Values underpinning poverty programs for children

Future of Children

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 141-148

  Heclo, H Hugh ^a  

^a GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD WELFARE; GOVERNMENT; HUMAN; POLICY; POVERTY; REVIEW; SOCIAL WELFARE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0031400674     PISSN: 10548289     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1602392     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Schram, S.F. Words of welfare: The poverty of social science and the social science of poverty. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.
2. Popular accounts of this development are in Yankelovich, D. New rules: Searching for self-fulfillment in a world turned upside down. New York: Random House, 1981; Hunter, J.D. Culture wars: The struggle to define America. New York: Basic Books, 1991; Engelhardt, T. The end of victory culture. New York: Basic Books, 1995; Himmelfarb, G. The demoralization of society. New York: Knopf, 1995; Wattenberg, B.J. Values matter most. New York: Free Press, 1995.
3. Popular accounts of this development are in Yankelovich, D. New rules: Searching for self-fulfillment in a world turned upside down. New York: Random House, 1981; Hunter, J.D. Culture wars: The struggle to define America. New York: Basic Books, 1991; Engelhardt, T. The end of victory culture. New York: Basic Books, 1995; Himmelfarb, G. The demoralization of society. New York: Knopf, 1995; Wattenberg, B.J. Values matter most. New York: Free Press, 1995.
4. Popular accounts of this development are in Yankelovich, D. New rules: Searching for self-fulfillment in a world turned upside down. New York: Random House, 1981; Hunter, J.D. Culture wars: The struggle to define America. New York: Basic Books, 1991; Engelhardt, T. The end of victory culture. New York: Basic Books, 1995; Himmelfarb, G. The demoralization of society. New York: Knopf, 1995; Wattenberg, B.J. Values matter most. New York: Free Press, 1995.
5. Popular accounts of this development are in Yankelovich, D. New rules: Searching for self-fulfillment in a world turned upside down. New York: Random House, 1981; Hunter, J.D. Culture wars: The struggle to define America. New York: Basic Books, 1991; Engelhardt, T. The end of victory culture. New York: Basic Books, 1995; Himmelfarb, G. The demoralization of society. New York: Knopf, 1995; Wattenberg, B.J. Values matter most. New York: Free Press, 1995.
6. Popular accounts of this development are in Yankelovich, D. New rules: Searching for self-fulfillment in a world turned upside down. New York: Random House, 1981; Hunter, J.D. Culture wars: The struggle to define America. New York: Basic Books, 1991; Engelhardt, T. The end of victory culture. New York: Basic Books, 1995; Himmelfarb, G. The demoralization of society. New York: Knopf, 1995; Wattenberg, B.J. Values matter most. New York: Free Press, 1995.
7. See, for example, Chapters 7 and 8 of Gutmann, A., and Thompson, D. Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996.
8. These themes are described in Pangle, L.S., and Pangle, T.L. The learning of liberty. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993; Leach, W. Land of desire. New York: Pantheon, 1993.
9. These themes are described in Pangle, L.S., and Pangle, T.L. The learning of liberty. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993; Leach, W. Land of desire. New York: Pantheon, 1993.
10. Tiffin, S. In whose best interest? Child welfare reform in the Progressive Era. Westport, CT: Westport Press, 1982; Ashby, L. Saving the waifs: Reformers and dependent children, 1890-1917. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.
11. Tiffin, S. In whose best interest? Child welfare reform in the Progressive Era. Westport, CT: Westport Press, 1982; Ashby, L. Saving the waifs: Reformers and dependent children, 1890-1917. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.
12. Lake Research and the Tarrance Group. National survey of registered voters, July 18-19, 1995. Information about surveys conducted by these two groups may be obtained by calling (202) 776-9066; DeParle, J. The nation: Despising welfare, pitying its young. New York Times. December 18, 1994, at Section 4, p. 5.
13. Lake Research and the Tarrance Group. National survey of registered voters, July 18-19, 1995. Information about surveys conducted by these two groups may be obtained by calling (202) 776-9066; DeParle, J. The nation: Despising welfare, pitying its young. New York Times. December 18, 1994, at Section 4, p. 5.
14. Celinda Lake of Lake Research. Comments at the conference entitled Whither American Social Policy? New York City: Carnegie Corporation, November 10, 1995.
15. Bob, L., and Smith, R.A. Antipoverty policy and racial attitudes. In Confronting poverty. S.H. Danziger, G.D. Sandefur, and D.H. Weinberg, eds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994, pp. 382-83. Throughout the past 50 years of public opinion polling, Americans have shown a strong commitment to government's helping those who cannot help themselves. See, for example, Page, B.I., and Shapiro, R.Y. The rational public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 118, 126.
16. Bob, L., and Smith, R.A. Antipoverty policy and racial attitudes. In Confronting poverty. S.H. Danziger, G.D. Sandefur, and D.H. Weinberg, eds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994, pp. 382-83. Throughout the past 50 years of public opinion polling, Americans have shown a strong commitment to government's helping those who cannot help themselves. See, for example, Page, B.I., and Shapiro, R.Y. The rational public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 118, 126.
17. Proceedings of the conference on the care of dependent children. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1909, p. 207.
18. Teles, S.M. Whose welfare? AFDC and elite politics. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996, p. 55.
19. Hochschild, J. What's fair? American beliefs about distributive justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981; McClosky, H., and Zaller, J. The American ethos. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984; Gans, H.J. Middle American individualism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
20. Hochschild, J. What's fair? American beliefs about distributive justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981; McClosky, H., and Zaller, J. The American ethos. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984; Gans, H.J. Middle American individualism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
21. Hochschild, J. What's fair? American beliefs about distributive justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981; McClosky, H., and Zaller, J. The American ethos. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984; Gans, H.J. Middle American individualism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
22. Davies, G. From opportunity to entitlement: The transformation and decline of Great Society liberalism. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996. As Davies makes clear, this shift to "entitlement liberalism" was in opposition to, rather than expressive of, the Great Society policy agenda. At the height of antipoverty rhetoric, the Heineman Commission proposed a sweeping national income guarantee with no justification beyond a passing reference to the intolerableness of a situation in which some people lack basic necessities in an era of plenty. Poverty amid plenty. Report of the President's Commission on Income Maintenance Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November, 1969, pp. 9, 41. At that same time, 62% of Americans opposed guaranteed income proposals, but 79% favored the idea of a government-guaranteed job for all Americans. Davies, p. 9; see also Marmor, T.R., Mashaw, J.L., and Harvey, P.L. America's misunderstood welfare state. New York: Basic Books, 1990.
23. Davies, G. From opportunity to entitlement: The transformation and decline of Great Society liberalism. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996. As Davies makes clear, this shift to "entitlement liberalism" was in opposition to, rather than expressive of, the Great Society policy agenda. At the height of antipoverty rhetoric, the Heineman Commission proposed a sweeping national income guarantee with no justification beyond a passing reference to the intolerableness of a situation in which some people lack basic necessities in an era of plenty. Poverty amid plenty. Report of the President's Commission on Income Maintenance Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November, 1969, pp. 9, 41. At that same time, 62% of Americans opposed guaranteed income proposals, but 79% favored the idea of a government-guaranteed job for all Americans. Davies, p. 9; see also Marmor, T.R., Mashaw, J.L., and Harvey, P.L. America's misunderstood welfare state. New York: Basic Books, 1990.
24. Davies, G. From opportunity to entitlement: The transformation and decline of Great Society liberalism. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996. As Davies makes clear, this shift to "entitlement liberalism" was in opposition to, rather than expressive of, the Great Society policy agenda. At the height of antipoverty rhetoric, the Heineman Commission proposed a sweeping national income guarantee with no justification beyond a passing reference to the intolerableness of a situation in which some people lack basic necessities in an era of plenty. Poverty amid plenty. Report of the President's Commission on Income Maintenance Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, November, 1969, pp. 9, 41. At that same time, 62% of Americans opposed guaranteed income proposals, but 79% favored the idea of a government-guaranteed job for all Americans. Davies, p. 9; see also Marmor, T.R., Mashaw, J.L., and Harvey, P.L. America's misunderstood welfare state. New York: Basic Books, 1990.
25. Smolensky, E. What's wrong with welfare and what should we do about it? Public Affairs Report (November 1992) 33,6:1.
26. Pear, R. G.O.P. finds it difficult to deflect attacks on the school lunch proposals. New York Times. April 9, 1995, at Section 1, p. 18. There exists a broad base of support for school feeding programs from nonpoor groups including low- and middle-income families who may receive subsidized meals and farmers whose surplus commodities are used in the program. Support from these groups may help account for the resiliency of the program in the face of attempts to cut it back.
27. Bronfenbrenner, U., McClelland, P., Wethington, E., et al., The state of Americans. New York: Free Press, 1996, p. 110; Davis, J.A., and Smith, T.W. General social surveys, 1972-1994: Cumulative code book. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, 1994, Items 199, 200, and 252; Garfinkel, I., and McLanahan, S.S. Single mothers and their children. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1988.
28. Bronfenbrenner, U., McClelland, P., Wethington, E., et al., The state of Americans. New York: Free Press, 1996, p. 110; Davis, J.A., and Smith, T.W. General social surveys, 1972-1994: Cumulative code book. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, 1994, Items 199, 200, and 252; Garfinkel, I., and McLanahan, S.S. Single mothers and their children. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1988.
29. Bronfenbrenner, U., McClelland, P., Wethington, E., et al., The state of Americans. New York: Free Press, 1996, p. 110; Davis, J.A., and Smith, T.W. General social surveys, 1972-1994: Cumulative code book. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, 1994, Items 199, 200, and 252; Garfinkel, I., and McLanahan, S.S. Single mothers and their children. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1988.
30. See, for example, data from the Washington Post/Kaiser/Harvard Survey. Morin, R., and Balz, D. Americans losing trust in each other and institutions: Suspicion of strangers breeds widespread cynicism. Washington Post. January 28, 1996, at Al, A6-A7. See also Rosenstone, S.J., Miller, W.E., Kinder, D.R., et al. American national election study, 1994: Post-election survey. Variable nos. 1033, 1035, 1037. Conducted by the University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies, and Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (producers), 1995; Weisberg, J. In defense of government: The fall and rise of public trust, New York: Scribner, 1996, Chapter 2; and, for some manifestations in public policymaking, see Baumgartner, F.R., and Jones, B.D. Agendas and instability in American politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
31. See, for example, data from the Washington Post/Kaiser/Harvard Survey. Morin, R., and Balz, D. Americans losing trust in each other and institutions: Suspicion of strangers breeds widespread cynicism. Washington Post. January 28, 1996, at Al, A6-A7. See also Rosenstone, S.J., Miller, W.E., Kinder, D.R., et al. American national election study, 1994: Post-election survey. Variable nos. 1033, 1035, 1037. Conducted by the University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies, and Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (producers), 1995; Weisberg, J. In defense of government: The fall and rise of public trust, New York: Scribner, 1996, Chapter 2; and, for some manifestations in public policymaking, see Baumgartner, F.R., and Jones, B.D. Agendas and instability in American politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
32. See, for example, data from the Washington Post/Kaiser/Harvard Survey. Morin, R., and Balz, D. Americans losing trust in each other and institutions: Suspicion of strangers breeds widespread cynicism. Washington Post. January 28, 1996, at Al, A6-A7. See also Rosenstone, S.J., Miller, W.E., Kinder, D.R., et al. American national election study, 1994: Post-election survey. Variable nos. 1033, 1035, 1037. Conducted by the University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies, and Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (producers), 1995; Weisberg, J. In defense of government: The fall and rise of public trust, New York: Scribner, 1996, Chapter 2; and, for some manifestations in public policymaking, see Baumgartner, F.R., and Jones, B.D. Agendas and instability in American politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
33. See, for example, data from the Washington Post/Kaiser/Harvard Survey. Morin, R., and Balz, D. Americans losing trust in each other and institutions: Suspicion of strangers breeds widespread cynicism. Washington Post. January 28, 1996, at Al, A6-A7. See also Rosenstone, S.J., Miller, W.E., Kinder, D.R., et al. American national election study, 1994: Post-election survey. Variable nos. 1033, 1035, 1037. Conducted by the University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies, and Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (producers), 1995; Weisberg, J. In defense of government: The fall and rise of public trust, New York: Scribner, 1996, Chapter 2; and, for some manifestations in public policymaking, see Baumgartner, F.R., and Jones, B.D. Agendas and instability in American politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
34. Smith, J.A. The idea brokers. New York: Free Press, 1991; see also note no. 10, Teles, Chapter 4.
35. Clinton, H.R. It takes a village and other lessons children teach us. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Reviews indicative of the ideological divide include Cockburn, A. Hillary reveals her true colors. Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1996, at B9; Fox-Genovese, E. Village person. National Review (March 11, 1996) 48,4:62-64; Schiffren, L. Hail to the Chief. The American Spectator (March 1996) 29,3:67-69; Gigot, P. Hillary's book: It takes memory loss. Watt Street Journal January 19, 1996, at A10; Pinkerton, J.P. Big brother knows best for children. Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1996, at B9; Shulevitz, J. The virtue monger. New York (January 29, 1996) 29,4:46-47; Elshtain, J.B. Suffer the little children. New Republic (March 4, 1996) 214,10:33-38.
36. Clinton, H.R. It takes a village and other lessons children teach us. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Reviews indicative of the ideological divide include Cockburn, A. Hillary reveals her true colors. Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1996, at B9; Fox-Genovese, E. Village person. National Review (March 11, 1996) 48,4:62-64; Schiffren, L. Hail to the Chief. The American Spectator (March 1996) 29,3:67-69; Gigot, P. Hillary's book: It takes memory loss. Watt Street Journal January 19, 1996, at A10; Pinkerton, J.P. Big brother knows best for children. Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1996, at B9; Shulevitz, J. The virtue monger. New York (January 29, 1996) 29,4:46-47; Elshtain, J.B. Suffer the little children. New Republic (March 4, 1996) 214,10:33-38.
37. Clinton, H.R. It takes a village and other lessons children teach us. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Reviews indicative of the ideological divide include Cockburn, A. Hillary reveals her true colors. Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1996, at B9; Fox-Genovese, E. Village person. National Review (March 11, 1996) 48,4:62-64; Schiffren, L. Hail to the Chief. The American Spectator (March 1996) 29,3:67-69; Gigot, P. Hillary's book: It takes memory loss. Watt Street Journal January 19, 1996, at A10; Pinkerton, J.P. Big brother knows best for children. Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1996, at B9; Shulevitz, J. The virtue monger. New York (January 29, 1996) 29,4:46-47; Elshtain, J.B. Suffer the little children. New Republic (March 4, 1996) 214,10:33-38.
38. Clinton, H.R. It takes a village and other lessons children teach us. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Reviews indicative of the ideological divide include Cockburn, A. Hillary reveals her true colors. Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1996, at B9; Fox-Genovese, E. Village person. National Review (March 11, 1996) 48,4:62-64; Schiffren, L. Hail to the Chief. The American Spectator (March 1996) 29,3:67-69; Gigot, P. Hillary's book: It takes memory loss. Watt Street Journal January 19, 1996, at A10; Pinkerton, J.P. Big brother knows best for children. Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1996, at B9; Shulevitz, J. The virtue monger. New York (January 29, 1996) 29,4:46-47; Elshtain, J.B. Suffer the little children. New Republic (March 4, 1996) 214,10:33-38.
39. Clinton, H.R. It takes a village and other lessons children teach us. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Reviews indicative of the ideological divide include Cockburn, A. Hillary reveals her true colors. Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1996, at B9; Fox-Genovese, E. Village person. National Review (March 11, 1996) 48,4:62-64; Schiffren, L. Hail to the Chief. The American Spectator (March 1996) 29,3:67-69; Gigot, P. Hillary's book: It takes memory loss. Watt Street Journal January 19, 1996, at A10; Pinkerton, J.P. Big brother knows best for children. Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1996, at B9; Shulevitz, J. The virtue monger. New York (January 29, 1996) 29,4:46-47; Elshtain, J.B. Suffer the little children. New Republic (March 4, 1996) 214,10:33-38.
40. Clinton, H.R. It takes a village and other lessons children teach us. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Reviews indicative of the ideological divide include Cockburn, A. Hillary reveals her true colors. Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1996, at B9; Fox-Genovese, E. Village person. National Review (March 11, 1996) 48,4:62-64; Schiffren, L. Hail to the Chief. The American Spectator (March 1996) 29,3:67-69; Gigot, P. Hillary's book: It takes memory loss. Watt Street Journal January 19, 1996, at A10; Pinkerton, J.P. Big brother knows best for children. Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1996, at B9; Shulevitz, J. The virtue monger. New York (January 29, 1996) 29,4:46-47; Elshtain, J.B. Suffer the little children. New Republic (March 4, 1996) 214,10:33-38.
41. Clinton, H.R. It takes a village and other lessons children teach us. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Reviews indicative of the ideological divide include Cockburn, A. Hillary reveals her true colors. Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1996, at B9; Fox-Genovese, E. Village person. National Review (March 11, 1996) 48,4:62-64; Schiffren, L. Hail to the Chief. The American Spectator (March 1996) 29,3:67-69; Gigot, P. Hillary's book: It takes memory loss. Watt Street Journal January 19, 1996, at A10; Pinkerton, J.P. Big brother knows best for children. Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1996, at B9; Shulevitz, J. The virtue monger. New York (January 29, 1996) 29,4:46-47; Elshtain, J.B. Suffer the little children. New Republic (March 4, 1996) 214,10:33-38.
42. Clinton, H.R. It takes a village and other lessons children teach us. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. Reviews indicative of the ideological divide include Cockburn, A. Hillary reveals her true colors. Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1996, at B9; Fox-Genovese, E. Village person. National Review (March 11, 1996) 48,4:62-64; Schiffren, L. Hail to the Chief. The American Spectator (March 1996) 29,3:67-69; Gigot, P. Hillary's book: It takes memory loss. Watt Street Journal January 19, 1996, at A10; Pinkerton, J.P. Big brother knows best for children. Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1996, at B9; Shulevitz, J. The virtue monger. New York (January 29, 1996) 29,4:46-47; Elshtain, J.B. Suffer the little children. New Republic (March 4, 1996) 214,10:33-38.
43. Looking at this viewpoint more broadly, there is little reason to confine the village concept to children. It also takes a village to deal well with the infirm and ill, the elderly and homeless, and the economically downtrodden.
44. Cohen, A.J. A brief history of federal financing for child care in the United States. The Future of Children (Summer/Fall 1996) 6,2:26-40.
45. See, for example, the Parental Rights and Responsibilities Act of 1995, a constitutional amendment proposed and defeated in the 104th Congress (S. 984/H.R. 1946). For parental rights legislation at the state level, see the proposed Colorado Parental Rights Amendment, Amendment 17, defeated in the November 1996 elections.
46. Olasky, M. The tragedy of American compassion. Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1992; James, K.C. Transforming America: From the inside out. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1995.
47. Olasky, M. The tragedy of American compassion. Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1992; James, K.C. Transforming America: From the inside out. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1995.
48. James, K.C. Transforming America. Imprimis (February 1996) 25,2:5.
49. See D.J. Besharov's account of work on the New York Commission on Child Abuse and New York City Child Fatality Review Panel, reported in Besharov, D.J. How to save children. New York Times. January 13, 1996, at Section 1, p. 23.
50. Wilson, J.Q. Culture, incentives, and the underclass. In Values and public policy. H.J. Aaron, T.E. Mann, and T. Taylor, eds. Washington: Brookings Institute, 1994.
51. Survey participants were asked to respond to the following statement, "Some people think that the government in Washington should do everything possible to improve the standard of living of all poor Americans." Those who agreed were at point one. Those who felt it is not the government's responsibility and that each person should take care of him- or herself were at point five. Responses were consistent in each of the eight years in which the survey was conducted. Between 13% and 19% of respondents were at point one (the government should do everything possible). Between 8% and 12% responded at point five (people should take care of themselves). The largest category of responses (43% to 48%) was at point three (there is a role for both the government and for individual effort). National Opinion Research Center. General population surveys. Chicago: NORC, 1986-1991, 1993, 1994.
52. Cook, F.L., and Barrett, E.J. Support for the American welfare state. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992, pp. 72-76.
53. Hochschild, J.L. Facing up to the American Dream. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.
54. Sklar, J. American citizenship. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.
55. Garfinkel, I. Economic security for children: From means testing and bifurcation to universality. In Social policies for children. I. Garfinkel, J.L. Hochschild, and S.S. McLanahan, eds. Washington: Brookings Institute, 1996, pp. 33-82.
56. Wilson, W.J. When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Knopf, 1996.
57. All of this comes into view with reported public attitudes regarding welfare reform. Ninety percent or more of Americans seek welfare reform to give people the means to become self-sufficient and not to cut costs by getting people off the welfare rolls. Sixty percent agree with the practice of providing welfare payments to unmarried mothers under 18 who have no other way of supporting their children, but 90% want welfare mothers with small children, like other able-bodied welfare recipients, to be required to work or learn a job skill. Many Americans support time limits on the receipt of welfare but, most strikingly, when the deadline is followed by a community service or job requirement. Weaver, R.K., Shapiro, R.Y., and Jacobs, L.R. The polls - trends, welfare. Public Opinion Quarterly (Winter 1995) 59,4:606-627.
58. Peterson, P.E. Budget deficits and the race to the bottom. In Report I: Whither American social policy? S.B. Kamerman and A.J. Kahn, eds., New York: Columbia University School of Social Work, 1996; Kondratas, A. Reflections on national welfare policy and state reform options. In Report II: Planning a state welfare strategy under waivers or block grants. S.B. Kamerman and A.J. Kahn, eds. New York: Columbia University School of Social Work, 1996.
59. Peterson, P.E. Budget deficits and the race to the bottom. In Report I: Whither American social policy? S.B. Kamerman and A.J. Kahn, eds., New York: Columbia University School of Social Work, 1996; Kondratas, A. Reflections on national welfare policy and state reform options. In Report II: Planning a state welfare strategy under waivers or block grants. S.B. Kamerman and A.J. Kahn, eds. New York: Columbia University School of Social Work, 1996.