The Pantheon of Feminist Culture: Women's Movements and the Organization of Memory

Gender and History

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 364-374

  Grever, Maria ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLLECTIVE MEMORY; WOMENS MOVEMENTS;

EID: 0031409185     PISSN: 09535233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1468-0424.00062     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Lisa Tuttle (ed.) Encyclopedia of Feminism (Arrow Books, London, 1986), p. 156.
2. See Joan Wallach Scott, 'American Women Historians 1884-1984', in Gender and the Politics of History (Columbia University Press, New York, 1988), pp. 178-98; Jacqueline Goggin, 'Challenging Sexual Discrimination in the Historical Profession: Women Historians and the American Historical Association, 1890-1940', American Historical Review, 97 (1992), pp. 769-802; Gianna Pomata, 'History, Particular and Universal: On Reading some Recent Women's History Textbooks', Feminist Studies, 19 (1993), pp. 7-49; Bonnie G. Smith, 'Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research in the Nineteenth Century', American Historical Review, 100 (1995), pp. 1150-76. See also Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women and Historical Practice in the West 1800-1940 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, forthcoming). For the Netherlands, see Maria Grever, Strijd tegen de stilte. Johanna Naber (1859-1941) en de vrouwenstem in geschiedenis (PhD thesis, Verloren, Hilversum, 1994); Maria Grever, '"Scolding Old Bags and Whining Hags". The Myth of Compatible Paradigms in History', in Chattel, Servant or Citizen. Women's Status in Church, State and Society (Historical Studies 19), ed. Mary O'Dowd and Sabine Wichert (The Queen's University of Belfast, 1995), pp. 22-33; and Maria Grever, 'Die relatieve Geschichtslosigkeit der Frauen. Geschlecht und Geschichtswissenschaft', in Geschichtsdiskurs IV: Krisenbewusstsein, Katastrophenerfahrungen und Innovationen 1880-1945, ed. Wolfgang Küttler, Jörn Rüsen and Ernst Schulin (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1997).
3. See Joan Wallach Scott, 'American Women Historians 1884-1984', in Gender and the Politics of History (Columbia University Press, New York, 1988), pp. 178-98; Jacqueline Goggin, 'Challenging Sexual Discrimination in the Historical Profession: Women Historians and the American Historical Association, 1890-1940', American Historical Review, 97 (1992), pp. 769-802; Gianna Pomata, 'History, Particular and Universal: On Reading some Recent Women's History Textbooks', Feminist Studies, 19 (1993), pp. 7-49; Bonnie G. Smith, 'Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research in the Nineteenth Century', American Historical Review, 100 (1995), pp. 1150-76. See also Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women and Historical Practice in the West 1800-1940 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, forthcoming). For the Netherlands, see Maria Grever, Strijd tegen de stilte. Johanna Naber (1859-1941) en de vrouwenstem in geschiedenis (PhD thesis, Verloren, Hilversum, 1994); Maria Grever, '"Scolding Old Bags and Whining Hags". The Myth of Compatible Paradigms in History', in Chattel, Servant or Citizen. Women's Status in Church, State and Society (Historical Studies 19), ed. Mary O'Dowd and Sabine Wichert (The Queen's University of Belfast, 1995), pp. 22-33; and Maria Grever, 'Die relatieve Geschichtslosigkeit der Frauen. Geschlecht und Geschichtswissenschaft', in Geschichtsdiskurs IV: Krisenbewusstsein, Katastrophenerfahrungen und Innovationen 1880-1945, ed. Wolfgang Küttler, Jörn Rüsen and Ernst Schulin (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1997).
4. See Joan Wallach Scott, 'American Women Historians 1884-1984', in Gender and the Politics of History (Columbia University Press, New York, 1988), pp. 178-98; Jacqueline Goggin, 'Challenging Sexual Discrimination in the Historical Profession: Women Historians and the American Historical Association, 1890-1940', American Historical Review, 97 (1992), pp. 769-802; Gianna Pomata, 'History, Particular and Universal: On Reading some Recent Women's History Textbooks', Feminist Studies, 19 (1993), pp. 7-49; Bonnie G. Smith, 'Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research in the Nineteenth Century', American Historical Review, 100 (1995), pp. 1150-76. See also Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women and Historical Practice in the West 1800-1940 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, forthcoming). For the Netherlands, see Maria Grever, Strijd tegen de stilte. Johanna Naber (1859-1941) en de vrouwenstem in geschiedenis (PhD thesis, Verloren, Hilversum, 1994); Maria Grever, '"Scolding Old Bags and Whining Hags". The Myth of Compatible Paradigms in History', in Chattel, Servant or Citizen. Women's Status in Church, State and Society (Historical Studies 19), ed. Mary O'Dowd and Sabine Wichert (The Queen's University of Belfast, 1995), pp. 22-33; and Maria Grever, 'Die relatieve Geschichtslosigkeit der Frauen. Geschlecht und Geschichtswissenschaft', in Geschichtsdiskurs IV: Krisenbewusstsein, Katastrophenerfahrungen und Innovationen 1880-1945, ed. Wolfgang Küttler, Jörn Rüsen and Ernst Schulin (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1997).
5. See Joan Wallach Scott, 'American Women Historians 1884-1984', in Gender and the Politics of History (Columbia University Press, New York, 1988), pp. 178-98; Jacqueline Goggin, 'Challenging Sexual Discrimination in the Historical Profession: Women Historians and the American Historical Association, 1890-1940', American Historical Review, 97 (1992), pp. 769-802; Gianna Pomata, 'History, Particular and Universal: On Reading some Recent Women's History Textbooks', Feminist Studies, 19 (1993), pp. 7-49; Bonnie G. Smith, 'Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research in the Nineteenth Century', American Historical Review, 100 (1995), pp. 1150-76. See also Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women and Historical Practice in the West 1800-1940 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, forthcoming). For the Netherlands, see Maria Grever, Strijd tegen de stilte. Johanna Naber (1859-1941) en de vrouwenstem in geschiedenis (PhD thesis, Verloren, Hilversum, 1994); Maria Grever, '"Scolding Old Bags and Whining Hags". The Myth of Compatible Paradigms in History', in Chattel, Servant or Citizen. Women's Status in Church, State and Society (Historical Studies 19), ed. Mary O'Dowd and Sabine Wichert (The Queen's University of Belfast, 1995), pp. 22-33; and Maria Grever, 'Die relatieve Geschichtslosigkeit der Frauen. Geschlecht und Geschichtswissenschaft', in Geschichtsdiskurs IV: Krisenbewusstsein, Katastrophenerfahrungen und Innovationen 1880-1945, ed. Wolfgang Küttler, Jörn Rüsen and Ernst Schulin (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1997).
6. See Joan Wallach Scott, 'American Women Historians 1884-1984', in Gender and the Politics of History (Columbia University Press, New York, 1988), pp. 178-98; Jacqueline Goggin, 'Challenging Sexual Discrimination in the Historical Profession: Women Historians and the American Historical Association, 1890-1940', American Historical Review, 97 (1992), pp. 769-802; Gianna Pomata, 'History, Particular and Universal: On Reading some Recent Women's History Textbooks', Feminist Studies, 19 (1993), pp. 7-49; Bonnie G. Smith, 'Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research in the Nineteenth Century', American Historical Review, 100 (1995), pp. 1150-76. See also Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women and Historical Practice in the West 1800-1940 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, forthcoming). For the Netherlands, see Maria Grever, Strijd tegen de stilte. Johanna Naber (1859-1941) en de vrouwenstem in geschiedenis (PhD thesis, Verloren, Hilversum, 1994); Maria Grever, '"Scolding Old Bags and Whining Hags". The Myth of Compatible Paradigms in History', in Chattel, Servant or Citizen. Women's Status in Church, State and Society (Historical Studies 19), ed. Mary O'Dowd and Sabine Wichert (The Queen's University of Belfast, 1995), pp. 22-33; and Maria Grever, 'Die relatieve Geschichtslosigkeit der Frauen. Geschlecht und Geschichtswissenschaft', in Geschichtsdiskurs IV: Krisenbewusstsein, Katastrophenerfahrungen und Innovationen 1880-1945, ed. Wolfgang Küttler, Jörn Rüsen and Ernst Schulin (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1997).
7. See Joan Wallach Scott, 'American Women Historians 1884-1984', in Gender and the Politics of History (Columbia University Press, New York, 1988), pp. 178-98; Jacqueline Goggin, 'Challenging Sexual Discrimination in the Historical Profession: Women Historians and the American Historical Association, 1890-1940', American Historical Review, 97 (1992), pp. 769-802; Gianna Pomata, 'History, Particular and Universal: On Reading some Recent Women's History Textbooks', Feminist Studies, 19 (1993), pp. 7-49; Bonnie G. Smith, 'Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research in the Nineteenth Century', American Historical Review, 100 (1995), pp. 1150-76. See also Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women and Historical Practice in the West 1800-1940 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, forthcoming). For the Netherlands, see Maria Grever, Strijd tegen de stilte. Johanna Naber (1859-1941) en de vrouwenstem in geschiedenis (PhD thesis, Verloren, Hilversum, 1994); Maria Grever, '"Scolding Old Bags and Whining Hags". The Myth of Compatible Paradigms in History', in Chattel, Servant or Citizen. Women's Status in Church, State and Society (Historical Studies 19), ed. Mary O'Dowd and Sabine Wichert (The Queen's University of Belfast, 1995), pp. 22-33; and Maria Grever, 'Die relatieve Geschichtslosigkeit der Frauen. Geschlecht und Geschichtswissenschaft', in Geschichtsdiskurs IV: Krisenbewusstsein, Katastrophenerfahrungen und Innovationen 1880-1945, ed. Wolfgang Küttler, Jörn Rüsen and Ernst Schulin (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1997).
8. See Joan Wallach Scott, 'American Women Historians 1884-1984', in Gender and the Politics of History (Columbia University Press, New York, 1988), pp. 178-98; Jacqueline Goggin, 'Challenging Sexual Discrimination in the Historical Profession: Women Historians and the American Historical Association, 1890-1940', American Historical Review, 97 (1992), pp. 769-802; Gianna Pomata, 'History, Particular and Universal: On Reading some Recent Women's History Textbooks', Feminist Studies, 19 (1993), pp. 7-49; Bonnie G. Smith, 'Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research in the Nineteenth Century', American Historical Review, 100 (1995), pp. 1150-76. See also Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women and Historical Practice in the West 1800-1940 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, forthcoming). For the Netherlands, see Maria Grever, Strijd tegen de stilte. Johanna Naber (1859-1941) en de vrouwenstem in geschiedenis (PhD thesis, Verloren, Hilversum, 1994); Maria Grever, '"Scolding Old Bags and Whining Hags". The Myth of Compatible Paradigms in History', in Chattel, Servant or Citizen. Women's Status in Church, State and Society (Historical Studies 19), ed. Mary O'Dowd and Sabine Wichert (The Queen's University of Belfast, 1995), pp. 22-33; and Maria Grever, 'Die relatieve Geschichtslosigkeit der Frauen. Geschlecht und Geschichtswissenschaft', in Geschichtsdiskurs IV: Krisenbewusstsein, Katastrophenerfahrungen und Innovationen 1880-1945, ed. Wolfgang Küttler, Jörn Rüsen and Ernst Schulin (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1997).
9. See Joan Wallach Scott, 'American Women Historians 1884-1984', in Gender and the Politics of History (Columbia University Press, New York, 1988), pp. 178-98; Jacqueline Goggin, 'Challenging Sexual Discrimination in the Historical Profession: Women Historians and the American Historical Association, 1890-1940', American Historical Review, 97 (1992), pp. 769-802; Gianna Pomata, 'History, Particular and Universal: On Reading some Recent Women's History Textbooks', Feminist Studies, 19 (1993), pp. 7-49; Bonnie G. Smith, 'Gender and the Practices of Scientific History: The Seminar and Archival Research in the Nineteenth Century', American Historical Review, 100 (1995), pp. 1150-76. See also Bonnie G. Smith, The Gender of History: Men, Women and Historical Practice in the West 1800-1940 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, forthcoming). For the Netherlands, see Maria Grever, Strijd tegen de stilte. Johanna Naber (1859-1941) en de vrouwenstem in geschiedenis (PhD thesis, Verloren, Hilversum, 1994); Maria Grever, '"Scolding Old Bags and Whining Hags". The Myth of Compatible Paradigms in History', in Chattel, Servant or Citizen. Women's Status in Church, State and Society (Historical Studies 19), ed. Mary O'Dowd and Sabine Wichert (The Queen's University of Belfast, 1995), pp. 22-33; and Maria Grever, 'Die relatieve Geschichtslosigkeit der Frauen. Geschlecht und Geschichtswissenschaft', in Geschichtsdiskurs IV: Krisenbewusstsein, Katastrophenerfahrungen und Innovationen 1880-1945, ed. Wolfgang Küttler, Jörn Rüsen and Ernst Schulin (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt a. Main, 1997).
10. Compare also Jo Tollebeek, '"Vanuit de aangrenzende kamer". Over geschiedenis, traditie en geheugen', Handelingen van de Koninklijke Zuidnederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal - en Letterkunde en Geschiedenis. Jaarboek 1996, 51 (Brussels, 1997).
11. Gedi and Elam argue that 'collective memory' can only be justified on a metaphorical level; they think it 'useless and even misleading' as 'an explanatory tool'. Noa Gedi and Yigal Elam, 'Collective Memory - What is it?', History and Memory, 8 (1996), pp. 30-50. I think every historical concept should be interpreted on a 'metaphorical level'. In their argument the authors ignore the phenomenon of a cultural heritage produced (whether deliberately or spontaneously) by a community which finds its concrete shape in statues, stamps, texts etc.
12. This definition is also inspired by Ed Jonker, 'De betrekkelijkheid van het moderne historisch besef', BMGN (Journal of the Royal Dutch Historical Association), 111 (1996), pp. 30-46.
13. Eric Hobsbawm, 'Introduction: Inventing Traditions', in The Invention of Tradition, ed. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (1983; repr. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992), pp. 1-14. Examples of invented traditions in the women's movement and in Dutch history are my own.
14. Henk te Velde, 'Oranje, koninginnedag en het verloren verleden', in Waar de blanke top der duinen en andere vaderlandse herinneringen, ed. N. C. F. van Sas (Contact, Amsterdam/Antwerpen, 1995), pp. 127-36; M. Dommaget, Histoire du Premier Mai (Paris, 1953), quoted in Tollebeek, '"Vanuit de aangrenzende kamer"'. On International Women's Day see Bob Reinalda and Natascha Verhaaren, Vrouwenbeweging en internationale organisaties 1868-1986. Een vergeten hoofdstuk uit de geschiedenis van internationale betrekkingen (Ariadne, De Knipe/Nijmegen, 1989), pp. 34-5.
15. Henk te Velde, 'Oranje, koninginnedag en het verloren verleden', in Waar de blanke top der duinen en andere vaderlandse herinneringen, ed. N. C. F. van Sas (Contact, Amsterdam/Antwerpen, 1995), pp. 127-36; M. Dommaget, Histoire du Premier Mai (Paris, 1953), quoted in Tollebeek, '"Vanuit de aangrenzende kamer"'. On International Women's Day see Bob Reinalda and Natascha Verhaaren, Vrouwenbeweging en internationale organisaties 1868-1986. Een vergeten hoofdstuk uit de geschiedenis van internationale betrekkingen (Ariadne, De Knipe/Nijmegen, 1989), pp. 34-5.
16. Henk te Velde, 'Oranje, koninginnedag en het verloren verleden', in Waar de blanke top der duinen en andere vaderlandse herinneringen, ed. N. C. F. van Sas (Contact, Amsterdam/Antwerpen, 1995), pp. 127-36; M. Dommaget, Histoire du Premier Mai (Paris, 1953), quoted in Tollebeek, '"Vanuit de aangrenzende kamer"'. On International Women's Day see Bob Reinalda and Natascha Verhaaren, Vrouwenbeweging en internationale organisaties 1868-1986. Een vergeten hoofdstuk uit de geschiedenis van internationale betrekkingen (Ariadne, De Knipe/Nijmegen, 1989), pp. 34-5.
17. Jolande Withuis, Opoffering en heroiëk. De mentale wereld van een communistische vrouwenorganisatie in naoorlogs Nederland 1946-1976 (Boom, Meppel/ Amsterdam, 1990), pp. 209-10.
18. Annie van Ommeren-Averink, Baanbreeksters (1960; repr. Nederlandse Vrouwenbeweging, Amsterdam, 1978), pp. 11-2.
19. Liliane Kandel and Françoise Picq, 'Le Mythe des origines a propos de la journée internationale des femmes', La revue d'en face (1982), pp. 67-80; Temma Kaplan, 'Commentary on the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day', Feminist Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 163-71. Compare Reinalda and Verhaaren, Vrouwenbeweging, p. 398.
20. Liliane Kandel and Françoise Picq, 'Le Mythe des origines a propos de la journée internationale des femmes', La revue d'en face (1982), pp. 67-80; Temma Kaplan, 'Commentary on the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day', Feminist Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 163-71. Compare Reinalda and Verhaaren, Vrouwenbeweging, p. 398.
21. Liliane Kandel and Françoise Picq, 'Le Mythe des origines a propos de la journée internationale des femmes', La revue d'en face (1982), pp. 67-80; Temma Kaplan, 'Commentary on the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day', Feminist Studies, 11 (1985), pp. 163-71. Compare Reinalda and Verhaaren, Vrouwenbeweging, p. 398.
22. Reinalda and Verhaaren, Vrouwenbeweging, p. 34. In August 1910 the International Socialist Women's Committee organized the Second International Conference of Socialist Women. Altogether 100 women from sixteen countries were present. Luise Zietz suggested the annual celebration of International Women's Day. Zetkin's proposal was linked to hers.
23. Joyce Outshoorn, Vrouwenemancipatie en socialisme. Een onderzoek naar de houding van de SDAP ten opzichte van het vrouwenvraagstuk tussen 1894 en 1919 (SUN, Nijmegen, 1973), pp. 64-5; Ulla Jansz, Vrouwen ontwaakt! Driekwart eeuw sociaal-democratische vrouwenorganisatie tussen solidariteit en verzet (Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 1983), p. 50.
24. Joyce Outshoorn, Vrouwenemancipatie en socialisme. Een onderzoek naar de houding van de SDAP ten opzichte van het vrouwenvraagstuk tussen 1894 en 1919 (SUN, Nijmegen, 1973), pp. 64-5; Ulla Jansz, Vrouwen ontwaakt! Driekwart eeuw sociaal-democratische vrouwenorganisatie tussen solidariteit en verzet (Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 1983), p. 50.
25. Reinalda and Verhaaren, Vrouwenbeweging, p. 35.
26. Victor Turner, Dramas, Fields and Metaphors (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1974).
27. Leila J. Rupp, 'Constructing Internationalism: The Case of Transnational Women's Organizations, 1888-1945', American Historical Review, 99 (1994), pp. 1571-600.
28. Compare also Mineke Bosch with Annemarie Kloosterman (eds) Politics and Friendship. Letters from the International Woman Suffrage Alliance, 1990-1942 (Ohio State University Press, 1990), pp. 18-9.
29. Three parts have been published altogether in seven huge volumes. Pierre Nora (dir.) Les Lieux de Mémoire I-III (Gallimard, Paris, 1984-1993).
30. Van Sas, Waar de blanke top; Pim den Boer and Willem Frijoff (eds) Lieux de mémoire et identités nationales (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 1993).
31. Van Sas, Waar de blanke top; Pim den Boer and Willem Frijoff (eds) Lieux de mémoire et identités nationales (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 1993).
32. Pierre Nora, 'Entre Mémoire et Histoire. La problématique des lieux', in Les Lieux de Mémoire. La République, vol. 1 (Gallimard, Paris, 1984), p. xxxiv; compare also Tollebeek, '"Vanuit de aangrenzende kamer"', p. 6.
33. Pierre Nora, 'Entre Mémoire et Histoire. La problématique des lieux', in Les Lieux de Mémoire. La République, vol. 1 (Gallimard, Paris, 1984), p. xxxiv; compare also Tollebeek, '"Vanuit de aangrenzende kamer"', p. 6.
34. Jolande Withuis, 'Patchwork Politics in the Netherlands, 1946-50: Women, Gender and the World War II Trauma', Women's History Review, 3 (1994), pp. 293-313.
35. Pierre Nora, 'Between History and Memory: Les Lieux de Mémoire', Representations, 26 (1989), p. 8; see also Gedi and Elam, 'Collective Memory', p. 33.
36. Pierre Nora, 'Between History and Memory: Les Lieux de Mémoire', Representations, 26 (1989), p. 8; see also Gedi and Elam, 'Collective Memory', p. 33.
37. Nora, 'Entre Mémoire', p. xix.
38. For examples in several western countries see Geschiedenis van de vrouw. De twintigste eeuw [History of Women in the West, vol. 5], ed. Michelle Perrot and Georges Duby (AGON, Amsterdam, 1993).
39. Marjan Schwegman, 'Oorlogsgeschiedschrijving en seksueel geweld. Het probleem van de historisering van het vrouwelijk slachtofferschap', Sekse en oorlog. Jaarboek voor vrouwengeschiedenis, vol. 15 (IISG, Amsterdam, 1995), pp. 145-52.
40. See also Maria Grever, 'Rivals in Historical Remembrance. Wollstonecraft and Holy Women as Loci of Feminist Memory', European Journal of Women's Studies, 3 (1996), pp. 101-3.
41. See Bosch with Kloosterman, Politics and Friendship, pp. 219-24.