Corporeal flows: The immune system, global economies of food and implications for health

Ecologist

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 107-111

  Cone, Richard A ^a   Martin, Emily ^b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIETARY CHANGE; FOOD PRODUCTION; GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE; HEALTH IMPACT; IMMUNE DISORDER; MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY; SOCIAL IMPLICATION;

EID: 0031405523     PISSN: 02613131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Popular contemporary sources that extoll the healing properties of consuming honey abound in public libraries and health food stores. D.C. Jarvis, author of Arthritis and Folk Medicine, exclaims. "Honey taken every day is the body cell's best friend". Consumers' letters to the "Really Raw Honey Company" indicate the degree of passion felt by people who get relief from allergies in such a simple way. Word of mouth recipes and directions for using honey to alleviate the symptoms of allergy to airborne pollens are widespread; news groups on the Internet describe how people try using honey in various ways. The healing properties of honey have been in fact been known for centuries. From the seventeenth century, honey has been described as a remedy for coughs, laboured breathing and sore throats. A report from Bulgaria claims to have found that more than half of over 17,000 patients treated with honey for chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis achieved complete remission of their symptoms. Today, honey is widely believed to have anti-bacterial effects, anti-tumour effects, and beneficial effects on the heart and the digestive system. See Nasi, A., The Honey Handbook, Everest House, New York, 1978; Jarvis, D.C., Arthritis and Folk Medicine, Fawcett Crest, New York, 1960; Wade, C., Propolis: Nature's Energizer: Miracle Healer From the Beehive, Keats Publishing, New Canaan, CT, 1983; Brown, R., Royden Brown's Bee Hive Product Bible, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, NY, 1993; Subrahmanyam, M., "Topical application of honey in treatment of burns", British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 78, 1991, pp.497-98; Subrahmanyam, M., "Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSiter) in the treatment of burns - a prospective randomised study", British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol.46, 1993, pp.322-3; Heinemann, London, 1975, pp.260,263; Challem, J., "Medical Journals document value of bee propolis, honey and royal jelly", Natural Foods Merchandiser, 1995.
2. Popular contemporary sources that extoll the healing properties of consuming honey abound in public libraries and health food stores. D.C. Jarvis, author of Arthritis and Folk Medicine, exclaims. "Honey taken every day is the body cell's best friend". Consumers' letters to the "Really Raw Honey Company" indicate the degree of passion felt by people who get relief from allergies in such a simple way. Word of mouth recipes and directions for using honey to alleviate the symptoms of allergy to airborne pollens are widespread; news groups on the Internet describe how people try using honey in various ways. The healing properties of honey have been in fact been known for centuries. From the seventeenth century, honey has been described as a remedy for coughs, laboured breathing and sore throats. A report from Bulgaria claims to have found that more than half of over 17,000 patients treated with honey for chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis achieved complete remission of their symptoms. Today, honey is widely believed to have anti-bacterial effects, anti-tumour effects, and beneficial effects on the heart and the digestive system. See Nasi, A., The Honey Handbook, Everest House, New York, 1978; Jarvis, D.C., Arthritis and Folk Medicine, Fawcett Crest, New York, 1960; Wade, C., Propolis: Nature's Energizer: Miracle Healer From the Beehive, Keats Publishing, New Canaan, CT, 1983; Brown, R., Royden Brown's Bee Hive Product Bible, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, NY, 1993; Subrahmanyam, M., "Topical application of honey in treatment of burns", British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 78, 1991, pp.497-98; Subrahmanyam, M., "Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSiter) in the treatment of burns - a prospective randomised study", British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol.46, 1993, pp.322-3; Heinemann, London, 1975, pp.260,263; Challem, J., "Medical Journals document value of bee propolis, honey and royal jelly", Natural Foods Merchandiser, 1995.
3. Popular contemporary sources that extoll the healing properties of consuming honey abound in public libraries and health food stores. D.C. Jarvis, author of Arthritis and Folk Medicine, exclaims. "Honey taken every day is the body cell's best friend". Consumers' letters to the "Really Raw Honey Company" indicate the degree of passion felt by people who get relief from allergies in such a simple way. Word of mouth recipes and directions for using honey to alleviate the symptoms of allergy to airborne pollens are widespread; news groups on the Internet describe how people try using honey in various ways. The healing properties of honey have been in fact been known for centuries. From the seventeenth century, honey has been described as a remedy for coughs, laboured breathing and sore throats. A report from Bulgaria claims to have found that more than half of over 17,000 patients treated with honey for chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis achieved complete remission of their symptoms. Today, honey is widely believed to have anti-bacterial effects, anti-tumour effects, and beneficial effects on the heart and the digestive system. See Nasi, A., The Honey Handbook, Everest House, New York, 1978; Jarvis, D.C., Arthritis and Folk Medicine, Fawcett Crest, New York, 1960; Wade, C., Propolis: Nature's Energizer: Miracle Healer From the Beehive, Keats Publishing, New Canaan, CT, 1983; Brown, R., Royden Brown's Bee Hive Product Bible, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, NY, 1993; Subrahmanyam, M., "Topical application of honey in treatment of burns", British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 78, 1991, pp.497-98; Subrahmanyam, M., "Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSiter) in the treatment of burns - a prospective randomised study", British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol.46, 1993, pp.322-3; Heinemann, London, 1975, pp.260,263; Challem, J., "Medical Journals document value of bee propolis, honey and royal jelly", Natural Foods Merchandiser, 1995.
4. Popular contemporary sources that extoll the healing properties of consuming honey abound in public libraries and health food stores. D.C. Jarvis, author of Arthritis and Folk Medicine, exclaims. "Honey taken every day is the body cell's best friend". Consumers' letters to the "Really Raw Honey Company" indicate the degree of passion felt by people who get relief from allergies in such a simple way. Word of mouth recipes and directions for using honey to alleviate the symptoms of allergy to airborne pollens are widespread; news groups on the Internet describe how people try using honey in various ways. The healing properties of honey have been in fact been known for centuries. From the seventeenth century, honey has been described as a remedy for coughs, laboured breathing and sore throats. A report from Bulgaria claims to have found that more than half of over 17,000 patients treated with honey for chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis achieved complete remission of their symptoms. Today, honey is widely believed to have anti-bacterial effects, anti-tumour effects, and beneficial effects on the heart and the digestive system. See Nasi, A., The Honey Handbook, Everest House, New York, 1978; Jarvis, D.C., Arthritis and Folk Medicine, Fawcett Crest, New York, 1960; Wade, C., Propolis: Nature's Energizer: Miracle Healer From the Beehive, Keats Publishing, New Canaan, CT, 1983; Brown, R., Royden Brown's Bee Hive Product Bible, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, NY, 1993; Subrahmanyam, M., "Topical application of honey in treatment of burns", British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 78, 1991, pp.497-98; Subrahmanyam, M., "Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSiter) in the treatment of burns - a prospective randomised study", British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol.46, 1993, pp.322-3; Heinemann, London, 1975, pp.260,263; Challem, J., "Medical Journals document value of bee propolis, honey and royal jelly", Natural Foods Merchandiser, 1995.
5. Popular contemporary sources that extoll the healing properties of consuming honey abound in public libraries and health food stores. D.C. Jarvis, author of Arthritis and Folk Medicine, exclaims. "Honey taken every day is the body cell's best friend". Consumers' letters to the "Really Raw Honey Company" indicate the degree of passion felt by people who get relief from allergies in such a simple way. Word of mouth recipes and directions for using honey to alleviate the symptoms of allergy to airborne pollens are widespread; news groups on the Internet describe how people try using honey in various ways. The healing properties of honey have been in fact been known for centuries. From the seventeenth century, honey has been described as a remedy for coughs, laboured breathing and sore throats. A report from Bulgaria claims to have found that more than half of over 17,000 patients treated with honey for chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis achieved complete remission of their symptoms. Today, honey is widely believed to have anti-bacterial effects, anti-tumour effects, and beneficial effects on the heart and the digestive system. See Nasi, A., The Honey Handbook, Everest House, New York, 1978; Jarvis, D.C., Arthritis and Folk Medicine, Fawcett Crest, New York, 1960; Wade, C., Propolis: Nature's Energizer: Miracle Healer From the Beehive, Keats Publishing, New Canaan, CT, 1983; Brown, R., Royden Brown's Bee Hive Product Bible, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, NY, 1993; Subrahmanyam, M., "Topical application of honey in treatment of burns", British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 78, 1991, pp.497-98; Subrahmanyam, M., "Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSiter) in the treatment of burns - a prospective randomised study", British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol.46, 1993, pp.322-3; Heinemann, London, 1975, pp.260,263; Challem, J., "Medical Journals document value of bee propolis, honey and royal jelly", Natural Foods Merchandiser, 1995.
6. Popular contemporary sources that extoll the healing properties of consuming honey abound in public libraries and health food stores. D.C. Jarvis, author of Arthritis and Folk Medicine, exclaims. "Honey taken every day is the body cell's best friend". Consumers' letters to the "Really Raw Honey Company" indicate the degree of passion felt by people who get relief from allergies in such a simple way. Word of mouth recipes and directions for using honey to alleviate the symptoms of allergy to airborne pollens are widespread; news groups on the Internet describe how people try using honey in various ways. The healing properties of honey have been in fact been known for centuries. From the seventeenth century, honey has been described as a remedy for coughs, laboured breathing and sore throats. A report from Bulgaria claims to have found that more than half of over 17,000 patients treated with honey for chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis achieved complete remission of their symptoms. Today, honey is widely believed to have anti-bacterial effects, anti-tumour effects, and beneficial effects on the heart and the digestive system. See Nasi, A., The Honey Handbook, Everest House, New York, 1978; Jarvis, D.C., Arthritis and Folk Medicine, Fawcett Crest, New York, 1960; Wade, C., Propolis: Nature's Energizer: Miracle Healer From the Beehive, Keats Publishing, New Canaan, CT, 1983; Brown, R., Royden Brown's Bee Hive Product Bible, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, NY, 1993; Subrahmanyam, M., "Topical application of honey in treatment of burns", British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 78, 1991, pp.497-98; Subrahmanyam, M., "Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSiter) in the treatment of burns - a prospective randomised study", British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol.46, 1993, pp.322-3; Heinemann, London, 1975, pp.260,263; Challem, J., "Medical Journals document value of bee propolis, honey and royal jelly", Natural Foods Merchandiser, 1995.
7. Popular contemporary sources that extoll the healing properties of consuming honey abound in public libraries and health food stores. D.C. Jarvis, author of Arthritis and Folk Medicine, exclaims. "Honey taken every day is the body cell's best friend". Consumers' letters to the "Really Raw Honey Company" indicate the degree of passion felt by people who get relief from allergies in such a simple way. Word of mouth recipes and directions for using honey to alleviate the symptoms of allergy to airborne pollens are widespread; news groups on the Internet describe how people try using honey in various ways. The healing properties of honey have been in fact been known for centuries. From the seventeenth century, honey has been described as a remedy for coughs, laboured breathing and sore throats. A report from Bulgaria claims to have found that more than half of over 17,000 patients treated with honey for chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis achieved complete remission of their symptoms. Today, honey is widely believed to have anti-bacterial effects, anti-tumour effects, and beneficial effects on the heart and the digestive system. See Nasi, A., The Honey Handbook, Everest House, New York, 1978; Jarvis, D.C., Arthritis and Folk Medicine, Fawcett Crest, New York, 1960; Wade, C., Propolis: Nature's Energizer: Miracle Healer From the Beehive, Keats Publishing, New Canaan, CT, 1983; Brown, R., Royden Brown's Bee Hive Product Bible, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, NY, 1993; Subrahmanyam, M., "Topical application of honey in treatment of burns", British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 78, 1991, pp.497-98; Subrahmanyam, M., "Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSiter) in the treatment of burns - a prospective randomised study", British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol.46, 1993, pp.322-3; Heinemann, London, 1975, pp.260,263; Challem, J., "Medical Journals document value of bee propolis, honey and royal jelly", Natural Foods Merchandiser, 1995.
8. Popular contemporary sources that extoll the healing properties of consuming honey abound in public libraries and health food stores. D.C. Jarvis, author of Arthritis and Folk Medicine, exclaims. "Honey taken every day is the body cell's best friend". Consumers' letters to the "Really Raw Honey Company" indicate the degree of passion felt by people who get relief from allergies in such a simple way. Word of mouth recipes and directions for using honey to alleviate the symptoms of allergy to airborne pollens are widespread; news groups on the Internet describe how people try using honey in various ways. The healing properties of honey have been in fact been known for centuries. From the seventeenth century, honey has been described as a remedy for coughs, laboured breathing and sore throats. A report from Bulgaria claims to have found that more than half of over 17,000 patients treated with honey for chronic bronchitis, asthmatic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, chronic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis and sinusitis achieved complete remission of their symptoms. Today, honey is widely believed to have anti-bacterial effects, anti-tumour effects, and beneficial effects on the heart and the digestive system. See Nasi, A., The Honey Handbook, Everest House, New York, 1978; Jarvis, D.C., Arthritis and Folk Medicine, Fawcett Crest, New York, 1960; Wade, C., Propolis: Nature's Energizer: Miracle Healer From the Beehive, Keats Publishing, New Canaan, CT, 1983; Brown, R., Royden Brown's Bee Hive Product Bible, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, NY, 1993; Subrahmanyam, M., "Topical application of honey in treatment of burns", British Journal of Surgery, Vol. 78, 1991, pp.497-98; Subrahmanyam, M., "Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSiter) in the treatment of burns - a prospective randomised study", British Journal of Plastic Surgery, Vol.46, 1993, pp.322-3; Heinemann, London, 1975, pp.260,263; Challem, J., "Medical Journals document value of bee propolis, honey and royal jelly", Natural Foods Merchandiser, 1995.
9. Schwartz, R.S. and Datta, S.K., "Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases", in Paul, W.E., Fundamental Immunology (second edn) Raven Press, New York. 1989, pp.819-66; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vital and health statistics, national ambulatory medical care survey 1991 summary, DHHS Publication (No. PHS 94-1777) US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics, Washington, DC, 1994.
10. Schwartz, R.S. and Datta, S.K., "Autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases", in Paul, W.E., Fundamental Immunology (second edn) Raven Press, New York. 1989, pp.819-66; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Vital and health statistics, national ambulatory medical care survey 1991 summary, DHHS Publication (No. PHS 94-1777) US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Center for Health Statistics, Washington, DC, 1994.
11. Gergen, P.J., Turkeltaub, P.C. and Kaovar, M.G., "The prevalence of allergic skin reactivity to eight common allergies in the US population: results from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey", Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 800, 1987, pp.669-79.
12. Horan, R.F., Schneider, L.C. and Scheffer, A.L., "Allergic skin disorders and mastocytosis", Journal of the American Medical Association 268 (20), 1992, pp.2858-68.
13. Kunz, B.. Ring, J. and Braun-Falco, O., "Are allergies really increasing?" Fortschritte Der Medizin, 109 (17), 1991, pp.353-6.
14. Moslehi, J., "Asthma gene localized by Hopkins researchers", The Johns Hopkins Newsletter, (Baltimore, MD), 1995, A (Part I), pp.1-B11.
15. Yunginger, U.S., Reed, D.E., O'Connell, E.J., Melton, L.J., O'Fallon, W.M. and Silverstein, M. D., "A community- based study of the epidemiology of asthma: incidence rates, 1964-1983.", American Review of Respiratory Disease, 146 (4) 1992. pp.888-94.
16. Evans, R., "Asthma among minority children: a growing problem", Chest 101 (6), 1992, pp.368s-71s.
17. Moslehi, J., op. cit. 6. Asthma deaths in the US increased from 0.8 per 100,000 in 1977 to 2.0 in 1991. See Sly, R.M., "Changing asthma mortality", Annals of Allergy 73(3), 1994, pp.259-68.
18. Moslehi, J., op. cit. 6. Asthma deaths in the US increased from 0.8 per 100,000 in 1977 to 2.0 in 1991. See Sly, R.M., "Changing asthma mortality", Annals of Allergy 73(3), 1994, pp.259-68.
19. Centers for Disease Control, "Asthma-United States", Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report 43 (51-52), 1995, pp.952-5. See also Malveaux, F.J., Houlihan, D. and Diamond, E. L., "Characteristics of asthma mortality and morbidity in African-Americans", Journal of Asthma 30(6), 1993, pp.431-7.
20. Centers for Disease Control, "Asthma-United States", Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report 43 (51-52), 1995, pp.952-5. See also Malveaux, F.J., Houlihan, D. and Diamond, E. L., "Characteristics of asthma mortality and morbidity in African-Americans", Journal of Asthma 30(6), 1993, pp.431-7.
21. Miyamoto, T., Takafuji, S., Suzuki, S., Tadokoro, K. and Muranaka, M., "Environmental factors in the development of allergic reactions" in Estabrook, R.W. et al., (eds.) Toxicological and Immunological Aspects of Drug Metabolism and Environmental Chemicals, F.K. Schattauer Verlag, New York, 1988, pp.553-64; Kunz, B., et al., op. cit. 5.
22. Miyamoto, T., Takafuji, S., Suzuki, S., Tadokoro, K. and Muranaka, M., "Environmental factors in the development of allergic reactions" in Estabrook, R.W. et al., (eds.) Toxicological and Immunological Aspects of Drug Metabolism and Environmental Chemicals, F.K. Schattauer Verlag, New York, 1988, pp.553-64; Kunz, B., et al., op. cit. 5.
23. Andre, F., Andre, C., Cacarace, L., Colin, F. and Cavagna, S., "Role of new allergens and of allergens consumption in the increased incidence of food sensitizations in France", Toxicology 93(1), 1994, pp.77-83.
24. The mucosal immune system is located in the linings of our mouths, eyes, throats, lungs, reproductive tracts and guts.
25. Profet, M., "The function of allergy: immunological defense against toxins", The Quarterly Review of Biology 66 (1), 1991, pp. 23-6.
26. Dakin, R., "Remarks on a cutaneous affection produced by certain poisonous vegetables", American Journal of Medical Science 4, 1829, PP.98-100.
27. Wells, H., "Studies on the chemistry of anaphylaxis: III: Experiments with isolated proteins, especially those of hen's egg", Journal of Infectious Destase 9, 1911, pp 147-51.
28. Trentham, D.E., Dynesius-Trentham, R.A., Orav, E.J., Combitchi, D., Lorenzo, C., Sewell, K L., Hafler, D.A. and Weiner, H.L., "Effects of oral administration of collagen on rheumatoid arthritis", Science 261, 1993, pp.1727-30.
29. Weiner, H.L., "Oral tolerance", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 91, 1004, pp. 10762-5.
30. By eating the entire tissue, active tolerance (immune suppression) is more likely to be generated for all the antigens in the tissue, not just for a single molecule or its immediate neighbours.
31. Miller, A., Lider, O. and Weiner, H. L., "Antigen-driven bystander suppression following oral administration of antigens", Journal of Experimental Medicine 174, pp.791-98.
32. See Profet, M., op. cit. 14.
33. Aramaki, Y., Fujii,Y., Suda, H., Suzuki,I., Yadomae, T. and Tsuchiya, S., "Induction of oral tolerance after feeding of ragweed pollen extract in mice", Immunology Letters 40 (1) 1994, pp.21-
34. See also Cooke, A. and Wraith, D.C., "Immunotherapy of autoimmune disease", Current Opinion in Immunology 5 (6) 1993, pp.925-33; Hoyne, G.F., O'Hehir, R.E., Wraith, D.C., Thomas, W.R. and Lamb, J.R., "Inhibition of T cell and antibody responses to house dust mite allergen by inhalation of the dominant T cell epitope in naive and sensitized mice", Journal of Experimental Medicine 178 (5) 1993, pp.1783-8; Metzler, B. and Wraith, D.C., "Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhalation but not oral administration of the encephalitogenic peptide: influence of MHC binding affinity", International Immunology 5(9), 1993, pp.1159-65.
35. See also Cooke, A. and Wraith, D.C., "Immunotherapy of autoimmune disease", Current Opinion in Immunology 5 (6) 1993, pp.925-33; Hoyne, G.F., O'Hehir, R.E., Wraith, D.C., Thomas, W.R. and Lamb, J.R., "Inhibition of T cell and antibody responses to house dust mite allergen by inhalation of the dominant T cell epitope in naive and sensitized mice", Journal of Experimental Medicine 178 (5) 1993, pp.1783-8; Metzler, B. and Wraith, D.C., "Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhalation but not oral administration of the encephalitogenic peptide: influence of MHC binding affinity", International Immunology 5(9), 1993, pp.1159-65.
36. See also Cooke, A. and Wraith, D.C., "Immunotherapy of autoimmune disease", Current Opinion in Immunology 5 (6) 1993, pp.925-33; Hoyne, G.F., O'Hehir, R.E., Wraith, D.C., Thomas, W.R. and Lamb, J.R., "Inhibition of T cell and antibody responses to house dust mite allergen by inhalation of the dominant T cell epitope in naive and sensitized mice", Journal of Experimental Medicine 178 (5) 1993, pp.1783-8; Metzler, B. and Wraith, D.C., "Inhibition of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhalation but not oral administration of the encephalitogenic peptide: influence of MHC binding affinity", International Immunology 5(9), 1993, pp.1159-65.
37. Henderson. D.R. and Handy, C.R., "International dimensions of the food marketing system" in Schenz, L.P. and Daft, L.M. (ed.s.) Food and Agricultural Markets: The Quiet Revolution, National Planning Association, Washington, DC. 1994, p.167.
38. Würsch, P., "Carbohydrate foods with specific nutritional properties - a challenge to the food industry", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59(suppl) 1994, p.758S.
39. Goodman, D. and Redclift, M., Refashioning Nature: Food, Ecology and Culture, Routledge, London, 1991, p.30.
40. Hadsell, R.M., "Food processing: search for growth", in Dye, J., The Feeding Web, Bull Publishing, Palo Alto, CA, 1978, p. 137; Lebergott, S., Pursuing Happiness: American Consumers in the Twentieth Century, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1993, p.83.
41. Hadsell, R.M., "Food processing: search for growth", in Dye, J., The Feeding Web, Bull Publishing, Palo Alto, CA, 1978, p. 137; Lebergott, S., Pursuing Happiness: American Consumers in the Twentieth Century, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1993, p.83.
42. Prescott, R., Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, 1960-81 Statistical Bulletin (694), Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, p. 1982; "Food consumption, prices, expenditures supplement for 1968, Supplement to agricultural economic report no. 138", US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, 1968; Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, Agricultural Economic Report (no. 138, 1977 Supplement) US Department of Agriculture, Economics, Statistics and Cooperatives Service, Washington, DC, 1977; Putnam, J.J., "Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, 1970-93", Statistical Bulletin, US Dept. of Agriculture Economic Research Service 915,1994, pp.17, 43.
43. Prescott, R., Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, 1960-81 Statistical Bulletin (694), Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, p. 1982; "Food consumption, prices, expenditures supplement for 1968, Supplement to agricultural economic report no. 138", US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, 1968; Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, Agricultural Economic Report (no. 138, 1977 Supplement) US Department of Agriculture, Economics, Statistics and Cooperatives Service, Washington, DC, 1977; Putnam, J.J., "Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, 1970-93", Statistical Bulletin, US Dept. of Agriculture Economic Research Service 915,1994, pp.17, 43.
44. Prescott, R., Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, 1960-81 Statistical Bulletin (694), Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, p. 1982; "Food consumption, prices, expenditures supplement for 1968, Supplement to agricultural economic report no. 138", US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, 1968; Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, Agricultural Economic Report (no. 138, 1977 Supplement) US Department of Agriculture, Economics, Statistics and Cooperatives Service, Washington, DC, 1977; Putnam, J.J., "Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, 1970-93", Statistical Bulletin, US Dept. of Agriculture Economic Research Service 915,1994, pp.17, 43.
45. Prescott, R., Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, 1960-81 Statistical Bulletin (694), Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, p. 1982; "Food consumption, prices, expenditures supplement for 1968, Supplement to agricultural economic report no. 138", US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Washington, DC, 1968; Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, Agricultural Economic Report (no. 138, 1977 Supplement) US Department of Agriculture, Economics, Statistics and Cooperatives Service, Washington, DC, 1977; Putnam, J.J., "Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, 1970-93", Statistical Bulletin, US Dept. of Agriculture Economic Research Service 915,1994, pp.17, 43.
46. Manchester, A.C., "Rearranging the economic landscape: the food marketing revolution, 1950-91", Agricultural Economic Report (660) Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC,1992, pp.124-25.
47. Processed food - "finger foods, fun foods, snack foods, and fast and convenient foods" - has different effects on the diets of the poor than on the affluent. The diets of low income people nationwide "appear to be excessive in starches, fats and sugars while being deficient in any or all of: meats and other proteins, vegetables and fruits, and milk products" noted a study of US poverty. It also pointed out that "the well-to-do can afford both junk food and nutritious food; the poor can seldom afford both". See Fitchen, J.M., "Hunger, malnutrition, and poverty in the contemporary United States: some observations on their social and cultural context", Food and Foodways 2, 1988, p.309-333.
48. Pyke, M., Technological Eating, John Murray, London, 1972, p.25.
49. Marion, B.W., The Organisation and Performance of the US Food System, Heath, Washington DC, 1986, p.210.
50. Ibid.
51. Woodhouse, J.A., "Sourcing fruits and vegetables in a global food system" in Gaull, G.E. and Goldberg, R. A., (eds.) The Emerging Global Food System: Public and Private Sector Issues, John Wlley and Sons, New York, 1993, pp.207-9. Gretel and Pertti Pelto have coined the term "delocalization" to refer to processes in which "food varieties, production methods and consumption patterns ar disseminated throughout the world in an ever-increasing and intenfisying network of socio-economic and political interdependency". They argue that delocalization has improved the nutrition of people in industrialized nations through an increase in diversity of the diet, while it has deteriorated food diversity in less-industrialized nations. Considering immune disorders, however, there might be deleterious health effects from delocalization even when it leads to increased food diversity. See Pelto, G.H. and Pelto, P.J., "Diet and delocalization: dietary changes since 1750", in Rolberg, R.I. and Rabb, T.K., (eds.) Hunger and History: The Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Patterns on Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983, pp.308-29.
52. Woodhouse, J.A., "Sourcing fruits and vegetables in a global food system" in Gaull, G.E. and Goldberg, R. A., (eds.) The Emerging Global Food System: Public and Private Sector Issues, John Wlley and Sons, New York, 1993, pp.207-9. Gretel and Pertti Pelto have coined the term "delocalization" to refer to processes in which "food varieties, production methods and consumption patterns ar disseminated throughout the world in an ever-increasing and intenfisying network of socio-economic and political interdependency". They argue that delocalization has improved the nutrition of people in industrialized nations through an increase in diversity of the diet, while it has deteriorated food diversity in less-industrialized nations. Considering immune disorders, however, there might be deleterious health effects from delocalization even when it leads to increased food diversity. See Pelto, G.H. and Pelto, P.J., "Diet and delocalization: dietary changes since 1750", in Rolberg, R.I. and Rabb, T.K., (eds.) Hunger and History: The Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Patterns on Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983, pp.308-29.
53. This is not to advocate any kind of simple valorization of "the local." Idealizations of localized communities and their cultures can play a critical role in nationalistic or ethnic movements with disturbing desires to achieve purity by expelling anyone who does not share the right "blood" or does not have a long enough historical link to a particular territory. It may be that optimum conditions for the immune system do not require an unchanging locale. At either end of the class hierarchy, perhaps both itinerant farm workers and jet-setting business people would have less allergies if they were able to eat local food wherever they were: even though their locations might change frequently, their immune systems could benefit if, in each place, their guts could teach their noses not to sneeze. See Balibar, E., "Is There a 'Neo-Racism'?" in Balibar, E. and Wallerstein, I. (eds.), Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities, Verso, London, 1991, pp. 17-28 on culture, territory and racism in Europe: Holston, J., and Appadurai, A., "Cities and Citizenship", Public Culture, 8 (2), 1996, pp. 187-203 on exclusionary local movements across the globe.
54. This is not to advocate any kind of simple valorization of "the local." Idealizations of localized communities and their cultures can play a critical role in nationalistic or ethnic movements with disturbing desires to achieve purity by expelling anyone who does not share the right "blood" or does not have a long enough historical link to a particular territory. It may be that optimum conditions for the immune system do not require an unchanging locale. At either end of the class hierarchy, perhaps both itinerant farm workers and jet-setting business people would have less allergies if they were able to eat local food wherever they were: even though their locations might change frequently, their immune systems could benefit if, in each place, their guts could teach their noses not to sneeze. See Balibar, E., "Is There a 'Neo-Racism'?" in Balibar, E. and Wallerstein, I. (eds.), Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities, Verso, London, 1991, pp. 17-28 on culture, territory and racism in Europe: Holston, J., and Appadurai, A., "Cities and Citizenship", Public Culture, 8 (2), 1996, pp. 187-203 on exclusionary local movements across the globe.
55. Nossiter, A., "Asthma common and on rise in the crowded South Bronx", The New York Times, September 1995, pp.A1, B2 col.3.
56. Ibid.
57. Walsh, B.T., Reed, M., Emerson, J., Gall, E.P., Clark, L., and Living For Everyone Community Group (USA) "A large cluster of systemic lupus erythematosus individuals in a Mexican-American border town in Arizona", Arthritis and Rheumatism, 36 (9) suppl. 1993, S145.
58. Cone, M., "Human immune systems may be pollution victims", The Los Angeles Times, May 1996, pp.A1,A14-15.
59. Ibid.