTM standards for identification and mitigation of lead hazards. ASTM Standardization News.
    • (1993) ASTM Standardization News
    • Ashley, K.1    McKnight, M.E.2
  • 6
    • 0022257470 scopus 로고
    • Lead hazard in British stain glass workers
    • Baxter, P. J., Samuel, A. M., and Holkham, M. P. E. (1985). Lead hazard in British stain glass workers. Br. Med. J. 291, 383.
    • (1985) Br. Med. J. , vol.291 , pp. 383
    • Baxter, P.J.1    Samuel, A.M.2    Holkham, M.P.E.3
  • 7
    • 0023871020 scopus 로고
    • Effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on intelligence of a sample of schoolchildren
    • Benton, D., and Roberts, G. (1988). Effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on intelligence of a sample of schoolchildren. Lancet 1, 140-143.
    • (1988) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 140-143
    • Benton, D.1    Roberts, G.2
  • 8
    • 0025317952 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin/mineral supplementation and intelligence
    • Benton, D., and Buts, J. P. (1990). Vitamin/mineral supplementation and intelligence. Lancet 335, 1158-1160.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.335 , pp. 1158-1160
    • Benton, D.1    Buts, J.P.2
  • 9
    • 30844466946 scopus 로고
    • Vitamin and mineral supplements improve the intelligence of six-year-old children
    • Benton, D., and Cook, R. (1991). Vitamin and mineral supplements improve the intelligence of six-year-old children. Pers. Indiv. Diff. 72, 1151-1158.
    • (1991) Pers. Indiv. Diff. , vol.72 , pp. 1151-1158
    • Benton, D.1    Cook, R.2
  • 11
    • 0027218999 scopus 로고
    • Lead content in 70 brands of dietary calcium supplements
    • Bourgoin, B. P., Evans, D. R., and Cornett, J. R. (1993). Lead content in 70 brands of dietary calcium supplements. Am. J. Public Health 83, 1155-1160.
    • (1993) Am. J. Public Health , vol.83 , pp. 1155-1160
    • Bourgoin, B.P.1    Evans, D.R.2    Cornett, J.R.3
  • 12
    • 0028363763 scopus 로고
    • Blood lead levels in the US population. Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1991)
    • Brody, D. J., Pirkle, J. L., Kramer, R. A., Flegal, K. M., Matte, T. D., Gunter, E. W., and Paschal, D. C. (1994). Blood lead levels in the US population. Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988 to 1991). JAMA 272, 277-283.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 277-283
    • Brody, D.J.1    Pirkle, J.L.2    Kramer, R.A.3    Flegal, K.M.4    Matte, T.D.5    Gunter, E.W.6    Paschal, D.C.7
  • 13
    • 85030303068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imported blinds pose lead risk to children
    • June 27
    • Brown, P. L. (1996). Imported blinds pose lead risk to children. NY Times, June 27.
    • (1996) NY Times
    • Brown, P.L.1
  • 14
    • 0029922387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
    • Bucher, H. C., Cook, R. J., Guyatt, G. H., Lang, J. D., Cook, D. J., Hatala, R., and Hunt, D. L. (1996). Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial. JAMA 275, 1016-1022.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 1016-1022
    • Bucher, H.C.1    Cook, R.J.2    Guyatt, G.H.3    Lang, J.D.4    Cook, D.J.5    Hatala, R.6    Hunt, D.L.7
  • 16
    • 0003505586 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1991). Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
    • (1991) Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children
  • 17
    • 0031547104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Children with elevated blood lead levels attributed to home renovation and remodeling activities - New York, 1993-1994
    • Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (1997a). Children with elevated blood lead levels attributed to home renovation and remodeling activities - New York, 1993-1994. JAMA 277, 1030-1031.
    • (1997) JAMA , vol.277 , pp. 1030-1031
  • 18
    • 0031581727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update: Blood lead levels - United States, 1991-1994
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (1997b). Update: Blood lead levels - United States, 1991-1994. Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. 46, 141-145.
    • (1997) Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep. , vol.46 , pp. 141-145
  • 20
    • 0025871026 scopus 로고
    • Review of lead toxicology relevant to the safety assessment of lead acetate as a hair colouring
    • Cohen, A. J., and Roe, F. J. C. (1991). Review of lead toxicology relevant to the safety assessment of lead acetate as a hair colouring. Food Chem. Toxicol. 29, 485-507.
    • (1991) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.29 , pp. 485-507
    • Cohen, A.J.1    Roe, F.J.C.2
  • 22
    • 0022414803 scopus 로고
    • Mortality among employees of lead battery plants and lead producing plants, 1947-1980
    • Cooper, W. C., Wong, O., and Kheifets, L. (1985). Mortality among employees of lead battery plants and lead producing plants, 1947-1980. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 11, 331-345.
    • (1985) Scand. J. Work Environ. Health , vol.11 , pp. 331-345
    • Cooper, W.C.1    Wong, O.2    Kheifets, L.3
  • 27
    • 0025217869 scopus 로고
    • Effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on verbal and non-verbal reasoning of school children
    • Crombie, I. K., Todman, J., McNeill, G., Florey, C. V., Menzies, L., and Kennedy, R. A. (1990). Effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation on verbal and non-verbal reasoning of school children. Lancet 335, 744-747.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.335 , pp. 744-747
    • Crombie, I.K.1    Todman, J.2    McNeill, G.3    Florey, C.V.4    Menzies, L.5    Kennedy, R.A.6
  • 28
    • 0027345729 scopus 로고
    • Chronic lead exposure induces ultrastructural alterations in the monkey seminal vesicle
    • Cullen, C. A., Singh, A., Dukemar, A., Rice, D., and Foster, W. (1993). Chronic lead exposure induces ultrastructural alterations in the monkey seminal vesicle. J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. 25, 127-135.
    • (1993) J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. , vol.25 , pp. 127-135
    • Cullen, C.A.1    Singh, A.2    Dukemar, A.3    Rice, D.4    Foster, W.5
  • 30
    • 0023631035 scopus 로고
    • Low-level fetal lead exposure effect on neurobehavioral development in early infancy
    • Dietrich, K. N., Krafft, K. M., and Bornschein, R. L. (1987). Low-level fetal lead exposure effect on neurobehavioral development in early infancy. Pediatrics 80, 721-730.
    • (1987) Pediatrics , vol.80 , pp. 721-730
    • Dietrich, K.N.1    Krafft, K.M.2    Bornschein, R.L.3
  • 31
  • 32
    • 0026683757 scopus 로고
    • A critical review of low-level prenatal lead exposure in the human: Effects on the fetus and newborn
    • Ernhart, C. B. (1992). A critical review of low-level prenatal lead exposure in the human: Effects on the fetus and newborn. Reprod. Toxicol. 6, 9-40.
    • (1992) Reprod. Toxicol. , vol.6 , pp. 9-40
    • Ernhart, C.B.1
  • 33
    • 0017257475 scopus 로고
    • Effects of subtoxic lead levels on pregnant women in the State of Missouri
    • Fahim, M. S., Fahim, Z., and Hill, D. G. (1976). Effects of subtoxic lead levels on pregnant women in the State of Missouri. Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 13, 309-331.
    • (1976) Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. , vol.13 , pp. 309-331
    • Fahim, M.S.1    Fahim, Z.2    Hill, D.G.3
  • 34
    • 0027600689 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive endocrine effects of chronic lead exposure in the male cynomologus monkey
    • Foster, W. G., McMahon, A., YoungLai, E. V., Hughes, E. G., and Rice, D. C. (1993). Reproductive endocrine effects of chronic lead exposure in the male cynomologus monkey. Reprod. Toxicol. 7, 203-209.
    • (1993) Reprod. Toxicol. , vol.7 , pp. 203-209
    • Foster, W.G.1    McMahon, A.2    Younglai, E.V.3    Hughes, E.G.4    Rice, D.C.5
  • 35
    • 85033056016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative absorption of lead from contaminated soil and lead salts by weanling Fischer 344 rats
    • Freeman, G. B., Dill, J. A., Johnson, J. D., Kurtz, P. J., Parham, F., and Matthews, H. B. (1996). Comparative absorption of lead from contaminated soil and lead salts by weanling Fischer 344 rats. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 33, 109-119.
    • (1996) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.33 , pp. 109-119
    • Freeman, G.B.1    Dill, J.A.2    Johnson, J.D.3    Kurtz, P.J.4    Parham, F.5    Matthews, H.B.6
  • 36
    • 0022504116 scopus 로고
    • Mortality and lead exposures: A retrospective cohort study of Swedish smelter workers
    • Gerhardsson, L., Lundstrom, N. G., Nordberg, G., and Wall, S. (1986). Mortality and lead exposures: A retrospective cohort study of Swedish smelter workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 43, 707-712.
    • (1986) Br. J. Ind. Med. , vol.43 , pp. 707-712
    • Gerhardsson, L.1    Lundstrom, N.G.2    Nordberg, G.3    Wall, S.4
  • 38
    • 0015168490 scopus 로고
    • Lead and the kidney
    • Goyer, R. A. (1971). Lead and the kidney. Curr. Top. Pathol. 55, 147-176.
    • (1971) Curr. Top. Pathol. , vol.55 , pp. 147-176
    • Goyer, R.A.1
  • 40
    • 0003005875 scopus 로고
    • Nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity of lead
    • Goyer, R. A. (1992). Nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity of lead. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 18, 4-7.
    • (1992) Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.18 , pp. 4-7
    • Goyer, R.A.1
  • 41
    • 0027159075 scopus 로고
    • Lead toxicity: Current concerns
    • Goyer, R. A. (1993). Lead toxicity: Current concerns. Environ. Health Perspect. 100, 177-187.
    • (1993) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.100 , pp. 177-187
    • Goyer, R.A.1
  • 44
    • 0027851060 scopus 로고
    • Review of the relation between blood lead and blood pressure
    • Hertz-Picciotto, I., and Croft, J. (1993). Review of the relation between blood lead and blood pressure. Epidemiol. Rev. 15, 352-373.
    • (1993) Epidemiol. Rev. , vol.15 , pp. 352-373
    • Hertz-Picciotto, I.1    Croft, J.2
  • 45
    • 0024344203 scopus 로고
    • Assessing lead exposure from drinking water
    • Houk, V. N., Ing, R. T., and Falk, H. (1979). Assessing lead exposure from drinking water. Am. J. Public Health 79, 823-824.
    • (1979) Am. J. Public Health , vol.79 , pp. 823-824
    • Houk, V.N.1    Ing, R.T.2    Falk, H.3
  • 46
    • 0026451759 scopus 로고
    • A toxicological and epidemiological study on reproductive functions of male workers exposed to lead
    • Hu, W. Y., Wu, S. H., Wang, L. L., Wang, G. I., Fan, H., and Liu, Z. (1992). A toxicological and epidemiological study on reproductive functions of male workers exposed to lead. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. 36, 25-30.
    • (1992) J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. , vol.36 , pp. 25-30
    • Hu, W.Y.1    Wu, S.H.2    Wang, L.L.3    Wang, G.I.4    Fan, H.5    Liu, Z.6
  • 47
    • 0029920903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of bone and blood lead to hypertension. the normative aging study
    • Hu, H., Aro, A., Payton, M., Korrick, S., Sparrow, D., Weiss, S. T., and Rotnitzky, A. (1996). The relationship of bone and blood lead to hypertension. The normative aging study. JAMA 275, 1171-1176.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 1171-1176
    • Hu, H.1    Aro, A.2    Payton, M.3    Korrick, S.4    Sparrow, D.5    Weiss, S.T.6    Rotnitzky, A.7
  • 49
    • 85030307254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Submission to the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Docket No. FR-3482-P-01
    • Kaufman, A. S. (1996). IQ, Lead Levels, and Inferences from Research Studies. Submission to the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Docket No. FR-3482-P-01.
    • (1996) IQ, Lead Levels, and Inferences from Research Studies
    • Kaufman, A.S.1
  • 52
    • 0026783617 scopus 로고
    • Study of sperm characteristics in persons occupationally exposed to lead
    • Lerda, D. (1992). Study of sperm characteristics in persons occupationally exposed to lead. Am. J. Ind. Med. 22, 567-571.
    • (1992) Am. J. Ind. Med. , vol.22 , pp. 567-571
    • Lerda, D.1
  • 53
    • 33847426326 scopus 로고
    • Community Resources. Summary of presentation to the Michigan Environmental Sciences Board, Lead Panel
    • Livingston, D. (1994). Community Resources. Summary of presentation to the Michigan Environmental Sciences Board, Lead Panel. Attachment 1, pp. 6-8.
    • (1994) Attachment , vol.1 , pp. 6-8
    • Livingston, D.1
  • 54
    • 0025745242 scopus 로고
    • Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency
    • Lozoff, B., Jimenez, E., and Wolf, A. W. (1991). Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 687-694.
    • (1991) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.325 , pp. 687-694
    • Lozoff, B.1    Jimenez, E.2    Wolf, A.W.3
  • 55
    • 0020320071 scopus 로고
    • Association between age, blood lead concentrations and serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecaldiferol levels in children
    • Mahaffey, K. R., Rosen, J. F., Chesney, R. W., Peeler, J. T., Smith, C. M., and DeLuca, H. F. (1982a). Association between age, blood lead concentrations and serum 1,25-dihydroxycholecaldiferol levels in children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35, 1327-1331.
    • (1982) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. , vol.35 , pp. 1327-1331
    • Mahaffey, K.R.1    Rosen, J.F.2    Chesney, R.W.3    Peeler, J.T.4    Smith, C.M.5    Deluca, H.F.6
  • 56
    • 0019973356 scopus 로고
    • National estimates of blood lead levels: United States 1976-1980
    • Mahaffey, K. R., Annest, J. L., Roberts, J., and Murphy, R. S. (1982b). National estimates of blood lead levels: United States 1976-1980. New Engl. J. Med. 307, 573-579.
    • (1982) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.307 , pp. 573-579
    • Mahaffey, K.R.1    Annest, J.L.2    Roberts, J.3    Murphy, R.S.4
  • 57
    • 0025683275 scopus 로고
    • Environmental lead toxicity: Nutrition as a component of intervention
    • Mahaffey, K. R. (1990). Environmental lead toxicity: Nutrition as a component of intervention. Environ. Health Perspect. 89, 75-78.
    • (1990) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.89 , pp. 75-78
    • Mahaffey, K.R.1
  • 58
    • 0020065630 scopus 로고
    • Long term mortality profile of heavily exposed lead smelter workers
    • McMichael, A. J., and Johnson, H. M. (1982). Long term mortality profile of heavily exposed lead smelter workers. J. Occup. Med. 24, 375-378.
    • (1982) J. Occup. Med. , vol.24 , pp. 375-378
    • McMichael, A.J.1    Johnson, H.M.2
  • 62
    • 0028211798 scopus 로고
    • Lifestyle and sociodemographic factors as determinants of blood lead levels in elderly women
    • Muldoon, S. B., Cauley, J. A., Kuller, L. H., Scott, J., and Rohay, J. (1994). Lifestyle and sociodemographic factors as determinants of blood lead levels in elderly women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 139, 599-608.
    • (1994) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.139 , pp. 599-608
    • Muldoon, S.B.1    Cauley, J.A.2    Kuller, L.H.3    Scott, J.4    Rohay, J.5
  • 64
    • 0025129330 scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of childhood exposure to lead at low doses: An eleven-year follow-up report
    • Needleman, H. L., Schell, A., and Bellinger, D. (1990). Long-term effects of childhood exposure to lead at low doses: An eleven-year follow-up report. New Engl. J. Med. 322, 83-88.
    • (1990) New Engl. J. Med. , vol.322 , pp. 83-88
    • Needleman, H.L.1    Schell, A.2    Bellinger, D.3
  • 65
    • 0025121088 scopus 로고
    • Nutrient intakes, vitamin supplementation and intelligence in British school children
    • Nelson, M., Naismith, D. G., Burley, V. J., Gatenby, S. J., and Geddes, N. (1990). Nutrient intakes, vitamin supplementation and intelligence in British school children. Er. J. Nutr. 64, 13-22.
    • (1990) Er. J. Nutr. , vol.64 , pp. 13-22
    • Nelson, M.1    Naismith, D.G.2    Burley, V.J.3    Gatenby, S.J.4    Geddes, N.5
  • 67
    • 85030307450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (1990). 29 CFR Ch. XVII. 1910.1025. Lead
    • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (1990). 29 CFR Ch. XVII. 1910.1025. Lead.
  • 68
    • 33847467128 scopus 로고
    • OSHA 3142
    • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (1993). Lead in Construction. OSHA 3142.
    • (1993) Lead in Construction
  • 69
    • 84965216413 scopus 로고
    • Lead poisoning and race
    • Oliver, T. (1911). Lead poisoning and race. Er. Med. J. 1, 1096.
    • (1911) Er. Med. J. , vol.1 , pp. 1096
    • Oliver, T.1
  • 70
    • 0027243671 scopus 로고
    • Iron deficiency in infancy and childhood
    • Oski, F. A. (1993). Iron deficiency in infancy and childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 190-193.
    • (1993) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.329 , pp. 190-193
    • Oski, F.A.1
  • 72
    • 84942478280 scopus 로고
    • The decline in blood lead levels in the United States
    • The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES).
    • Pirkle, J. L., Brody, D. J., Gunter, E. W., Kramer, R. A., Paschal, D. C., Flegal, K. M., and Matte, T. D. (1994). The decline in blood lead levels in the United States. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). JAMA 272, 284-291.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 284-291
    • Pirkle, J.L.1    Brody, D.J.2    Gunter, E.W.3    Kramer, R.A.4    Paschal, D.C.5    Flegal, K.M.6    Matte, T.D.7
  • 73
    • 0028171514 scopus 로고
    • Environmental lead and children's intelligence. a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence
    • Pocock, S. J., Smith, M., and Baghurst, P. (1994). Environmental lead and children's intelligence. A systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Br. Med. J. 309, 1189-1196.
    • (1994) Br. Med. J. , vol.309 , pp. 1189-1196
    • Pocock, S.J.1    Smith, M.2    Baghurst, P.3
  • 75
    • 0017200012 scopus 로고
    • Effects of lead on female reproduction: A review
    • Rom, W. N. (1976). Effects of lead on female reproduction: A review. Mt. Sinai J. Med. 43, 542-552.
    • (1976) Mt. Sinai J. Med. , vol.43 , pp. 542-552
    • Rom, W.N.1
  • 76
    • 0018902508 scopus 로고
    • Reduction in 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D in children with increased lead absorption
    • Rosen, J. F., Chaney, R. W., Hamstra, A., DeLuca, H. F., and Mahaffey, K. R. (1980). Reduction in 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D in children with increased lead absorption. N. Engl. J. Med. 302, 1128-1131.
    • (1980) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.302 , pp. 1128-1131
    • Rosen, J.F.1    Chaney, R.W.2    Hamstra, A.3    Deluca, H.F.4    Mahaffey, K.R.5
  • 77
    • 14944387109 scopus 로고
    • Declining blood lead levels and cognitive changes in moderately lead-poisoned children
    • Ruff, H. A., Bijur, P. E., Markowitz, M., Ma, Y-C, and Rosen, J. F. (1993). Declining blood lead levels and cognitive changes in moderately lead-poisoned children. JAMA 269, 1641-1646.
    • (1993) JAMA , vol.269 , pp. 1641-1646
    • Ruff, H.A.1    Bijur, P.E.2    Markowitz, M.3    Ma, Y.-C.4    Rosen, J.F.5
  • 78
    • 0000195832 scopus 로고
    • Controlled trial of vitamin-mineral supplementation: Effects of intelligence and performance
    • Schoenthaler, S. J., Amos, S. P., Eysenck, H. J., Perity, E., and Yudkin, J. (1991). Controlled trial of vitamin-mineral supplementation: Effects of intelligence and performance. Personal Indiv. Diff. 12, 343-350.
    • (1991) Personal Indiv. Diff. , vol.12 , pp. 343-350
    • Schoenthaler, S.J.1    Amos, S.P.2    Eysenck, H.J.3    Perity, E.4    Yudkin, J.5
  • 79
    • 0000566517 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the validity of lead bioavailability estimates from animal studies
    • Schoof, R. A., Steele, M. J., Petito-Boyce, C., and Evans, C. G. (1993). Assessing the validity of lead bioavailability estimates from animal studies. Toxicologist 13, 478.
    • (1993) Toxicologist , vol.13 , pp. 478
    • Schoof, R.A.1    Steele, M.J.2    Petito-Boyce, C.3    Evans, C.G.4
  • 81
    • 0029880222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead intoxication in children with pervasive developmental disorders
    • Shannon, M., and Graef, J. (1996). Lead intoxication in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Clin. Toxicol. 34, 177-181.
    • (1996) Clin. Toxicol. , vol.34 , pp. 177-181
    • Shannon, M.1    Graef, J.2
  • 82
    • 0025910797 scopus 로고
    • Lead in bone: Implications for toxicology during pregnancy and lactation
    • Silbergeld, E. K. (1991). Lead in bone: Implications for toxicology during pregnancy and lactation. Environ. Health Perspect. 91, 63-70.
    • (1991) Environ. Health Perspect. , vol.91 , pp. 63-70
    • Silbergeld, E.K.1
  • 84
    • 0028354628 scopus 로고
    • Lead exposure in vivo alters the fertility potential of sperm in vitro
    • Sokol, R. Z., Okuda, H., Nagler, H. M., and Berman, N. (1994). Lead exposure in vivo alters the fertility potential of sperm in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 124, 310-316.
    • (1994) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.124 , pp. 310-316
    • Sokol, R.Z.1    Okuda, H.2    Nagler, H.M.3    Berman, N.4
  • 85
    • 0029005648 scopus 로고
    • Low-level lead exposure and blood pressure
    • Staessen, A., Roels, H., and Amery, A. (1995). Low-level lead exposure and blood pressure. J. Hum. Hypertens. 9, 303-328.
    • (1995) J. Hum. Hypertens. , vol.9 , pp. 303-328
    • Staessen, A.1    Roels, H.2    Amery, A.3
  • 86
    • 0029989791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead exposure and conventional and ambulatory blood pressure
    • Staessen, J. A., Roels, H., and Fagard, R. (1996). Lead exposure and conventional and ambulatory blood pressure. JAMA 275, 1563-1570.
    • (1996) JAMA , vol.275 , pp. 1563-1570
    • Staessen, J.A.1    Roels, H.2    Fagard, R.3
  • 87
    • 0028111138 scopus 로고
    • Home abatement and blood lead changes in children with class III lead poisoning
    • Swindell, S. L., Charney, E., Brown, M. J., and Delaney, J. (1994). Home abatement and blood lead changes in children with class III lead poisoning. Clin Pediatrics Sept., 536-541.
    • (1994) Clin Pediatrics , vol.SEPT , pp. 536-541
    • Swindell, S.L.1    Charney, E.2    Brown, M.J.3    Delaney, J.4
  • 89
    • 85030305644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Title X (1992). Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-550)
    • Title X (1992). Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-550).
  • 90
    • 0002860553 scopus 로고
    • Sperm production of men working under heavy-metal or organic solvent exposure
    • K. Hemminiki, M. Sorsa, and H. Vanio, Eds.. Hemisphere, New York
    • Tuohimaa, P., and Wickmann, L. (1985). Sperm production of men working under heavy-metal or organic solvent exposure. In Occupational Hazards and Reproduction (K. Hemminiki, M. Sorsa, and H. Vanio, Eds.). Hemisphere, New York.
    • (1985) Occupational Hazards and Reproduction
    • Tuohimaa, P.1    Wickmann, L.2
  • 91
    • 0003531962 scopus 로고
    • GEMS Monitoring and Assessment Research Center, London, UK
    • United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) (1991). Environmental Data Report. GEMS Monitoring and Assessment Research Center, London, UK.
    • (1991) Environmental Data Report
  • 93
    • 0003410114 scopus 로고
    • Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1986). Air Quality Criteria for Lead. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC.
    • (1986) Air Quality Criteria for Lead
  • 94
    • 85030305755 scopus 로고
    • Supplement to the 1986 EPA Air Quality Criteria for Lead
    • EPA/600/8-89/045A, U.S. EPA Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1989). Supplement to the 1986 EPA Air Quality Criteria for Lead. Addendum. Vol. 1, EPA/600/8-89/045A, pp. A1-A67. U.S. EPA Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC.
    • (1989) Addendum. , vol.1
  • 95
    • 85030307548 scopus 로고
    • Report No. EPA 747-R95-003. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, D.C.
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1990). Report on the National Survey of Lead-Based Paint in Housing: Base Report, Report No. EPA 747-R95-003. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, D.C.
    • (1990) Report on the National Survey of Lead-Based Paint in Housing: Base Report
  • 97
    • 85030307491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EPA Integrated Report, EPA/600/P-93/ 001aF, April
    • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1996). Urban Soil Lead Abatement Demonstration Project. Vol. I: EPA Integrated Report, EPA/600/P-93/ 001aF, April.
    • (1996) Urban Soil Lead Abatement Demonstration Project , vol.1
  • 98
    • 85030300627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
    • [October 31, 1980. 21 CFR parts 73 and 81, pp. 72112-72118]
    • U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) (1996). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Red. Reg. 45, 213. [October 31, 1980. 21 CFR parts 73 and 81, pp. 72112-72118]
    • (1996) Red. Reg. , vol.45 , pp. 213
  • 99
    • 85030301030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [March 6, 1981. 21 CFR parts 73 and 81, pp. 15500-15504]
    • U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Fed. Reg. 46, 44. [March 6, 1981. 21 CFR parts 73 and 81, pp. 15500-15504]
    • Fed. Reg. , vol.46 , pp. 44
  • 100
    • 84907126731 scopus 로고
    • The role of lead in renal failure
    • Wedeen, R. P. (1982). The role of lead in renal failure. Clin. Exp. Dialysis Asphereris 6, 113-146.
    • (1982) Clin. Exp. Dialysis Asphereris , vol.6 , pp. 113-146
    • Wedeen, R.P.1
  • 101
    • 0001768639 scopus 로고
    • Effects of occupational exposure to lead on sperm and semen
    • J. W. Clarkson, G. F. Nordberg, and P. R. Sager, Eds.. Plenum Press.
    • Wildt, K., Eliasson, R., and Berlin, M. (1983). Effects of occupational exposure to lead on sperm and semen. In Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals (J. W. Clarkson, G. F. Nordberg, and P. R. Sager, Eds.). Plenum Press.
    • (1983) Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Metals
    • Wildt, K.1    Eliasson, R.2    Berlin, M.3
  • 102
    • 0025114605 scopus 로고
    • Results from the European multicenter study on lead neurotoxicity in children: Implications for risk assessment
    • Winneke, G., Brochhaus, A., Ewers, U., Kramer, U., and Neuf, M. (1990). Results from the European multicenter study on lead neurotoxicity in children: Implications for risk assessment. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 12, 553-559.
    • (1990) Neurotoxicol. Teratol. , vol.12 , pp. 553-559
    • Winneke, G.1    Brochhaus, A.2    Ewers, U.3    Kramer, U.4    Neuf, M.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.