Images of race in social housing estates in France

Immigrants and Minorities

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 19-35

  White, Paul ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HOUSING ESTATE; IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION; RACIAL IDENTITY; SOCIAL HOUSING;

FRANCE;

EID: 0031393904     PISSN: 02619288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02619288.1997.9974915     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Mathieu Kassovitz (director), La Haine, 1995. The film went on to receive the Best Director award at the Cannes film festival of that year, and the Best Young Film prize at the Berlin festival.
2. For example, see H. Vieillard-Baron, 'Deux ZAC de banlieue en situation extrême: du grand ensemble stigmatisé de Chanteloup au "village" de Chevry', Annales de Géographie, Vol.101 (1992), pp. 188-213; C. Lelévrier and F. Pichon-Varin, 'Démolir les grands ensembles ... et après?', Habitat, No. 13 (1995), pp.21-7.
3. For example, see H. Vieillard-Baron, 'Deux ZAC de banlieue en situation extrême: du grand ensemble stigmatisé de Chanteloup au "village" de Chevry', Annales de Géographie, Vol.101 (1992), pp. 188-213; C. Lelévrier and F. Pichon-Varin, 'Démolir les grands ensembles ... et après?', Habitat, No. 13 (1995), pp.21-7.
4. François Dubet, quoted in The Guardian, 23 June 1995.
5. P. White and H. Winchester, 'Quarter Century in Suburban Paris', Town and Country Planning, Vol.53 (1984), pp.323-4. Geopolitical reasons for the choice of locations have been suggested by R. Guglielmo and B. Moulin, 'Les grands ensembles et la politique', Hérodote, No.43 (1986), pp.39-74.
6. P. White and H. Winchester, 'Quarter Century in Suburban Paris', Town and Country Planning, Vol.53 (1984), pp.323-4. Geopolitical reasons for the choice of locations have been suggested by R. Guglielmo and B. Moulin, 'Les grands ensembles et la politique', Hérodote, No.43 (1986), pp.39-74.
7. For examples of these positive views see P. Clerc, Grands Ensembles, Banlieues Nouvelles, Cahier No.49, Travaux et Documents de ITNED (Paris, 1967); J. Duquesne, Vivre à Sarcelles? Le Grand Ensemble et ses Problèmes (Paris, 1966); H. Canacos, Sarcelles ou le Beton Apprivoisé (Paris, 1979), written by the mayor of the commune containing one of the largest estates near Paris.
8. For examples of these positive views see P. Clerc, Grands Ensembles, Banlieues Nouvelles, Cahier No.49, Travaux et Documents de ITNED (Paris, 1967); J. Duquesne, Vivre à Sarcelles? Le Grand Ensemble et ses Problèmes (Paris, 1966); H. Canacos, Sarcelles ou le Beton Apprivoisé (Paris, 1979), written by the mayor of the commune containing one of the largest estates near Paris.
9. For examples of these positive views see P. Clerc, Grands Ensembles, Banlieues Nouvelles, Cahier No.49, Travaux et Documents de ITNED (Paris, 1967); J. Duquesne, Vivre à Sarcelles? Le Grand Ensemble et ses Problèmes (Paris, 1966); H. Canacos, Sarcelles ou le Beton Apprivoisé (Paris, 1979), written by the mayor of the commune containing one of the largest estates near Paris.
10. Christiane Rochefort, Les Petits-Enfants du Siècle (Paris, 1961). All quotations from French originals are translated by the author of the current article.
11. These features could coexist with the pleasure the tenants took in their actual accommodation, as Duquesne's study (op. cit.) makes clear. See also N. Evenson, Paris: A Century of Change, 1878-1978 (New Haven, CT, 1979), pp.245-9; J-C. Kaufmann, La Vie H.L.M.: Usages et Conflits (Paris, 1983).
12. These features could coexist with the pleasure the tenants took in their actual accommodation, as Duquesne's study (op. cit.) makes clear. See also N. Evenson, Paris: A Century of Change, 1878-1978 (New Haven, CT, 1979), pp.245-9; J-C. Kaufmann, La Vie H.L.M.: Usages et Conflits (Paris, 1983).
13. For exlample, see episodes involving Italian workers in Rochefort's novel, op. cit.
14. See P.E. Ogden, 'International migration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries', pp. 34-59 in P.E. Ogden and P.E. White (eds.), Migrants in Modern France (London, 1989).
15. Patrick Reumaux, L'Invité de Nagent (Paris, 1977).
16. J.M.G. Le Clézio, La Ronde et Autres Faits Divers (Paris, 1982).
17. Examples include Jean-Luc Godard's 2 ou 3 Choses que je sais d'elle (1966), Maurice Pialat's L'Amour Existe (1960), Jean-Claude Brisseau's Les Ombres (1984), and Laisse Béton's Serge le Péron (1984).
18. Examples include Jean-Luc Godard's 2 ou 3 Choses que je sais d'elle (1966), Maurice Pialat's L'Amour Existe (1960), Jean-Claude Brisseau's Les Ombres (1984), and Laisse Béton's Serge le Péron (1984).
19. Examples include Jean-Luc Godard's 2 ou 3 Choses que je sais d'elle (1966), Maurice Pialat's L'Amour Existe (1960), Jean-Claude Brisseau's Les Ombres (1984), and Laisse Béton's Serge le Péron (1984).
20. Examples include Jean-Luc Godard's 2 ou 3 Choses que je sais d'elle (1966), Maurice Pialat's L'Amour Existe (1960), Jean-Claude Brisseau's Les Ombres (1984), and Laisse Béton's Serge le Péron (1984).
21. For discussion of the literature produced by those of North African origin see Alec G. Hargreaves, Voices from the North African Immigrant Community in France: Immigration and Identity in Beur Fiction (Oxford, 1991); La Littérature Beur: Un Guide Bibliographique (New Orleans, 1992).
22. For discussion of the literature produced by those of North African origin see Alec G. Hargreaves, Voices from the North African Immigrant Community in France: Immigration and Identity in Beur Fiction (Oxford, 1991); La Littérature Beur: Un Guide Bibliographique (New Orleans, 1992).
23. For example, by the Armenian immigrant C. Boyadjian, La Nuit des Machines (Paris, 1978).
24. F. Ega, Lettres à un Noir (Paris, 1978): this is a novel by a Martiniquaise who is therefore actually of French citizenship.
25. C. Lépidis, L'Arménien (Paris, 1973); G. Medzadourian, Les Exiles de la Paix (Paris, 1975).
26. C. Lépidis, L'Arménien (Paris, 1973); G. Medzadourian, Les Exiles de la Paix (Paris, 1975).
27. For example, F. Cavanna, Les Ritals (Paris, 1978) set in the inter-war Italian community of Nogent-sur-Marne; see also P. Milza and M-C. Blanc-Chaléard, Le Nogent des Italiens (Paris, 1995). One interesting early novel by an Algerian concerning community life in the Goutte d'Or district of inner Paris in the 1970s is L.Sebbar, Fatima ou les Algériennes du Square (Paris, 1981)
28. For example, F. Cavanna, Les Ritals (Paris, 1978) set in the inter-war Italian community of Nogent-sur-Marne; see also P. Milza and M-C. Blanc-Chaléard, Le Nogent des Italiens (Paris, 1995). One interesting early novel by an Algerian concerning community life in the Goutte d'Or district of inner Paris in the 1970s is L.Sebbar, Fatima ou les Algériennes du Square (Paris, 1981)
29. For example, F. Cavanna, Les Ritals (Paris, 1978) set in the inter-war Italian community of Nogent-sur-Marne; see also P. Milza and M-C. Blanc-Chaléard, Le Nogent des Italiens (Paris, 1995). One interesting early novel by an Algerian concerning community life in the Goutte d'Or district of inner Paris in the 1970s is L.Sebbar, Fatima ou les Algériennes du Square (Paris, 1981)
30. Place at a larger scale (for example, France v. Algeria) was, however, of significance: see A.G.Hargreaves, 'Perceptions of Place Among Writers of Algerian Immigrant Origin in France', pp.89-100 in R. King, J. Connell and P. White (eds.), Writing Across Worlds: Literature and Migration (London, 1995)
31. This was demonstrated for the Paris Region (where the biggest concentration of foreigners occurred) by M. Pinçon, Les Immigrés et les HLM: le Rôle du Secteur HLM dans le Logement de la Population Immigrée en Ile-de-France (Paris, 1981). The definition of 'immigrants' or 'ethnic minorities' in France through nationality data is particularly hazardous, as second generation children have, until recently, had the right to claim French citizenship at the age of 18, whilst certain early immigrant groups (particularly those Algerians who arrived before independence in 1962) have always had French citizenship. Nationality data therefore inevitably tend to underestimate the level of ethnic minority presences.
32. Habitation à Loyer Modéré, low-rent housing.
33. This last were a small group, who were generally recently arrived and who had not experienced bidonville life.
34. The 1990 census was the first to produce evidence on the housing sectors occupied by those who had acquired French nationality, having been born foreign. If these households are added to those headed by someone who was still foreign in 1990, 23.4 per cent of households where the head was born foreign (regardless of current status) were in social housing, where they constituted 16 per cent of the total tenants.
35. On thresholds of tolerance in French housing allocations see R.D. Grille, Ideologies and Institutions in Urban France: The Representation of Immigrants (Cambridge, 1985). On segregation within estates see D. Sporton and P. White, 'Immigrants in Social Housing: Integration or Segregation in France?', The Planner (April 1989), pp.28-31.
36. On thresholds of tolerance in French housing allocations see R.D. Grille, Ideologies and Institutions in Urban France: The Representation of Immigrants (Cambridge, 1985). On segregation within estates see D. Sporton and P. White, 'Immigrants in Social Housing: Integration or Segregation in France?', The Planner (April 1989), pp.28-31.
37. This was the title of a major exhibition held in 1993 at the Museum of the Rights of Man at La Défense in Paris, and of an accompanying book: M. Lallaoui, Du Bidonville aux HLM (Paris, 1993).
38. Literally 'Tea at Archi Ahmed's Harem', but if read quickly the French title means 'Archimedes' Theorem'. M. Charef, Le Thé au Harem d'Archi Ahmed (Paris, 1983). The title of the film version was changed slightly to Le Thé au Harem d'Archimède (1985).
39. Literally 'Tea at Archi Ahmed's Harem', but if read quickly the French title means 'Archimedes' Theorem'. M. Charef, Le Thé au Harem d'Archi Ahmed (Paris, 1983). The title of the film version was changed slightly to Le Thé au Harem d'Archimède (1985).
40. See L'Etranger dans le Roman, Resources Documentaires du CIEMI, Cahier no. 2 (Paris, 1991)
41. See Hargreaves, 1995, op. cit. A bibliography of North African fiction can be found in Hargreaves, 1992, op. cit.
42. See Hargreaves, 1995, op. cit. A bibliography of North African fiction can be found in Hargreaves, 1992, op. cit.
43. See Azouz Begag, 'Du bidonville àl'édition', Hommes et Migrations, No.1112 (1988), pp.12-15.
44. J. Joly, 'Géographie de la violence urbaine en banlieue', Espace, Populations, Sociétés, No.3 (1995), pp.323-8; H. Green and P. Booth, 'Six Years of Urban Policy in France: The contrat de ville Programme', Modern and Contemporary France, Vol.4 (1995),pp. 183-92.
45. J. Joly, 'Géographie de la violence urbaine en banlieue', Espace, Populations, Sociétés, No.3 (1995), pp.323-8; H. Green and P. Booth, 'Six Years of Urban Policy in France: The contrat de ville Programme', Modern and Contemporary France, Vol.4 (1995),pp. 183-92.
46. J.N. Tuppen and P. Mingret, 'Suburban Malaise in French Cities', Town and Country Planning, Vol.57 (1986), pp. 186-201.
47. Lucienne Bui Trong, 'L'insécurité des quartiers sensibles', Les Cahiers de la Sécurité Intérieure, Vol.14 (1993).
48. Joly, op. cit.
49. Green and Booth, op. cit., p. 186.
50. P. White, 'Ideologies, social exclusion and spatial segregation in Paris', in S. Musterd (ed.), Urban Segregation and the Welfare State (London, in press)
51. Loic Wacquant, 'Urban Outcasts: Stigma and Division in the Black American Ghetto and the French Urban Periphery', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol.17 (1993), pp.366-83.
52. Nacer Kettane, Le Sourire de Brahim (Paris, 1985).
53. In a television interview, 1989.
54. Charef, op. cit., p.117.
55. Ibid., pp.23-4.
56. Ibid., p. 10.
57. Ibid., pp.100-3.
58. Ibid., p.20.
59. Carrie Tarr, 'Beurz N the Hood: The Articulation of Beur and French Identities in "Le Thé au Harem d'Archimède" and "Hexagone"', Modern and Contemporary France, Vol.3 (1995), p.423.
60. Charef, op. cit., p. 141.
61. Ibid., pp.57-9.
62. For example, Alice Coleman, Utopia on Trial: Vision and Reality in Planned Housing (London, 1985).
63. In a television interview, 1989.
64. Kettane, op. cit., pp.31-2.
65. Ibid., pp.36-7.
66. Ibid., p. 128.
67. The same optimistic message comes from Azouz Begag's Le Gone du Chaâba (Paris, 1986), based on the author's own trajectory from a Lyonais bidonville to a university professorship.
68. Kettane, op. cit., p.37
69. Wacquant, op. cit., pp.369-70. Wacquant's research was carried out in the estate known as the '4000' at La Corneuve.
70. Wacquant, op. cit., p.377.
71. According to the traditional formula 'La France, une et indivisible' (France, united and indivisible).