Structural diversity in (vesicular)-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses

New Phytologist

Volumn 137, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 373-388

  Smith, F A ^a   Smith, S E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Nutrient transport; Plant taxonomy; Root anatomy; VA mycorrhizas

Indexed keywords

EID: 0031405331     PISSN: 0028646X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00848.x     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Abbott LK. 1982. Comparative anatomy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas formed on subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Botany 30: 485-99.
2. Abbott LK, Robson AD. 1978. Growth of subterranean clover in relation to the formation of endomycorrhizas by introduced and indigenous fungi in a field crop. New Phytologist 81: 575-85.
3. Alexander I. 1988. Mycorrhizas of indigenous tropical forest trees: some research priorities. In: Ng FSP, ed. Proceedings of the Asian Seminar. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Forest Research Institute, 79-89.
4. Alexander T, Toth R, Meier R, Weber HC. 1989. Dynamics of arbuscule development and degeneration in onion, bean and tomato with reference to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in grasses. Canadian Journal of Botany 61: 2505-2513.
5. Asai T. 1944. Über die Mykorrhizenbildung der leguminosen Pflanzen. Japanese Journal of Botany 13: 463-485.
6. Barrett JT. 1958. Synthesis of mycorrhiza with pure cultures of Rhizophagus. Phytopathology 48: 391.
7. Baylis GTS, McNabb RFR, Morrison TM. 1963. The mycorrhizal nodules of Podocarps. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 46: 378-384.
8. Berch SM, Kendrick B. 1982. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of Southern Ontario. Mycologia 74: 769-776.
9. Bonfante-Fasolo P. 1984. Anatomy and morphology of VA mycorrhizae. In: Powell C L1, Bagyaraj DJ, eds. VA Mycorrhiza. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 5-33.
10. Bonfante-Fasolo P. 1988. The role of the cell wall as a signal in mycorrhizal associations. In: Scannerini S, Smith D, Bonfante-Fasolo P, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, eds. Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis. Berlin & Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 219-235.
11. Bonfante-Fasolo P, Fontana, A. 1985. VAM fungi in Gingko biloba roots: their interactions at cellular level. Symbiosis 1: 53-67.
12. Bonfante-Fasolo P, Scannerini S. 1977. A cytological study of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in 'Ornithogalum umbellatum' L. Allionia 22: 6-20.
13. Boullard B. 1953a. Les champignons endophytes des Araliacées. Bulletin de la Societé Botanique de France 100: 76-77.
14. Boullard B. 1953b. Les champignons endophytes des Cornacées. Bulletin de la Societé Botanique de France 100: 150-152.
15. Boullard B. 1958. La mycotrophie chez ptéridophytes: sa fréquence, ses caractères, sa signification. Bordeaux: E. Drouillard.
16. Brundrett MC, Kendrick B. 1988. The mycorrhizal status, root anatomy and phenology of plants in a sugar maple forest. Canadian Journal of Botany 66: 1153-1173.
17. Brundrett MC, Kendrick B. 1990a. The roots and mycorrhizas of herbaceous woodland plants. I. Quantitative aspects of morphology. New Phytologist 114: 457-468.
18. Brundrett MC, Kendrick B. 1990b. The roots and mycorrhizas of herbaceous woodland plants. II. Structural aspects of morphology. New Phytologist 114: 469-479.
19. Brundrett MC, Murase G, Kendrick B. 1990. Comparative anatomy of roots and mycorrhizae of common Ontario trees. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 551-578.
20. Brundrett MC, Piché Y, Peterson RC. 1985. A developmental study of the early stages in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza formation. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 184-194.
21. Carling DE, Brown MF. 1982. Anatomy and physiology of vesicular-arbuscular and non-mycorrhizal roots. Phytopathology 72: 1108-1114.
22. Chapleo S, Hall JL. 1989. Sugar unloading in roots of Ricinus communis L. II. Characteristics of the extravascular apoplast. New Phytologist 111: 381-90.
23. Cooke MA, Widden P, O'Halloran I. 1992. Morphology, incidence and fertilization effects on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of Acer saccharum in a Quebec hardwood forest. Mycologia 84: 422-430.
24. Cooke MA, Widden P, O'Halloran I. 1993. Development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and effects of base-cation amendment on vesicle and arbuscule formation. Canadian Journal of Botany 71: 1421-1426.
25. Cooper KM. 1976. A field survey of mycorrhizas in New Zealand ferns. New Zealand Journal of Botany 14: 169-181.
26. Cox G, Tinker PB. 1976. Translocation and transfer of nutrients in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. I. The arbuscule and phosphorus transfer: a quantitative study. New Phytologist 77: 371-378.
27. Cronquist A. 1981. An integrated system of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press.
28. Dahlgren RMT, Clifford HT & Yeo PF. 1985. The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution and taxonomy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
29. Daniels-Hetrick BA, Bloom J, Feyerherm SM. 1985. Root colonization of Glomus epigaeum in nine host species. Mycologia 77: 825-828.
30. Demuth K, Forstreuter W, Weber HC. 1991. Morphological differences in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of Gentianaceae produced by different endophytes. Flora 185: 127-132.
31. Demuth K, Weber HC. 1990. Strukturelle inkompatibität der vesikulär-arbuskulären Mycorrhizapilze in Enzian (Gentianaceae). Angewandte Botanik 64: 247-252.
32. Duckett JG, Ligrone R. 1991. A light and electron microscopy study of the fungal endophytes in the sporophyte and gametophyte of Lycopodium cernuum with observations on the gametophyte-sporophyte junction. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 58-72.
33. Duckett JG, Read DJ. 1995. Ericoid mycorrhizas and rhizoid- ascomycete associations in liverworts share the same mycobiont: isolation of the partners and resynthesis of the associations in vitro. New Phyologist 129: 439-447.
34. Endrigkeit A. 1937. Beiträge zum ernährungsphysiologischen Problem der Mykorrhiza unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Baues und der Funktion der Wurzel- und Pilzmembranen. Botanisches Arkiv, Leipzig 39: 1-87.
35. Farrar JF. 1985. Fluxes of carbon in roots of barley plants. New Phytologist 99: 57-69.
36. Frankland JC, Harrison AF. 1985. Mycorrhizal infection of Betula pendula and Acer pseudoplatanus: relationships with seedling growth and soil factors. New Phytologist 101:133-151.
37. Gallaud I. 1905. Études sur les mycorrhizes endotrophes. Revue Générale de Botanique 17: 5-48, 66-83, 123-136, 223-239, 313-325, 425-433, 479-500.
38. Gay PE, Grubb PJ, Hudson, HJ. 1982. Seasonal changes in the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and in the density of mycorrhiza, in biennial and matrix-forming perennial species of closed chalk-land turf. Journal of Ecology 70: 571-593.
39. Gerdemann JW. 1955. Wound-healing of hyphae in a phycomycetous mycorrhiza fungus. Mycologia. 47: 916-918.
40. Gerdemann JW. 1965. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas formed on maize and tulip tree by Endogone fasciculata. Mycologia, 57: 562-575.
41. Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S, Guillemin, GP, Trouvelot A, Duc G. (1991a). Genetic and cellular analysis of resistance to vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi in pea mutants. Advances in Molecular Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions 1: 336-42.
42. Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gollotte A, Dumas-Gaudot E, Giovannetti M, Lherminier J, Berta G, Gianinazzi S. 1994. Studies of cellular and molecular processes involved in the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza using plant mutants. Abstracts, 4th European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, Granada, Spain: 87.
43. +-ATPase a component of the enzyme activities in plant-fungus interfaces? New Phytologist 117: 61-74.
44. Giovannetti M, Sbrana C, Avio L, Citernesi AS, Logi C. 1993. Differential hyphal morphogenesis in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during pre-infection stages. New Phytologist 125: 587-593.
45. Greny A. 1973. Étude anatomo-morphologique des endomycorrhizes constitue par le Maïs, l'Avoine, le Blé, l'Orge et diverses Graminées prairiales et adventices. Mémoire presente au Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers pour obtenir le Diplome d'Ingenieur C.N.A.M.
46. Harley JL. 1969. The biology of mycorrhiza. 2nd edn. London: Leonard Hill.
47. Harley JL. 1991. The history of research on mycorrhiza and the part played by Professor Beniamino Peyronel. In: Funghi, Piante e Suolo. Torino: Centro di Studio sulla Micologia del Terreno, C.N.R., 31-73.
48. Hayman DS. 1974. Plant growth responses to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. VI. Effects of light and temperature. New Phytologist 73, 71-80.
49. Hildebrand AA, Koch LW. 1936. A microscopical study of infection of the roots of strawberry and tobacco seedlings by micro-organisms of the soil. Canadian Journal of Research 14: 11-25.
50. Holley JE, Peterson RL. 1979. Development of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in bean roots. Canadian Journal of Botany 57: 1960-1978.
51. Imhof S, Weber HC. 1997. Root anatomy and mycotrophy (AM) of the achlorophyllous Voyria truncata (Standley) Standley & Steyermark (Gentianaceae). Botanica Acta 110: 127-134.
52. Jacquelinet-Jeanmougin S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V. 1983. Endomycorrhizas in the Gentianaceae. I. The fungus associated with Gentiana lutea L. New Phytologist 95: 663-666.
53. Janos DP. 1985. Mycorrhizal fungi: agents or symptoms of tropical community succession? In: Molina R, ed. Proceedings, 6th NACOM. Oregon State University, 98-106.
54. Janos DP. 1987. VA mycorrhizas in humid tropical ecosystems. In: Safir G, ed. V A Mycorrhizae: an Ecophysiological Approach. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 107-134.
55. Janse JM. 1897. Les endophytes radicaux de quelques plantes Javanaises. Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 14: 53-201.
56. Johnson NC, Graham JH, Smith FA. 1997. Functioning of mycorrhizal associations along the mutualism-parasitism continuum. New Phytologist 135: 575-585.
57. Johnston A. 1949. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in sea-island cotton and other tropical plants. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 26: 118-121.
58. Justin SHFW, Armstrong W. 1987. The anatomical characteristics of roots and plant response to flooding. New Phytologist 106: 465-495.
59. Kariya N, Toth R. 1981. Ultrastructure of the mycorrhizal association formed between Zea diploperennis and Glomus fasciculatus. Mycologia 73: 1027-1039.
60. Kessler KJ. 1966. Growth and development of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Canadian Journal of Botany 44: 1413-1425.
61. Kidston R, Lang WH. 1921. On the old red sandstone plants showing structure from the Rhynie chert bed, Aberdeenshire. V. The thallophyta occurring in the peat bed, the succession of the plants through a vertical section of the bed, and the conditions of accumulation and preservation of the peat. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 52: 855-902.
62. Kinden DA, Brown MF. 1975. Electron microscopy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of yellow poplar. I. Characterization of endophytic structures by scanning electron stereoscopy. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 21: 989-993.
63. Kinden DA, Brown MF. 1976. Electron microscopy of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of yellow poplar. IV. Host-endophyte interactions during arbuscular deterioration. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 22: 64-75.
64. Knöbel M, Weber HC. 1988. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Mycotrophie bei Gentiana verna L. und Voyria truncata (Stand.) Stand. & Stey. (Gentianaceae). Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 63: 463-477.
65. Konoë R. 1957. Über das vorkommen der Wurzelpilze bei Metasequoia und den nächst verwantden in Pflanzen. Journal of the Institute of Polytechnics, Osaka City University 8: 179-184.
66. Kühn KD, Weber HC. 1986. Zur vesikulären-arbuskulären Mykorrhiza von Gentiana asclepiadea L. (Gentianaceae) an natürlichen standorten. Angewandte Botanik 60: 427-439.
67. Laycock DH. 1945. Preliminary investigations into the function of the endotrophic mycorrhiza of Theobroma cacao L. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 22: 77-80.
68. Leake JR. 1994. The biology of myco-heterotrophic ('saprophytic') plants. New Phytologist 127: 171-216.
69. Ligrone R. 1988. Ultrastructure of a fungal endophyte in Phaeoceros laevis (L.) Prosh (Anthocerophyta). Botanical Gazette (Chicago) 149: 92-100.
70. Louis I. 1990. A mycorrhizal survey of plant species colonizing coastal reclaimed land in Singapore. Mycologia 82: 772-778.
71. Mabberley DJ. 1989. The plant-book. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
72. McGee PA. 1985. Lack of spread of endomycorrhizas of Centaurium (Gentianaceae). New Phytologist 101: 451-458.
73. McGee PA. 1986. Mycorrhizal associations of plant species in a semiarid community. Australian Journal of Botany 34: 585-593.
74. McGee PA. 1988. Growth response to and morphology of mycorrhizas of Thysanotus (Anthericaceae: Monocotyledonae). New Phytologist 109: 459-463.
75. McGee PA. 1990. Survival and growth of seedlimgs of coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum): effects of shade, mycorrhizas or a companion plant. Australian Journal of Botany 38: 583-592.
76. McLennan EI. 1958. Thismia rodwayi F Muell. and its endophyte. Australian Journal of Botany 6: 25-37.
77. McLuckie J, Burges A. 1932. Mycotropism in the Rutaceae. I. The mycorrhiza of Eriostemum crowei F. v. M. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57: 291-312.
78. Meloh K-A. 1963. Untersuchungen zur Biologie der endotrophen Mykorrhiza bei Zea mays L. und Avena sativa L. Archiv für Mikrobiologie 46: 369-381.
79. Morton JB. 1985. Variation in mycorrhizal and spore morphology of Glomus occultum and Glomus diaphanum as influenced by plant host and soil environment. Mycologia 77: 192-204.
80. Morton JB, Benny GL. 1990. Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order, Glomales, two new suborders, Glomineae and Gigasporineae, and two new families, Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae, with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon, 37: 477-491.
81. Mosse B. 1973. Plant growth responses to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. IV. In soil given additional phosphate. New Phytologist, 72:127-136.
82. Mosse B, Hepper CM 1975. Vesicular-arbuscular infections in root organ cultures. Physiological Plant Pathology 5: 215-223.
83. Mullen RB, Schmidt SK. 1993. Mycorrhizal infection, phosphorus uptake, and phenology in Ranunculus adoneus: implications for the functioning of mycorrhizae in alpine systems. Oecologia 94: 229-234.
84. Nadarajah P. 1980. Species of Endogonaceae and mycorrhizal association of Elaeis guineensis and Theobroma cacao. In: Mikola P, ed. Tropical Mycorrhiza. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 233-237.
85. Nicolson TH. 1959. Mycorrhiza in the Gramineae. I. Vesicular-arbuscular endophytes, with special reference to the external phase. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 42:421-438.
86. Perumalla CJ, Peterson CA, Enstone DE. 1990. A survey of angiosperm species to detect hypodermal Casparian bands. I. Roots with a uniseriate hypodermis and epidermis. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society of London 193: 93-112.
87. Peterson CA. 1988. Exodermal Casparian bands: their significance for ion uptake by roots. Physiologia Plantarum 72: 204-208.
88. Peterson RL, Howarth MJ, Whittier DP. 1981. Interactions between a fungal endophyte and gametophyte cells in Psilotum nudum. Canadian Journal of Botany 59: 711-720.
89. Peyronel B. 1923. Prime ricerche sulle micorize endotrofiche e sulla micoflora radicola normale delle fanerogame. Rivista di Biologia 5: 463-85.
90. Peyronel B. 1924. Prime ricerche sulle micorize endotrofiche e sulla micoflora radicola normale delle fanerogame. Rivista di Biologia 6: 17-53.
91. Pocock K, Duckett JG. 1984. A comparative ultrastructural analysis of the fungal endophytes in Cryptothallus mirabilis Malm, and other British thalloid hepatics. Journal of Bryology 13: 227-233.
92. Prat H. 1926. Étude des Mycorrhizes du Taxus baccata. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique et Biologie Végétale, Paris 8: 141-162.
93. Rayner MC. 1927. Mycorrhiza. An account of non-pathogenic infection by fungi in vascular plants and bryophytes. New Phytologist Reprint No 15. London: Wheldon and Wesley.
94. Redhead JF. 1968. Mycorrhizal associations in some Nigerian forest trees. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 51: 377-387.
95. Reinsvold RJ, Brent Reeves F. 1986. The mycorrhizae of Juniperus osteosperma: identity of the vesicular-arbuscular symbiont, and resynthesis of VA mycorrhizae. Mycologia 78: 108-113.
96. Remy W, Taylor TN, Hass H, Kerp H. 1994. Four-hundred-million-year-old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA: 91: 11841-11843.
97. Saif SR. 1977. The influence of stage of host development on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and endogenous spore population in field-grown vegetable crops. I. Summer-grown crops. New Phytologist 79: 341-348.
98. Shibata K. 1902. Cytologische Studien über die endotrophen Mykorrhizen. Jahrbucher für die wissenschaftliche Botanik 37: 643-684.
99. Simard SW, Perry DA, Jones MD, Myrold DD, Durall DM, Molina R. 1997. Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal species in the field. Nature 388: 579-582.
100. Smith FA, Smith SE. 1996. Mutualism and parasitism: diversity in function and structure in the 'arbuscular' (VA) mycorrhizal symbiosis. Advances in Botanical Research 22: 1-43.
101. Smith HF, O'Connor PJ, Smith SE, Smith FA. 1997. (Vesicular)-arbuscular mycorrhizas of durian and other plants of forest gardens in W. Kalimantan, Indonesia. In: Schulte A, Ruhiyat D, eds. Forest Soils in the Humid Tropics: Characteristics, Ecology and Management. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer. (In press.)
102. Smith SE. 1995. Discoveries, discussions and directions in mycorrhizal research. In: Varma A, Hock, B eds. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 3-24.
103. Smith SE, Dickson S. 1991. Quantification of active vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection using image analysis and other techniques. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 18: 637-648.
104. Smith SE, Dickson S, Morris C, Smith FA. 1994. Transfer of phosphate from fungus to plant in VA mycorrhizas: calculation of the area of symbiotic interface and of fluxes of P from two different fungi to Allium porrum L. New Phytologist 127: 93-99.
105. Smith SE, Long CM, Smith FA. 1989. Infection of roots with a dimorphic hypodermis: possible effects on solute uptake. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 29: 403-407.
106. Smith SE, Read DJ. 1997. Mycorrhizal smbiosis, 2nd edn. London: Academic Press.
107. Soberon MJ, Martinez del Rio C. 1985. Cheating and taking advantage in mutualistic symbioses. In Boucher DH, ed. The Biology of Mutualism. London: Croom Helm, 192-216.
108. Söderström B, Dickson S, Smith FA, Smith SE. 1996. Arum- and Paris-type of endomycorrhiza in some plant-AM fungus species combinations. In: Szaro TM, Bruns TD, eds. Program and Abstracts, First International Congress on Mycorrhizae. Berkeley, California: University of California, 111.
109. Stahl M. 1949. Die Mykorrhizen der Lebermoose mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Thallosen formen. Planta 37: 103-148.
110. Stelz T. 1968. Mycorrhizes et vegetation des pelouses calcaires. Thèse pour l'obtention du Doctorat, Faculté des Sciences de l'Université de Rouen, France.
111. Strullu DG, Gourret JP, Garrec JP, Fourcy A. 1981. Ultrastructure and electron- probe microanalysis of the metachromatic vacuolar granules occurring in Taxus mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 87: 537-545.
112. Thapar HS, Khan, SN. 1973. Studies on endomycorrhiza in some forest species. Proceedings, Indian National Science Academy B39: 687-694.
113. Tiemann C, Demuth K, Weber HC. 1994a. Zur VA-Mycorrhiza von Gelsemium rankinii und G. sempervirens (Loganiaceae). Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 68: 311-321.
114. Tiemann C, Demuth K, Weber HC. 1996. Zur symbiose von Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) PERS., Asclepias curassavica L. und Ceropegia woodii SCHL. (Asclepiadaceae) mit mycorrhizapilsen (VAM). Flora 189: 1-6.
115. Toth R, Miller RM. 1984. Dynamics of arbuscule development and degeneration in a Zea mays mycorrhiza. American Journal of Botany 71: 449-460.
116. Trappe JM. 1987. Phylogenetic and ecologic aspects of mycotrophy in the angiosperms from an evolutionary viewpoint. In: Safir GR ed. Ecophysiology of VA Mycorrhizal Plants. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 5-25.
117. Untch, Weber HC. 1995. Strukturen der Mycorrhiza (AM) bei Ceropegia dichotoma Haw., Ceropegia fusca Bolle und Periploca laevigata Ait. (Asclepiadaceae). Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 69: 129-140.
118. Walker C. 1995. AM or VAM: What's in a word? In: Varma A, Hock B, eds. Mycorrhiza: Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 25-26.
119. Wastie RL. 1965. The occurrence of an Endogone type of endotrophic mycorrhiza in Hevea brasiliensis. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 48: 167-178.
120. Weber HC, Klahr A, Marron-Heimbuch M. 1995. Anatomical structures of the VA mycorrhiza in the Apocynaceae (Gentianales). Botanica Acta 108: 525-534.
121. Weber HC, Krämer M. 1994. VA-Mycorrhiza bei Menyanthaceae. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 68: 351-362.
122. Whitbread F, McGonigle TP, Peterson, RL. 1996. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) in commercial production. Canadian Journal of Botany 74: 1104-1112.
123. Widden P. 1996. The morphology of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in Clintonia borealis and Medeola virginiana. Canadian Journal of Botany 74: 679-685.
124. Winter AG. 1951. Untersuchungen über die Verbreitung und Bedeutung der Mykorrhizen bei kultivierten Gramineen und einigen anderen landwirtschaftlichen Nutzpflanzen. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 17: 421-432.
125. Yawney WJ, Schultz RC. 1990. Anatomy of a vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal symbiosis between sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) and Glomus etunicatum Becker and Gerdemann. New Phytologist 114: 47-57.
126. Zelmer CD, Currah RS. 1995. Evidence for a fungal liaison between Corallorhiza trifida (Orchidaceae) and Pinus contorta (Pinaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 862-866.